金激光等离子体冕区电离态特性研究

 提出一种测量金激光等离子体电荷态分布与平均电离度的X射线光谱学诊断方法。该方法基于稳态碰撞-辐射近似，考虑电子离子直接碰撞激发与双电子复合两种激发态布居方式，建立了金M带5f-3d跃迁组辐射总强度与离子态分布的耦合方程。根据实验测量的金平面靶激光等离子体冕区辐射的5f-3d跃迁线系的强度分布，诊断得到了金激光等离子体的电荷态分布与平均电离度。此外，还分析了电子温度、电子密度以及双电子复合过程对电荷态分布及平均电离度诊断的影响，并将实验诊断结果与辐射流体力学理论模拟结果及离化平衡动力学计算结果进行了对比分析。结果表明：实验诊断结果与基于CRE近似的离化平衡动力学计算结果近似；当电子温度高于1.5 keV时，双电子复合过程对电离度的诊断结果影响较小。     

均匀分布纳米粒子系近场辐射热扩散特性

当粒子系中粒子平均间距接近甚至小于热辐射特征波长时,由于倏逝波贡献,其辐射换热热流可远超黑体辐射极限热流。由于存在复杂近场作用,密集粒子系内近场辐射热扩散特性尚不清晰。本文基于涨落电磁理论研究了均匀分布纳米粒子系的近场辐射热扩散特性。研究发现：通过与离散尺度多体辐射换热理论及动理学理论关于金属及电介质粒子链近场辐射换热结果对比,常规热扩散理论可更准确地用于研究粒子系近场辐射热扩散特性,SiC纳米粒子链辐射等效导热系数随温度增大而增大,且温度只影响辐射等效导热系数的大小,而对其光谱峰值频率则无影响。当粒子间距一定时,粒子系辐射等效导热系数随粒子尺寸的增大而增大,更多能量可以在大颗粒构成的粒子链上传递。紧密堆积的粒子系内近场光子隧穿作用较强,其辐射等效导热系数也大于较稀疏粒子系的辐射等效导热系数。     

金等离子体平均离化度随电子温度变化关系的研究

用Cowan的原子结构从头算程序和自旋轨道劈裂阵模型计算各阶电离的金离子能级和跃迁， 在碰撞辐射模型下求解能级布居数方程，计算给定等离子体密度和电子温度下等离子体中离子的分布，给出了平均离化度随电子温度的变化关系.发现稀薄的金等离子体中，在一定的电子温度范围内电子温度的升高平均电离度反而下降的反常现象.讨论了电离势对平均离化度的影响. 关键词： 金等离子体 碰撞辐射模型 布居数 平均电离度     

带电粒子沟道辐射作为γ-激光的可能性

将沟道辐射与自由电子激光进行类比,讨论了电子轴沟道辐射作为γ激光的可能性.引入等效磁场描述电子的运动行为,并通过等效磁场与辐射场相互作用描述了电子的纵向运动,导出了系统的摆方程和能量增益,得到了与自由电子激光完全类似的结果.     

圆形渐变滤光片光谱辐射计辐射定标

基于分区线性法对圆形渐变滤光片型光谱辐射计开展辐射定标研究,以解决温度范围大、工作波段宽的测量目标对该类型光谱辐射计造成的非线性问题。所提光谱辐射计的主要技术原理是将待测目标的温度区间分为多个子区间,采集目标温度区间内多个不同温度黑体对应的测量光谱,并计算各个温度下的响应度函数。在进行红外光谱测量时,将目标光谱与区间内记录的不同温度点光谱进行比对,从而确定待测目标所属温度子区间的上下限。根据子区间计算的响应度函数,通过线性插值求得待测目标的响应度函数并进行辐射定标。基于该方法的实验结果表明,待测目标理论辐亮度与使用分区线性法进行辐射定标得到的辐亮度在波长范围内的平均偏差小于1%。通过定标结果反演测量黑体的等效温度,等效温度误差小于2%。     

辐射烧蚀区电子温度研究

此文叙述了采用晶体谱仪测量辐射烧蚀区电子温度的方法.在"星光Ⅱ”激光装置上,以波长为0.35μm,能量～70J,脉宽～700ps的强激光注入辐射烧蚀靶,实验首次测到了辐射烧蚀样品自发射谱,配合理论计算,给出了碳氢样品电子温度29eV.另外用空间分辨晶体谱仪研究了发泡铝靶电子温度空间分布;用双示踪元素等电子谱线法研究了Formvar(CHO)膜平面靶的电子温度.     

95 MeV射频电子直线加速器辐射防护分析

应相关建设安评、环评、稳评以及职业健康评估的要求,电子加速器设计过程中即应对其辐射情况进行分析。针对电子能量为40～95 MeV可调的光阴极微波电子枪直线加速器,对其辐射源项进行分析,并讨论了可能的辐射防护措施的效果。采用蒙特卡罗软件FLUKA对电子束流和加速器进行建模,通过模拟计算发现,加速器产生的等效剂量分布主要位于废束桶中,废束桶以外辐射剂量迅速下降,在电子加速器实验大厅四周设置混凝土墙体的情况下辐射等效剂量率将随墙体厚度迅速下降。若混凝土墙体厚度设置为1 m,则墙体外工作人员所在区域辐射等效剂量率不高于1 μSv/h量级,能够有效屏蔽加速器产生的电离辐射,给工作人员提供有效防护。研究方法及结果对同能区同类型加速器建设中的辐射分析及辐射防护评估具有一定的参考价值。     

基于图像的飞行器红外辐射特性测量

通过将目标在一定波段内的红外辐射等效为红外成像系统前一定距离下黑体在对应波段内的红外辐射,建立了等效辐射方程。根据黑体辐射定标实验数据,利用非线性回归方法确定了在不同的积分时间条件下红外凝视成像系统输出红外图像的灰度值与在一定距离下的黑体温度之间的定量关系,建立了辐射定标方程。在Visual C++6.0平台下,在对红外目标图像进行SUSAN滤波等预处理后,分析了已知目标距离的红外图像的灰度均值。首先根据辐射定标方程计算出目标等效为黑体的温度,然后利用等效辐射方程反推目标的红外辐射强度,以达到根据跟踪的红外图像确定红外目标辐射特性的目的。此项研究不仅可以为目标识别提供目标分类、识别和辨认所必需的光谱数据库,而且还可以为红外预警提供重要的参考数据。     

铝丝阵Z箍缩非平衡辐射

利用基于细致组态非平衡电离模型和非平衡辐射输运的辐射磁流体力学理论,用数值模拟的方法研究了铝丝阵Z箍缩的内爆过程和辐射特性,获得到了合理的内爆动力学图像和与实验结果基本符合的X光辐射功率和总能量等辐射参数,并研究了铝丝阵Z箍缩过程中产生的辐射能谱结构。结果表明:铝丝阵Z箍缩内爆X光辐射是非平衡的,除了存在可以用普朗克能谱近似描述的低能辐射外,还存在大量的K壳层高能辐射。讨论了各种辐射机制对总辐射的贡献,分别计算了线辐射、复合辐射和轫致辐射在各个光子能量范围内所占的份额,讨论了利用高能段连续辐射能谱诊断电子温度的方法,由能谱反推的电子温度,需要进行修正才能反映辐射吸收的影响。     

环境辐射对目标热辐射特性测试的影响

把落到目标上的总的环境辐射等效成一个温度为T₀的黑体辐射,研究了环境辐射改变时对热成象系统灵敏度方程的影响,从而从理论上证明了用改变环境辐射的办法可以测定目标的比辐射率。给出了用红外测温仪测定环境等效黑体温度T₀的方法和实验结果。给出了用红外测温仪测定目标比辐射率的一种新方法及实验结果。对于环境辐射不能忽略时如何用比辐射计测定目标的真实温度作了方法性和原理性的讨论。对于如何用测温仪测定地物对太阳的光谱反射率也作了方法性和原理性的讨论。 关键词：     

基于水下双目视觉的燃料组件变形检测系统

燃料组件变形状态是堆芯运行过程中的重要监测指标,基于水下双目视觉的变形检测系统不仅能获得燃料组件关键参数的三维尺寸,还可以测量组件的整体轮廓。根据水下大型燃料组件的高热、高辐射特点,研制了一种基于16台摄像单元的水下双目检测系统,并给出各组成模块的详细设计;通过联合Harris特征点和区域灰度互相关方法,实现辐射噪声干扰下的双目摄像模块的组内快速图像配准。经模拟水池和核电现场实验,验证系统局部参数测量精度优于0.2 mm,全局参数测量精度满足0.5 mm,为高热、高辐射的水下乏燃料组件的局部变形和整体弯曲等参数测量提供有力工具。     

Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of the Suitability of Low‐Current Z‐Pinch Plasma as an Absorption Medium for Laser Radiation

In this study the electron density of z‐pinch plasmas driven at relatively low currents (ca. 2‐5 kA) was determined using only emission spectroscopy. The suitability of a hollow‐cathode‐triggered z‐pinch plasma as an absorption medium for laser radiation was investigated. The temporal and spatial behaviors of electron temperature and density profiles were estimated using magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations to evaluate the experimental results. Temperature measurements were performed according to the Boltzmann plot method in the visible spectrum range, using the fact that, in low‐current z‐pinch plasma, a local thermodynamic equilibrium prevails for states at high principal quantum numbers (partial local thermodynamic equilibrium). In this case, the Saha equation can be used to determine the electron density. The results demonstrate that this method of determining the electron temperature and density of z‐pinch plasmas is only applicable during the pinching phase. However, in this case the experimentally determined values are in fairly good agreement with the values determined using the MHD model. A user‐oriented 1‐D radiation MHD code was used to simulate the dynamic evolution of the plasma. The experimentally determined maximum electron temperature of approximately 12 eV is in fairly good agreement with the simulated value. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

A transported probability density function/photon Monte Carlo method for high-temperature oxy–natural gas combustion with spectral gas and wall radiation

A computational fluid dynamics model for high-temperature oxy–natural gas combustion is developed and exercised. The model features detailed gas-phase chemistry and radiation treatments (a photon Monte Carlo method with line-by-line spectral resolution for gas and wall radiation – PMC/LBL) and a transported probability density function (PDF) method to account for turbulent fluctuations in composition and temperature. The model is first validated for a 0.8 MW oxy–natural gas furnace, and the level of agreement between model and experiment is found to be at least as good as any that has been published earlier. Next, simulations are performed with systematic model variations to provide insight into the roles of individual physical processes and their interplay in high-temperature oxy–fuel combustion. This includes variations in the chemical mechanism and the radiation model, and comparisons of results obtained with versus without the PDF method to isolate and quantify the effects of turbulence–chemistry interactions and turbulence–radiation interactions. In this combustion environment, it is found to be important to account for the interconversion of CO and CO₂, and radiation plays a dominant role. The PMC/LBL model allows the effects of molecular gas radiation and wall radiation to be clearly separated and quantified. Radiation and chemistry are tightly coupled through the temperature, and correct temperature prediction is required for correct prediction of the CO/CO₂ ratio. Turbulence–chemistry interactions influence the computed flame structure and mean CO levels. Strong local effects of turbulence–radiation interactions are found in the flame, but the net influence of TRI on computed mean temperature and species profiles is small. The ultimate goal of this research is to simulate high-temperature oxy–coal combustion, where accurate treatments of chemistry, radiation and turbulence–chemistry–particle–radiation interactions will be even more important.     

Prediction of effective stagnant thermal conductivities of porous materials at high temperature by the generalized self-consistent method

The generalized self-consistent method is developed to deal with porous materials at high temperature, accounting for thermal radiation. An exact closed form formula of the local effective thermal conductivity is obtained by solving Laplace's equation, and a good approximate formula with uncoupled conductive and radiative effects is given. A comparison with available experimental data and theoretical predictions demonstrates the accuracy and efficiency of the present formula. Numerical examples provide a better understanding of interesting interaction phenomena of pores in heat transfer. It is found that the local effective thermal conductivity divides into two parts. One, attributed to conduction, is independent of pore radius for a fixed porosity and, furthermore, is independent of temperature (actually, it is approximately independent of the temperature) if it is non-dimensionalized by the thermal conductivity of the matrix. The other is due to thermal radiation in pores and strongly depends on the temperature and pore radius. The radiation effect can not be neglected at high temperature and in the case of relatively large pores.     

Optical properties of a new IR converter for laser beam analysis

This work presents the temporal and spacial resolution of a new infrared (IR) converter based on thermal radiation emission. Using this converter, it is possible to measure the intensity distribution of laser beams with a wavelength between 1 and 20 μm. For this purpose, the laser radiation (for example, 10.6 μm) is converted into a wavelength coverage of 800–1100 nm. In the actual converter thin metal foils provide the basis of this method. The metal foils are heated to a temperature of 600–800 K. The emitted radiation of the foils defers into the near-infrared (NIR) area, thus enabling detection by camera systems based on silicate. Additional heat input of the laser results in a local temperature increase, and then the increase in radiation intensity can be measured. Typical thicknesses of converter metal foils are <5μm. Foil materials with a low thermal conductivity, good absorption of the measured laser beams, and a high melting temperature are particularly suitable. These parameters are well shown by using stainless steels, such as INOX (stainless steel 1.4310 CrNi steel). Using this material, it is possible to gain a maximum spatial resolution of 250 μm and a temporal resolution of 12.5 Hz, by a measurement range from 1 to 100 W/cm². The maximum measured intensity is 125 W/cm².     

X光辐射通过稀疏波区的反照率

 在激光间接驱动内爆动力学过程中,软X射线烧蚀形成的高温低密度等离子体处于非局部热动平衡状态,X射线的传播需要用输运方法处理。利用简化物理模型给出了X射线烧蚀形成的高温低密度等离子体的流场空间分布,介绍了一种计算X射线反照率的方法,并给出反照率的解析表达式。     

Use of neutron-activation techniques for studying elemental distributions: applications in geochemistry, ecology and technology

The radiography method is developed for the investigation of ionizing radiation sources distribution on the sample surface by means of a two-dimensional image, produced in a photoemulsion or dielectric track detector. Its sensitivity is within a range of 10⁻² - 10⁻⁷ g/mm² and resolution from 0.01 to 100 μm. Statistical analysis and computer processing of the radiographic images have allowed us to solve the two main tasks of the method, namely, the determination the true distributions of ionizing radiation sources on the surface and the quantitative estimation of the local content of different chemical elements within a given accuracy.     

Finite element analysis of concurrent radiation and conduction in participating media

A method is proposed to calculate temperature, conductive and radiative heat flux distributions in a participating medium. The method is based on the simultaneous solution of two non-linear and mutually conjugated equations describing distribution of both temperature and the so-called radiation function in the medium. In the case of isotropic scattering, the latter quantity, is proportional to the local energy density of radiation. The solution of the coupled non-linear equations is based on the finite element spatial discretization combined with the iterative technique.     

神光II装置辐射驱动内爆对称性的研究

 对神光II条件下辐射驱动内爆的不对称性进行了二维数值模拟。模拟结果表明，靶妨内爆的不对称性对辐射温度的不均匀性非常敏感，DT平均压缩度则对其不敏感。同时，内爆不对称性对中子产额和内爆效率有一定的影响。辐射驱动内爆的不对称性可以利用辐射温度源的时间调制得到明显的改善。     

激光聚变黑腔中等离子体的热流研究

辐射流体采用限流的局域Spitzer-Harm(S-H)电子热流近似,在预估等离子体状态时可能与实验观察存在偏差.利用一维(1D3V)含碰撞的粒子模拟程序,研究了激光聚变黑腔中金等离子体的电子分布函数和电子热流.分析表明,在等离子体的冕区,α=Z(νos/νte)^2>1,电子分布函数表现为超高斯分布(m=3.34),克努森数λe/Le=0.011大于局域S-H理论的临界值2×10^-3.这导致了局域S-H电子热流远大于实际热流.这种实际热流受限现象将导致辐射流体模拟给出的冕区电子温度高于神光实验测量值.而在等离子体的高密度区域,电子分布函数仍表现为超高斯分布(m=2.93),克努森数λe/Le=7.58×10^-4小于局域S-H理论的临界值,限流的局域S-H电子热流具有一定的适用性.但电子热流严重依赖于限流因子,辐射流体模拟需要根据不同位置的光强和电子温度调整的大小.