Electron paramagnetic resonance of Mn IN (NH4)2Co2(SO4)3 and (NH4)2Ni2(SO4)3 single crystals

EPR studies are reported on single crystals of ammonium cobalt sulphate and ammonium nickel sulphate containing Mn²⁺ ions. In each case only one magnetic complex of Mn²⁺ ion is found. The resonance lines in the case of Mn²⁺ doped ammonium nickle sulphate are characterised by a strong angular dependence of line intensities. The resonance lines in both the cases are fitted to a spin-Hamiltonian corresponding to orthorhombic symmetry.     

深红色Mg_(1+y)Al_(2-x)O_4:xMn~(4+),yMg~(2+)荧光粉的合成与发光性质

采用高温固相法在空气气氛中合成了新型Mg_(1+y)Al_(2-x)O_4:xMn~(4+),yMg~(2+)深红色荧光粉.利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和荧光光谱仪表征荧光粉的晶体结构和形貌,并分析了发光性质,讨论了掺杂不同浓度Mn4+和过量Mg2+对样品发光强度的影响.结果表明,在300 nm波长激发下样品发射652 nm波长的红光,归因于Mn~(4+)的~2Eg—~4A_(2g)跃迁, Mn~(4+)的最佳掺杂浓度为0.14%.采用Blasse公式计算了Mn~(4+)-Mn~(4+)之间能量传递的临界距离,讨论了可能的能量传递过程和引起浓度淬灭的原因,采用Tanabe-Sugano能级图从理论上计算和分析了Mn~(4+)的d~3电子构型的晶体场强度大小.过量Mg~(2+)可以提高荧光粉的发光强度,同时导致了荧光寿命的缩短,荧光衰减曲线呈单指数变化.探讨了过量Mg~(2+)增强发光强度的机理,阐述了深红色荧光粉MgAl_2O_4:Mn~(4+)发光效率提高的原因.     

Zn2 GeO4:Mn2+绿色磷光粉的制备和长余辉性能

采用高温固相反应法合成了Zn_2GeO_4∶xMn~(2+)系列绿色长余辉磷光粉。XRD分析结果表明,掺锰磷光粉的主要衍射峰位与锗酸锌晶体标准卡基本一致,但略有红移。SEM照片显示,相对于Zn_2GeO_4基质平均粒径而言,掺锰磷光粉的颗粒尺寸均增大。在325 nm紫外光激发下,Zn_2GeO_4∶Mn~(2+)发射出强的530 nm绿光,优化掺锰离子浓度为0.5%。同时发现Zn_2GeO_4∶0.2Mn~(2+)磷光粉暗场条件下的余辉时间超过180 min,详细讨论了Zn_2GeO_4∶Mn~(2+)长余辉发光的内在机理。     

Energy Spectra,g Factors and Their Pressure—Induced and ／or Thermal Shifts of SrTiO3：Cr^3＋ and SrTiO3：Mn^4＋ I：energy Spectra and g Factors at Normal Pressure

With the strong-field scheme and cubic bases,the complete d^3 energy matrix in a tetragonally distorted cubic-field has been constructed.By diagonalizing this matrix,the energy spectra of SrTiO3:Cr^3 and SrTiO3:Mn^4 at normal pressure and various temperatures have been calculated.Correspondingly,the FORTRAN program calculating the g factor of the ground state has been worked out.By using the program and the wavefunction obtained from diagonalizing the complete energy matrix,the g factors of the ground state of SrTiO3:Cr^3 and SrTiO3:Mn^4 at normal pressure and room temperature have been evaluated.The calculated results are in good agreement with the optical-spectral and EPR experimental data.The comparison and analysis of the results of two crystals have been made.It is demonstrated that the covalency of the bonding between Mn^4 and ligands(O^2-) in SrTiO3:Mn^4 is stronger than the one of the bonding between Cr^3 and ligands(O^2-)in SrTiO3:Cr^3 .It is shown that the obtained wavefunctions and values of parameters are reasonable.     

微波场对(Ba,Sr)3MgSi2O8：Eu2+,Mn2+荧光粉中Mn2+ 660 nm红光能量传递的影响

研究了2.45 GHz微波灼烧(Ba,Sr)₃MgSi₂O₈：Eu²⁺,Mn²⁺荧光粉的非热效应对Mn²⁺离子660 nm红光发射强度的影响。在相同的加热温度条件下,增加微波场的输出功率,微波非热效应导致Eu²⁺离子蓝光的跃迁概率增加,Eu²⁺通过(Ba,Sr)₃MgSi₂O₈基质晶格把能量传递给Mn²⁺,进而使Mn²⁺的跃迁概率增加,导致红光发射增强。提出了一种微波场非热效应对能量传递影响的新观点,认为在微波加热过程中强微波磁场可能会对像Mn²⁺这样具有顺磁性的激活剂离子的能级结构和能量传递性质产生干扰作用。     

掺杂晶体材料Al2O3∶Ni2+中顺磁离子N2+局域结构及其电子顺磁共振参量的研究

按照叠加模型和微扰理论,建立了电子顺磁共振（EPR）参量（D, g_∥, g_⊥）与Al_2O3∶Ni²⁺晶体局域结构之间的定量关系. 利用EPR参量决定了Al₂O₃∶N i²⁺晶体的局域结构. 通过考虑适当的晶格畸变,成功地解释了Al₂O₃∶Ni²⁺晶体基态很大的零场分裂和各向异性的g因子. 获得了Ni²⁺ 离子上方最近邻的三个O^2-离子偏向111〕晶轴0.603°, 而Ni²⁺离子下方的三个O^2-离子偏向〔111〕晶轴0.598°.     

MgAl2O4:Mn2+绿色荧光粉的合成与光学性质

采用高温固相反应法制备了一系列MgAl₂O₄∶xMn²⁺。在450 nm的蓝光激发下,观察到了Mn²⁺的⁴T₁→⁶A₁跃迁的绿色发光,发射光在x=10%时达到最大值。研究结果表明,在x＞10%之后,材料的发光强度没有明显减弱。发光强度的减弱是由于Mn²⁺导致的缺陷增多引起的。缺陷态与Mn²⁺对于蓝色激发光进行竞争,并且对520 nm的发射光有再吸收过程。温度升高后的发光增强也被观察到。通过变温漫反射谱研究,我们认为这与充当电子陷阱的缺陷态在高温下内部电子被热激发有关。     

红色长余辉材料Zn3(PO4)2：Mn2+,Ga3+的合成及光谱性质

采用高温固相法合成α、β和γ-Zn₃(PO₃)₂:Mn²⁺,Ga³⁺(ZPMG),XRD分析表明,高温合成过程中淬火条件有利于β相的形成,退火条件有利于γ相的形成。三种磷光粉的激发光谱分别位于246nm(α)、234nm(β和γ)的宽带谱。α相的发射光谱为位于508nm的锐线谱,β和γ相的发射光谱均存在两个谱带,分别位于508nm的绿色光谱区和616nm的红色光谱区。两种发射均归属为Mn²⁺的⁴T₁(⁴G)→⁶A_1g(⁶S)跃迁,但是由于Mn²⁺在Zn₃(PO₃)₂结构中的配位数不同,故发光颜色及强度均不同。对于余辉发射,只能观察到红色余辉光谱。     

锰离子对镥基纳米晶体的荧光调控与增强

通过调控Mn²⁺的掺杂浓度,在镥基纳米晶体成功地实现了六方、四方混合相到纯四方相的相位转变,并详细讨论了其相变机理. 时域和频域光谱的分析表明,立方相Na₅Lu₉F₃₂：40% Mn²⁺,20% Yb³⁺,2% Ln³⁺（Ln=Er³⁺,Ho³⁺）纳米晶体内的准纯红色荧光发射主要由Mn²⁺和Ln³⁺之间的两步能量转移引起. Mn²⁺掺杂后引起了发光离子附近局域对称性的降低,使得电偶极跃迁的辐射速率明显增加,进而导致了上转换、下转换荧光的极大增强. 该研究结果在生物荧光成像、太阳能电池效率的提高方面具备潜在的、广阔的应用前景. 关键词： 镥基纳米晶体 电偶极跃迁 两步能量转移 局域对称性     

Energy Spectrum and Its Pressure-Induced Shift and g Factor of ZnS:Mn2+

By using strong-field scheme, the complete d⁵ energy matrix with D_2d symmetry has been constructed. Then, by diagonalization of this matrix at normal and various pressures,the whole energy spectrum [including the ground-state zero-field-splitting (GSZFS)], its PS and the g factor of the ground state for zns:Mn²⁺ have uniformly been calculated. According to the eigenfunctions and PS, the new assignments of five absorption bands have been given.The variation of tetragonal field with pressure makes a main contribution to the pressureinduced shift (PS) of GSZFS of zns:Mn²⁺, which supports the existence of tetragonal Jahn-Teller distortion in zns:Mn²⁺. It is found that when P≥62 kbar, t₂⁴(³T₁)e⁴T₁ merges with t₂e^{4 2}T₂, which has to be taken into account in the calculation of PS of the fifth band in the range of 1 bar ~ 95 kbar. It is demonstrated that the Mn²⁺ ions in ZnS:Mn²⁺ have tetrahedral coordination, and the difference between ζ and ζ' caused by the covalency effect is very important for GSZFS. The physical essentials of typical levels, GSZFS and their PS have been revealed. By taking into account the influence of covalency on t₂³(⁴A₂)e²(³A₂)⁴A₁ and t₂³(²E)e²(³A₂)⁴E, the positon of the third absorption band at normal pressure has been estimated.     

Electron paramagnetic resonance study of copper impurity charge-states in PbWO4 scintillator

The study of two types of Cu²⁺ centres observed in nominally pure PbWO₄ crystals grown by Bridgman and Czochralski methods was carried out by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). One of centres, called Cu²⁺(I), arises after oxygen compensation, while the second one, called Cu²⁺(II) requires, in addition, infrared illumination at low temperatures, being thermally stable only up to 22–23 K. The EPR spectra of both Cu²⁺ centres are described by rhombic symmetry g-tensors with the Z-principal axis lying close to, or in the (ab) plane of the crystal. It is proposed that in both centres the Cu²⁺ ions substitute for Pb²⁺ ions. The additional reduction of the local crystal-field symmetry is connected with a CuWO₄ wolframite-type lattice distortion for the Cu(I) and a Jahn–Teller distortion of the regular PbWO₄ lattice for the Cu(II). It was also found that either IR irradiation or thermal heating activate the transfer of an electron between two closely spaced Cu²⁺ centres.     

Investigation in the L.C.A.O.-M.O. Framework of the overlap and covalency contribution to the zero field splitting of S state ions

Using the L.C.A.O.-M.O. scheme, we review the different stages of the calculation of the overlap and covalency contribution to the zero-field splitting of ⁶S state ions. We calculate general molecular integrals involved in the non-local spin-spin contribution and derive analytic functions of the metal-ligand distance to fit numerical results of integral calculations for Mn²⁺---F⁻, Mn²⁺---O²⁻, Fe³⁺---F⁻and Fe³⁺---O²⁻ bonds. We use these results to calculate the zero-field splitting of Mn²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions at Ca²⁺ or Zn²⁺ crystal sites of tetragonal or trigonal symmetry in diamagnetic host lattices (RbCaF₃ and KZnF₃).     

Superposition-model investigations of the zero-field splittings and their stress and temperature dependence for Mn in guanidinium aluminum sulfate hexahydrate

The zero-field splittings of sites I and II for Mn²⁺ in guanidinium aluminum sulfate hexahydrate (GASH) are calculated from the superposition model by using the normal intrinsic parameter ₂(R₀) obtained from Mn²⁺ ions in many oxygen octahedra. The results are in good agreement with the experimental findings. Based on this, the local compressibilities and local thermal expansion coefficients in the vicinity of the impurity ion Mn²⁺ have been studied from the stress and temperature dependence of zero-field splitting and are found to be half of the host ones. The reasonableness of these local values is discussed.     

Role of vacancy-type defects in magnetism of GaMnN

Role of vacancy-type(N vacancy(VN) and Ga vacancy(VGa)) defects in magnetism of GaMnN is investigated by first-principle calculation.Theoretical results show that both the VNand VGainfluence the ferromagnetic state of a system.The VNcan induce antiferromagnetic state and the VGaindirectly modify the stability of the ferromagnetic state by depopulating the Mn levels in GaMnN.The transfer of electrons between the vacancy defects and Mn ions results in converting Mn~(3+)(d~4) into Mn~(2+)(d5).The introduced VNand the ferromagnetism become stronger and then gradually weaker with Mn concentration increasing,as well as the coexistence of Mn~(3+)(d~4) and Mn~(2+)(d~5) are found in GaMnN films grown by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition.The analysis suggests that a big proportion of Mn~(3+)changing into Mn~(2+)will reduce the exchange interaction and magnetic correlation of Mn atoms and lead to the reduction of ferromagnetism of material.     

Ba9Y2(SiO4)6: Ce3+,Mn2+荧光粉的发光特性及能量传递

利用高温固相法制备了Ba₉Y₂(SiO₄)₆:Ce³⁺,Mn²⁺(BYS:Ce³⁺,Mn²⁺)荧光粉,并通过X射线衍射(XRD)谱、激发和发射光谱及荧光寿命的测试对材料的结构、发光特性和能量传递进行了研究。在327 nm激发下,BYS:Ce³⁺,Mn²⁺发射光谱中包含2个发射峰,分别为位于407 nm的Ce³⁺的蓝紫光发射和位于597 nm的Mn²⁺的红光发射。在该体系中,发现了Ce³⁺向Mn²⁺的有效能量传递,使得Mn²⁺在597 nm处的红光发射显著提高,当x(Mn²⁺)=0.25时,BYS:Ce³⁺,xMn²⁺的能量传递效率可达39%。实验表明,该荧光粉可为紫外基白光LED提供良好的红光光源。     

Energy Spectra,g Factors and Their Pressure-Induced and/or Thermal Shifts of SrTiO3:Cr3+ and SrTiO3:Mn4+ III: R-Line Thermal Shifts of SrTiO3:Mn4+

By taking into account all the irreducible representations and their components in the electron-phonon interaction (EPI) as well as all the levels and the admixtures of basic wavefunctions within d³ electronic configuration, the values of the parameters in the expressions of thermal shift (TS) from EPI for the ground level, R level and R line of SrTiO₃:Mn⁴⁺ have been evaluated; the R-line TS and various contributions to it have been calculated in the low-temperature region. It is found that all the three terms of R-line TS from EPI relevant to the lattice vibration are red shifts. The Raman term is the largest, the neighbor-level term is the second, and the optical-branch term is very small over the range of T≤80 K. The contribution to R-line TS from thermal expansion has been approximately neglected in this work. The very strong EPI relevant to its lattice vibration for SrTiO₃:Mn⁴⁺ causes its R-line TS to be an unusually large red-shift. Only by taking into account the strong softening of the low-frequency acoustic modes of the lattice vibration at low temperatures, can we successfully explain the variation of R-line TS of SrTiO₃$:Mn⁴⁺ with temperature.     

红色长余辉材料Mg2SiO4：Dy3+,Mn2+的制备及发光特性

用高温固相法制备了长余辉发光材料Mg₂SiO₄:Dy³⁺,Mn²⁺,对这种材料的红色长余辉性质进行了研究.对以不同掺杂浓度单掺杂Mn²⁺、单掺杂Dy³⁺以及双掺杂Dy³⁺,Mn²⁺的Mg₂SiO₄体系,通过在紫外激发下的发射光谱及其激发光谱的研究,确认了在双掺杂体系中,峰值为660nm的发光带对应着Mn²⁺的⁴T₁(⁴G)→⁶A₁(⁶S)跃迁,Mn²⁺为主要发光中心.Mn²⁺的660nm发射的激发谱分布很宽,样品在近紫外和可见光区都有良好的吸收,长波边可达600nm,是这种材料的一个显著优点.还研究了双掺杂体系中Dy³⁺对Mn²⁺的660nm发光带的敏化作用.另外,通过对单掺杂、双掺杂体系热释光曲线的比较,揭示了双掺杂体系中Dy³⁺的陷阱作用.     

Relationship between electronic and crystal structure in Cu–Ni–Co–Mn–O spinels: Part A: Temperature-induced structural transformation

Local atomic and crystal structures around Cu and Mn atoms in Mn_1.68Cu_0.6Ni_0.48Co_0.24O₄ spinel samples fabricated by metal–organic decomposition synthesis at different annealing temperatures were investigated by X-ray absorption fine structure analysis. There are two distinct copper cations, Cu¹⁺ and Cu²⁺, both of which maintain tetrahedral coordination. The bond-length distances are Cu¹⁺–O = 2.00 Å and Cu²⁺–O = 1.80 Å. The manganese cations are for the most part octahedral. The spinels prepared at low temperature (600 °C) contain smaller (Mn⁴⁺–O = 1.88 Å) undistorted MnO₆ octahedrons corresponding to Mn⁴⁺ valence, whereas the manganese octahedrons in high-temperature materials (800 °C and higher) were larger and had a pronounced tetragonal distortion pertaining to Mn³⁺ oxidation state (Mn³⁺–O = 1.93 Å and 2.11 Å). By rising the fabrication temperatures, relative concentration of the species of Mn⁴⁺ and Mn³⁺ varies as a result of the reaction represented by Cu¹⁺ + Mn⁴⁺  Cu²⁺ + Mn³⁺, implying irreversible temperature-induced structural transformation. Atomic coordinates in the low-temperature phase are similar to those found in the ideal cubic spinel with oxygen parameter u = 0.27, whereas local environments of the Cu and Mn atom correspond to the tetragonal CuMn₂O₄ phase (space group I4₁/amd). Unlike in CuMn₂O₄, orientation of the lattice distortions is random, however, the long-range cubic spinel structure is retained at all time.     

煅烧温度对Ba1.2Ca0.64SiO4：0.10Eu，0.06Mn粉体发光性能的影响

以MCM-41为硅源,在800~1 100℃下合成了Ba_1.2Ca_0.64SiO₄：0.10Eu,0.06Mn荧光粉,研究了煅烧温度对荧光粉发光性能的影响。实验结果表明,Eu²⁺的蓝绿光发射带的强度与宽度随煅烧温度的升高先增大后减小,在1 000℃时强度达到最大。最大发射峰位随温度的升高而发生红移,由800℃和900℃时的450 nm移至1 000℃和1 100℃时的480 nm。Mn²⁺的红光发射起源于Eu²⁺发射光的激发,其强度随温度的升高而增大。与Mn²⁺发生能量传递作用的Eu²⁺主要位于10配位的M（1）格位。     

白光LED固态照明光转换荧光体

报道了当前热点固态照明白光LED对所用光转换荧光体的特殊要求,从发光学和晶场理论出发,提出研发白光LED用荧光体的几种方案和原则.依据多年成果,特别阐述在稀土铝镓石榴石体系,氯硅酸钙及某些钨钼酸盐中,Ce³⁺、Pr³⁺、Tb³⁺、Eu³⁺、Eu²⁺及Mn²⁺离子的发光特性,能量传递,Eu²⁺的特征“阶梯状”光谱以及激活剂在晶体中所占据不同晶体学格位与发光性质的关联性.这些材料都可用于白光LED之中.实践证明,这些基础性研究和原理是研制白光LED用荧光体的基础.光转换荧光体与InGaN蓝光芯片结合可以获得符合严格标准的全色温(2700~8000K)的高显色性白光LED光源.白光LED及InGaN蓝光LED的光电性能与正向电流I_F密切相关,器件散热极为重要.提出的在不同I_F下,LED的相关色温差(ρT_c)可用来表征LED色温变化幅度及稳定性.