利用色散管理抑制半导体光放大器引起的信道间串扰

理论研究了半导体光放大器增益饱和效应引起的信道间串扰,数值模拟了多路信道复用时系统的误码率随复用信道数和光功率的变化情况,发现随着复用信道数的增加,半导体光放大器增益饱和引起的信道间串扰越来越严重.对利用色散管理技术抑制半导体光放大器引起的信道间串扰进行了实验研究,实验验证了信号色散补偿之前用半导体光放大器放大可以抑制半导体光放大器引起的信道间串扰.结果表明,采用先放大后色散补偿这种新的色散补偿方案,可以有效抑制半导体光放大器引起的信道间串扰.     

偏分复用系统信道串扰的理论模型及消除方案

建立了偏分复用(PDM)系统中信道串扰的数学模型,并提出了消除该串扰的方案,即用解复用端一路光信号的射频(RF)功率作为反馈信号以监测光信号在链路中偏振态的变化和在接收端的串扰情况,用粒子群优化(PSO)算法作为逻辑控制单元的算法,控制偏振控制器以消除信道间的串扰。数值仿真了RF功率与信道串扰大小之间的关系,并在2×50Gb/s偏分复用-差分正交移相键控(PDM-DQPSK)传输系统平台上仿真验证了消除串扰方案的效果。结果表明该方案能够大幅降低系统误码率,改善系统性能。     

级联光交叉连接和光分插复用系统串扰研究

分析了光网络节点串扰产生的原因以及级联光交叉连接(OXC)和光分插复用(OADM)系统的串扰,对级联系统进行模拟,计算并分析了光开关隔离度、上路信号的功率差对系统误码率的影响,得出了光开关隔离度是产生串扰的主要原因、在光开关前进行功率均衡有利于提高系统误码性能等结论.     

半导体光放大器增益及发光特性的理论研究

半导体光放大器(SOA)的非线性特性在光开关、波长变换、光逻辑运算中有重要的应用.研究了注入电流、入射光波长及SOA有源区长度对SOA增益和发光功率的影响.数值模拟结果表明:注入电流的增加,会引起载流子浓度的增加,且使SOA增益趋于饱和的速率加快;不同的SOA模型存在一个最佳输入光波长,在此波长附近有较好的增益特性;加长半导体光放大器有源区长度可获得更大增益,同时提高了器件的响应速率.     

多电极半导体光放大器对增益特性的改善

提出了采用多电极实现电流非均匀注入来改变半导体光放大器(SOA)内部的载流子分布,从而改变其增益饱和特性的一种新的方案.用SOA分段模型的计算结果表明,与单电极均匀注入电流的SOA 相比,在同样的总注入电流下,对一个两电极SOA采用前面小后面大的非均匀电流注入,可以提高饱和输出功率和饱和输入功率.而采用前面大后面小的电流注入方式,则将使SOA更容易发生饱和,不仅饱和输出功率与饱和输入功率减小,而且增益谱在饱和后的压缩程度加大,增益谱压缩的对称性提高.对多电极SOA,可以方便灵活地调节各节之间的长度比和注入电流比来满足不同的应用要求.     

WDM网中同频串扰的研究

串扰是波分复用(WDM)光网络中限制光交叉连接(OXC)节点容量的一个重要因素.本文分析了相干和非相干串扰对通过OXC节点的光信号的影响,给出了固定和最佳判决门限两种情况下的光功率恶化,并进行了仿真计算.结果表明相干串扰对系统的影响很大.与固定判决相比,采用最佳判决可以降低串扰影响.串扰引起的光功率恶化主要取决于复用波数M,而与输入光纤数N关系不大.为了减小串扰对网络的限制,可以在OXC节点内使用滤波器.     

OPS网络中SOA交换矩阵的串扰研究

通过对光开关和节点流量进行建模，利用新颖的等效串扰系数法，研究了基于XGM效应的SOA开关矩阵在OPS网络中的串扰问题.分析了SOA的各种参量以及节点流量特性对开关隔离度、节点中由串扰造成的误码率以及节点级联能力的影响.提出了优化SOA交换矩阵的具体措施，包括提高SOA的载流子寿命、控制脉冲能量和节点中流量的单播特性，以及降低SOA的饱和能量和有源区长度等.     

偏分复用系统中偏振模色散补偿与偏分解复用一体化方案

本文建立了偏分复用系统中偏振模色散与信号偏振态变化引起信道串扰的数学模型, 分析了偏振模色散对偏分复用信道射频功率的影响, 并提出了适用于偏分复用系统的光域偏振模色散补偿与偏分解复用同时进行的方案: 用信道的射频功率作为反馈控制信号, 监测链路中偏振模色散和偏振态变化引起的信道串扰的大小, 用改进的粒子群优化算法对偏振控制器进行自适应控制, 同时完成偏振模色散补偿与偏分解复用. 在112 Gb/s偏分复用-差分正交相移键控(PDM-DQPSK)传输系统中仿真验证了该方案的有效性. 结果表明该方案可以使112 Gb/s-PDM-DQPSK传输系统完成自适应偏分解复用的同时, 在1 dB的光信噪比代价下, 使系统对偏振模色散的容忍度提高20 ps. 关键词： 偏分复用系统 信道串扰 偏振模色散 偏分解复用     

基于电吸收调制器的解复用器窗口特性分析及优化

数值模拟了基于电吸收调制器 (Electro absorptionmodulator,EAM)解复用器的开关窗口特性 ,在考虑邻道串扰和强度抖动 (由同步偏离和时间抖动导致 )的光时分复用数值模型中对解复用信号的误码率进行分析。数值模拟结果表明 ,电吸收调制器的窗口特性 (消光比和窗口宽度 )满足 4× 10Gb/s的光时分复用通信系统中解复用器的要求 ;在小的偏置电压下 ,邻道串扰和解复用器的透过率特性必须仔细考虑以达到最小的误码率 ;在大的偏置电压下 ,较大的射频幅度将会使解复用信号误码率最小     

基于XGM的SOA波长变换器噪音特性分析及优化设计

利用动态载流子恢复时间可以精确模拟基于交叉增益调制的SOA全光波长变换器的饱和增益效应,本文将SOA分段ASE噪音功率和分段动态模型结合,得到沿长度分布的ASE噪音功率,并讨论了偏置电流、泵浦光和探测光的波长、功率、SOA长度对消光比和信噪比的影响理论计算结果表明,大的偏置电流有利于提高消光比和信噪比;对于一定的输入波长,相对较大的泵浦光和相对较小的探测光变换效果好;SOA的长度存在最佳值.     

Comparative analysis of the effects of internal lasing oscillation and external light injection on semiconductor optical amplifier performance

One of the key differences of a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) with internal lasing oscillation (ILO) from a SOA with external light injection (ELI) lies in a carrier-sharing mechanism. Since the internal lasing mode shares the same pool of carriers with the signals, the carriers (or photons) withdrawn from the circulating laser mode speed up the gain recovery. On the other hand, the external light injected into the SOA shortens the carrier recovery time through optical pumping without any carrier sharing involved. To find out a better scheme, we have made a comparative investigation on the effects of the ILO and ELI on the SOA performance. It turns out by way of simulation that the ELI scheme provides faster gain recovery, shorter carrier lifetime, and higher saturation power when the external injection power is higher than the internal lasing power. The performance enhancement is not so pronounced with the carrier-sharing mechanism, as the internal lasing mode itself gives rise to severe longitudinal spatial hole burning (LSHB). Nevertheless, the ILO scheme is preferable for linear-amplification applications. We also examine the use of the ELI for low-crosstalk optical amplifiers. It is found that the ELI scheme does not bring in a very strong resonance peak in the crosstalk, which appears in a SOA with ILO due to relaxation oscillations of the lasing mode. In comparison to the ILO in SOAs, the ELI into SOAs is likely to leave more optical gain for multi-channel amplification without any sacrifice on the crosstalk.     

Minimization of Cross-Gain Saturation in Wavelength Division Multiplexing by Optimizing Differential Gain in Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers

We successfully simulated the 10 × 40 Gbit/s soliton RZ-DPSK WDM signals over 1050 km with spectral efficiency approaching 0.4 bit/s/Hz using semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) as in-line amplifier. The cross-gain saturation of SOA can be minimized by settling crosstalk at a lower level by decreasing the differential gain. This decrease in differential gain is in such a way that we get nil power penalty. The maximum transmission distance of 1050 km is possible with differential gain 210 atto cm² of SOA.

The impact of amplification factor, ASE noise power, crosstalk, quality factor and bit error rate for different differential gain has been investigated. It has been shown that with the increase in differential gain of SOA, the transmission distance goes on decreasing. At high value of differential gain 2.5 × 10^-16 cm² for the transmission distance 1050 km, all channels produce inter channel crosstalk with bit error rate greater than 10^-6. But for lower differential gain 190 atto cm², the quality of all channel increases at the cost of large power penalty.

With slight increase in differential gain 200 atto cm², the maximum transmission distance observed is 4550 km with quality of received signal more than 15 dB and having nil power penalty. We observed clear eye diagrams and optical power spectra for received signal with transmission distance 1050 km and 4550 km using soliton RZ-DPSK system. The bit error rate for all channels increase more than 10^-10 with the increase in launched input power that is due to power saturation.     

An approach to enhance the receiver sensitivity with SOA for optical communication systems

In this paper, we investigate an SOA (semiconductor optical amplifier) preamplifier structure by optimizing the carrier lifetime in order to reduce the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise and crosstalk, with adequate gain increase. This proposed SOA optical preamplifier has no need of optical alignment and antireflection coating. This structure of SOA eliminates the need of optical filter, and exhibits large tolerance to the input light wavelength. The receiver sensitivity is investigated for single and multi channel transmission links. The received power of − 50.34 dBm is observed at bit error rate (BER) 10^− 12 for 10 Gb/s with PIN receiver. Further, the impact of gain, amplified spontaneous emission power and gain variation for different carrier lifetime with input power for OOK system is illustrated. The proposed SOA has constant gain of 30.06 dB up to gain saturation for carrier lifetime 0.18 ns. It is predicted that low value of carrier lifetime suffers less from ASE noise.     

Simulation of DWDM signals using optimum span scheme with cascaded optimized semiconductor optical amplifiers

We numerically simulated the ten channels at 10 Gb/s dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) transmission faithfully over 17,227 km using 70 km span of single mode fiber (SMF) and dispersion compensating fiber (DCF) using optimum span scheme at channel spacing 20 GHz. For this purpose, inline optimized semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) and DPSK format are used. We optimized the SOA parameters for inline amplifier with minimum crosstalk and amplified spontaneous emission noise with sufficient gain at bias current 400 mA. For this bias current, constant gain 36.5 dB is obtained up to saturation power 21.35 mW. We have also optimized the optical phase modulator bandwidth for 400 mA current which is around 5.5 GHz with crosstalk −14.2 dB between two channels at spacing 20 GHz.We show the 10×10 Gb/s transmission over 70 km distance with inline amplifier has good signal power received as compared to without amplifier, even at equal quality factor. We further investigated the optimum span scheme for 5670 km transmission distance for 10×10 Gb/s with channel spacing 20 at 5.5 GHz optical phase modulator bandwidth. As we increase the transmission distance up to 17,227 km, there is increase in power penalty with reasonable quality.The impact of optical power received and Q factor at 5670 and 17,227 km transmission distance for different span schemes for all channels has been illustrated. For launched optical power less than saturation, all channels are obtained at bit error rate floor of 10⁻¹⁰.     

Transmission performance of 20 × 10 Gb/s WDM signals using cascaded optimized SOAs with OOK and DPSK modulation formats

We investigated 20 channels at 10 Gb/s wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission over 1190 km single mode fiber and dispersion compensating fiber using cascaded inline semiconductor optical amplifier at a span of 70 km for RZ-DPSK (return zero differential phase-shift keying) modulation format by using same channel spacing, i.e. 100 GHz. We show for RZ-OOK (return zero on-off keying) format a transmission distance of up to 1050 km with Q factor more than 15 dB, without any power drops. We developed the SOA model for inline amplifier having minimum cross-talks and ASE (amplified spontaneous emission) noise power with sufficient gain. At optimal bias current of 400 mA, a high constant gain of 36.5 dB is obtained up to a saturation power of 21.36 mW. So reduction of cross-talk and distortion is possible by decreasing the bias current at appropriate amplification factor.The DPSK modulation format has less cross-talk as compared to OOK format for nonlinearities and saturation case. The impact of optical power received and Q factor at different distance for both RZ-OOK and RZ-DPSK modulation format has been illustrated. We have shown the optical spectrum and clear Eye diagram at the transmission distance of 1190 km in RZ-DPSK system and 1050 km in RZ-OOK systems.The bit error rate (BER) for all channels observed is less than 10⁻¹⁰ up to gain saturation for both DPSK and OOK systems. Finally, we investigated that the transmission distance decreases with a decrease in channel spacing of up to 20 GHz.     

Power budget improvement for long-haul WDM transmission with optimum placement of SOAs

Sufficient power margin is investigated for ten-channels WDM transmission over 68,908 km by using cascaded in-line semiconductor optical amplifier for the differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) modulation format for the first time. For this, we used the structural optimization and placement scheme of semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) for long-haul WDM transmission. The SOA model for in-line amplifier has low crosstalk, ASE noise power and low noise figure with sufficient gain. The impact of noise figure, amplification factor, ASE noise power, optical gain and crosstalk with signal input power for the SOA model has been illustrated, which shows that 400 mA is the optimum bias current.

We observed that the optimized optical filter bandwidth for the 100 GHz channel spacing is 0.4 nm. We observe that as we decrease the channel spacing, the quality of signal is degraded. We show that the optimum span scheme-1 is used up to a transmission distance of 68,908 km with good quality for power margin more than 24 dB. This placement scheme of SOAs shows good power budget for long transmission distance. We show the optical spectrum and clear eye diagram at the transmission distance of 68,908 km for optimum span schemes. Finally, we investigate the maximum transmission distance with decrease in channel spacing, i.e., 20 and 50 GHz.     

基于SOA全光偏振调制的双信道光传输系统的仿真与分析

仿真并分析了基于半导体光放大器全光偏振调制的双信道光传输系统模型.该系统分别利用两级半导体光放大器的交叉偏振调制效应(XPolM),将两路独立的强度调制的抽运光变换到一路探测光的两个正交的偏振态上,实现双通道偏振复用的全光数据传输.首先对单个半导体光放大器的动力学过程进行了理论分析,数值计算了具有不同抽运光功率的半导体光放大器对探测光偏振态的影响,进而对双半导体光放大器偏振复用系统的调制/解调原理进行了分析,模拟仿真了双半导体光放大器的双通路偏振复用的调制及解调过程,仿真结果与实验结果相符.