激光驱动强流电子束产生和控制

在惯性约束聚变(ICF)电子束快点火物理方案中,需要超强拍瓦激光脉冲驱动MeV能量的强流电子束,并沉积数十kJ能量到压缩氘氚芯区。强流电子束的束流品质是影响点火成功的关键因素之一,为深入了解强流电子束产生物理过程,研制成了三维高性能、适应上万CPU核规模的并行粒子模拟程序,并开展了大规模数值模拟研究,探索了强流电子束的产生机制和输运规律。回顾了近几年来快点火研究团队围绕强流电子束产生和控制开展的研究,介绍了导致束流品质差的两大物理原因:预等离子体效应和束流不稳定性磁场的随机散射。针对这两个物理原因,提出了四种提高强流电子束品质的方法:(1)双层金锥靶减弱预等离子体的负面效应;(2)输运丝产生环向磁场准直强流电子束;(3)外加磁场导引强流电子束提高耦合效率;(4)抑制束流不稳定性以降低随机磁场对电子束流的散射。     

强流非聚焦型相对论性电子束的产生及其特性的研究

本文论述产生强流非聚焦型相对论性电子束的物理机制及其特性,结合国际上和中国原子能科学研究院的工作来说明产生这种束流的几个关键的技术问题,如阴极等离子体的形成和运动,电子束流自磁场对束流箍缩及束流密度均匀性的影响、阳极等离子体的形成及其影响等。至今为止国际上尚未形成一种比较严格的理论模型来解析该二极管中的电子束行为,本文试图将国际上有关这方面的研究做个综述并对一些分析做些改进,如束流自磁场对箍缩及束流密度均匀性的影响。     

多脉冲强流真空电子二极管研究

研究了猝发脉冲串条件下真空强流电子二极管状态和输出电子束参数的变化规律, 建立了阴极等离子体膨胀效应的强流电子二极管参量的方程组, 并提出了阴极等离子体柱状膨胀模型. 实验研究了猝发多脉冲电子二极管输出多脉冲强流电子束的能力和束品质的变化, 给出了以天鹅绒为阴极发射体, 阴极等离子体膨胀速度小于1cm/μs时二极管输出的双脉冲电子束包络的变化和电子束的发射度及亮度.     

天鹅绒阴极产生的强流双脉冲电子束特性

 通过一台2 MeV直线感应型强流电子注入器建立的双脉冲功率源系统，实验研究了天鹅绒阴极产生的相对论性猝发双脉冲强流电子束基本特性，给出了双脉冲电子束的积分发射度、亮度和双脉冲电子束时间分辨包络变化情况。研究结果表明：天鹅绒阴极产生的双脉冲的亮度达到108 A·(m·rad)^-2；实验得到的两个脉冲电子束包络半径不完全一致，这是由于天鹅绒阴极在发射电子束过程中产生的阴极等离子体对真空二极管的影响程度不同所导致的。     

碳纳米管阴极的短脉冲爆炸场发射与等离子体膨胀

采用碳纳米管制备了一种强流电子束发射阴极,并对碳纳米管阴极在双脉冲条件下的强流发射性能进行了研究.在双脉冲条件下获得了245 A/cm²的强发射电流密度,阴极的开启时间约为40 ns.采用高速分幅相机和CCD相机对强流电子束在空间和时间的分布进行了研究.研究表明连续脉冲实验时,离子体及其膨胀对发射电子束的强度和分布影响很大,双脉冲时脉冲间隔时间内等离子体的膨胀速率约为8.17 cm/μs.等离子体形成时没有优先位置,电子束发射的局部增强位置是随机的.结果表明碳纳米管阴极可以作为强流阴 关键词： 碳纳米管 爆炸场发射 等离子体膨胀 强流电子束     

锥形激光等离子体中Compton 散射对电子的加速

应用相对论性电子与光子非弹性碰撞模型和经典相对论电动力学理论,结合锥形飞秒强激光等离子体中的光场特性和静电场能,分析、计算了入射的高能电子束与等离子体中的光子发生多光子非线性Compton散射时对电子的加速效应,发现等离子体中的光场会引起电子加速能量的振荡;等离子体中的静电场降低电子的加速效应。用高能电子束与锥形飞秒强激光等离子体中的光子发生双光子非线性Compton散射,是加速电子最为理想的情况。     

强流四脉冲电子束源实验研究

 为了进行强流多电子束源研究，对现有2MeV LIA 注入器进行了四脉冲改造，二极管脉冲电压约500kV。实验研究了天鹅绒阴极在四脉冲条件下的发射能力、传导电流负载效应以及阴极等离子体运动对阴极电子发射和束能量的影响。利用空间电荷限制流模型推算出阴极等离子体膨胀速率在1 ~4cm/μs之间。     

强流电子束自磁场对能量沉积的磁增强效应

一、引言 苏联的库尔恰托夫研究所最早报导了强流相对论电子束与等离子体相互作用过程中能量沉积的磁增强效应,该所于1976年发表了实验结果,增强因子是10;随后美国的Sandia实验室报导的磁增强因子是2—5;C.Peugnet和R.Bailly-Salins等人用强流电子束在薄金靶上做实验,获得了2—3倍的增强效应。他们的实验结果与理论计算结果是相符合的。本文主要是用蒙特卡罗方法对电子束在束自磁场的作用下的运动进行了模拟跟踪,计算了电子在薄铜靶中沉积能量的磁增强效应。     

强流相对论电子束在等离子体内引起的回流电流

本文用宏观处理的方法,研究了强流相对论电子束在等离子体内引起的回流电流效应。通过Fourier变换的方法,求得Maxwell方程组的电场表达式和回流电流的径向表达式。在4στ>>1的极限下,电子束通道内的回流电流和入射的电子束电流基本抵消。最后,比较了回流电流的焦耳热和束电子与等离子体粒子库仑碰撞的能耗值。     

强流相对论性电子束在低压中性气体中传输的研究

本文给出了强流相对论性电子束(IREB)在低压中性气体中传输特性的理论和实验研究结果。660kV,40kA,脉宽100ns的电子束注入充有H_2,N_2的漂移管,稳定的传输气压范围在(0.7-6.7)×10~2Pa间,传输效率可达80％以上;极低气压时(P≈13.3Pa)由于空间电荷效应,束电子被虚阴极阻滞并径向发散,不能有效传输;而较高气压时,束电子除受自身电磁场作用及库仑碰撞散射外,等离子体不稳定性使束流传输效率明显降低。用蒙特·卡洛法及数值解析法对电荷中和、电流中和过程进行了模拟计算并解释了实验结果。     

Study of Coulomb collisional effects on the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a turbulent plasma

The presence of Weibel instability in laser-irradiated fuel could be detrimental to the process of ablative implosion, which is necessary for achieving thermonuclear fusion reactions. In this paper, the effect of the Coulomb collisional within the turbulent plasma on the Weibel instability growth rate has been investigated for linear and circular polarization. The results indicate that the Weibel instability growth rate at circular polarization near the ignition centre of the fuel fusion (collisional plasma) is about 10⁵ times higher than the collisional Weibel instability growth rate at linear polarization. The Weibel instability growth rate is observed near the critical density of the fuel fusion (collisionless plasma) at linear polarization and enhancement near the foot of the heat in front of the fuel fusion. By increasing the steps of the density gradient plasma in the low-density corona, electromagnetic instability occurs at a higher stress flow. Therefore, the deposition condition of electron beam energy in circular polarization of turbulent plasma can be shifted to the fuel core for suitable ignition.     

Stabilization effect of Weibel modes due to inverse bremsstrahlung absorption in laser fusion plasma using Krook collisions model

In this work, the Weibel instability due to inverse bremsstrahlung absorption in laser fusion plasma has been investigated. The stabilization effect due to the coupling of the self-generated magnetic field by Weibel instability with the laser wave field is explicitly showed. The main result obtained in this work is that the inclusion of self-generated magnetic field due to Weibel instability to the inverse bremsstrahlung absorption causes a stabilizing effect of excited Weibel modes. We found a decrease in the spectral range of Weibel unstable modes. This decrease is accompanied by a reduction of two orders in the growth rate of instability or even stabilization of these modes. It has been shown that the previous analyses of the Weibel instability due to inverse bremsstrahlung have overestimated the values of the generated magnetic fields. Therefore, the generation of magnetic fields by the Weibel instability due to inverse bremsstrahlung should not affect the experiences of an inertial confinement fusion.     

Collision and recombination driven instabilities in variable charged dusty plasmas

The dust-acoustic instability driven by recombination of electrons and ions on the surface of charged and variably-charged dust grains as well as by collisions in dusty plasmas with significant pressure of background neutrals have been theoretically investigated. The recombination driven instability is shown to be dominant in the long wavelength regime even in the presence of dust-neutral and ion-neutral collisions, while in the shorter wavelength regime, the dust-neutral collision is found to play a major role. In an earlier research work, the dust-neutral collision was neglected in comparison to the effect due to the recombination for estimating the dust-acoustic instability; later the other report shows that the recombination effect is negligible in the presence of dust-neutral collisions. In line of this present situation our investigation revealed that the recombination is more important than dust-neutral collisions in laboratory plasma and fusion plasma, while the dust-neutral collision frequency is dominant in the interstellar plasmas. The effects of ion and dust densities and ion streaming on the recombination and collision driven mode in parameter regimes relevant for many experimental studies on dusty plasmas have also been calculated.     

Current-Driven Kink-Like Instability in Collisional Plasmas

The stability of left-hand circularly polarized waves propagating along an external magnetic field with wavelengths much larger than the ion Larmor radius is studied for fully-ionized collisional plasmas carrying a field-aligned current. It is found that, in the presence of electron-ion collisions, this "kink-like" instability has two branches of unstable wavenumbers: a main branch and a resistive branch. The resistive branch owes its existence to electron-ion collisions, but its growth rate is much smaller than that of the main branch, which is typically some fraction of the ion cyclotron frequency. The effect of collisions on the main branch is to reduce its maximum growth rate while extending the range of unstable wavenumbers to larger values. However, these changes are significant only when the electron-ion collision frequency is comparable to the electron cyclotron frequency. The dispersion relation is solved numerically for plasma and magnetic field parameters appropriate to the UCLA arcjet plasma. The results show that, within the framework of an infinite and homogeneous theory, the kink-like instability should occur in this plasma device.     

静电探针测量强流电子束电离气体产生的等离子体密度

 用电离理论和核物理学中讨论电子束通过介质后的能量损耗方法分别估算了强流电子束电离中性气体产生的等离子体的密度。在实验中将静电探针应用于测量强流电子束电离氮气产生的等离子体的密度,得出等离子体密度随气压变化的曲线。实验结果表明在1～15帕气压范围内,等离子体密度在量级,与理论结果相符,证明静电探针用于诊断强流相对论电子束电离中性气体产生的等离子体的密度是可行的。     

Electron–hole two-stream instability in a quantum semiconductor plasma with exchange-correlation effects

The electron–hole two-stream instability in a quantum semiconductor plasma has been studied including electrons and holes quantum recoil effects, exchange-correlation potentials, and degenerate pressures of the plasma species. Typical values of GaAs and GaSb semiconductors are used to estimate the growth rate of the two-stream instability. The effects of electron– and hole–phonon collision, quantum recoil effects, the streaming velocities, and the corresponding threshold on the growth rate are investigated numerically. Considering the phonon susceptibility allows the acoustic mode to exist and the collisional instability arises in combination with drift of the holes.     

Weibel Instability Growth Rate in Magnetized Plasmas with Quasi-Relativistic Distribution Function

The mechanism of the Weibel instability is investigated for dense magnetized plasmas. As we know, due to the electron velocity distribution, the Coulomb collision effect of electron-ion and the relativistic properties play an important role in such study. In this study an analytical expression for the growth rate and the condition of restricting the Weibel instability are derived for low-frequency limit. These calculations are done for the oscillation frequency dependence on the electron cyclotron frequency. It is shown that, the relativistic properties of the particle lead to increasing the growth rate of the instability. On the other hand the collision effects and background magnetic field try to decrease the growth rate by decreasing the temperature anisotropy and restricting the particles movement.     

The study of the weibel electromagnetic instability growth rate in the presence of the body stress

Body stress flow can be expected in the fast ignition imploding of the inertial fusion process that strongly damps small‐scale velocity structures. The Weibel instability is one of the plasma instabilities that require anisotropy in the distribution function. The body stress effect was neglected in the calculation of the Weibel instability growth rate. In this article, the propagation condition of impinging waves and the growing modes of the Weibel instability on the plasma density gradient of the fuel fusion with the body stress flow are investigated. Calculations show that the minimum value of the body stress rate threshold in the linear polarization is about 2.96 times greater than that of the circular polarization. Increasing 10 times of the density gradient and decreasing 2 times of the wavelength in the linear polarization and the circular polarization, respectively, lead to about 1.78 × 10⁶ times increment and 0.019 times decrement in the maximum of the Weibel instability growth rate. Also, the Weibel instability growth rate maximum in the circular polarization is about 10⁷ times greater than that of the linear polarization. The body stress flow and the density gradient tend to stabilize the Weibel instability in the circular polarization and act as a destabilizing source in the linear polarization. Therefore, by increasing steps of the density gradient plasma near the relativistic electron beam‐emitting region, in the circular polarization, the Weibel instability occurs at a higher stress flow.     

Weibel Instability Growth Rate in Magnetized Plasmas with Quasi-Relativistic Distribution Function

The mechanism of the Weibel instability is investigated for dense magnetized plasmas. As we know, due to the electron velocity distribution, the Coulomb collision effect of electron-ion and the relativistic properties play an important role in such study. In this study an analytical expression for the growth rate and the condition of restricting the Weibel instability are derived for low-frequency limit. These calculations are done for the oscillation frequency dependence on the electron cyclotron frequency. It is shown that, the relativistic properties of the particle lead to increasing the growth rate of the instability. On the other hand the collision effects and background magnetic field try to decrease the growth rate by decreasing the temperature anisotropy and restricting the particles movement.     

Numerical Study of Instabiities in Magnetized Inhomogeneous Plasmas under the Effect of Ionization

Influence of ionization is studied on two stream instability (TSI) in an inhomogeneous plasma in the presence of obliquely applied magnetic field. In addition to the usual TSI, a new type of instability is found to occur in this system, which is driven by the magnetic field and survives for relatively longer wavelength of oscillations. The growth rates of both the instabilities are enhanced by the magnetic field but their magnitudes attain a minimum value at certain angles of the wave propagation depending upon the wavelength of oscillations. At a critical value of ionization rate there is a sudden fall in the growth of both the instabilities, the reason of which is understood as the Landau damping. A further enhancement in the ionization suppresses the usual TSI whereas the magnetic field‐driven instability attains much lower growth. This new type of instability grows faster in the plasma having heavier ions, but shows a weak dependence on the charge of the ions. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)