HL-2M 装置电子回旋共振加热及电流驱动系统设计与研制进展

根据 HL-2M 装置物理实验加热的需求,完成了总功率为 8MW 的电子回旋共振加热及电流驱动 (ECRH/ECCD)系统设计,开展了波源、传输及天线等关键部件研制。8MW ECRH/ECCD 系统,由 8 套 105GHz/  1MW/3s 波源系统、8 条内径为 63.5mm 的真空传输线及三套极向实时可控的发射天线构成。目前,已完成 ECRH/ECCD 系统关键部件研制及其相关的桌面与高功率性能测试。测试结果表明,微波源回旋管输出微波功率 达到1MW/3s,在真空度为 10^‒2Pa 的过模波纹圆波导传输线中能低耗稳定传输,发射天线极向全量程角度转动响 应时间在 50ms 以内。      

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HL-2A装置1MW/68GHz/1s电子回旋共振加热传输系统有两条传输线，每条传输线包括波纹波导、换向波导和直流隔离器。HE11模式微波在波导中传输，微波损失小且模式纯度高。用激光校准及用热敏纸测量短脉冲微波模式分布的手段确保传输线的准直性。传输线的倾斜角度小于0.0054rad。     

HL-2A装置ECRH传输系统的概念设计

HL-2A装置将建造一个75GHz／1 MW／1s的ECRH系统。本文介绍了由传输线和水平天线构成的传输系统的概念设计(见图1)。详细介绍了系统的主要部件：波导，椭球镜，CVD窗(见图2)和可调节的平面镜。对天线的新设计能使波束极向可调，使得能量能沉积在不同区域。     

HL-2M 低杂波电流驱动系统研制

HL-2M 装置的 LHCD 系统已经完成了包括 2MW 波源、2MW 传输线和 4MW 天线的工程研制,该 系统参数指标为 3.7GHz/2MW/3s,使用 4 只 TH2103C1 型速调管。建成了 4 条 500kW 功率容量的传输线,研制 了 1 套 4MW 功率容量的低杂波天线,并完成了与系统配套的电源、微波源、传输部件、控保系统以及水冷、真 空、测量采集等辅助系统的研制。     

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HL-2A装置电子回旋共振加热系统的主要指标是2MW/1s/68GHz,系统由4个单元组成,每个单元包括一只回旋管,微波传输系统,控制保护测量和冷却等子系统。通过对ECRH系统和回旋管的调试,每只管子微波输出功率500kW,脉冲宽度1s,四管并联运行时总输出功率达到1.63MW,系统使用效率高于80%。     

HL-2A装置ECRH系统指标介绍

在HL-2A装置上正在开展电子回旋共振加热（ECRH）项目的工程研制，系统具有1MW，68GHz，1s的微波规模。采用弱场侧O模式注入，ECRH的定域加热特性可以用于等离子体加热、电流驱动和分布控制以及改善约束等实验的物理研究。到目前为止，电子回旋共振加热的各项子系统正在设计和研制中，系统的总体物理和工程参数已经初步确定，在此对其作一介绍。     

S波段高功率径向线输出窗的设计

为进一步改进和优化高功率径向线阵列天线的拓扑结构,提高功率容量水平,并满足馈源的真空密封需求,提出并设计了一种适用于高功率径向线阵列天线的微波输出窗。该高功率径向线输出窗采用圆环形陶瓷,材料介电常数为9.4,窗片厚度为3 mm,内径为36 mm,可实现径向线阵列天线馈电系统的输入同轴波导与输出同轴波导间的真空密封。设计结果表明:在中心频率为2.856 GHz下,该径向线输出窗驻波比为1.03,插入损耗为0.17 dB,设计功率容量约150 MW。     

HL-2A装置ECRH系统传输效率的测量研究

介绍了HL-2A装置ECRH系统传输效率的测量方法。通过对MOU、回旋管输出窗口及真空密封窗口吸收功率的测量,得到HL-2A电子回旋系统的传输效率为90％左右。提出了除由MOU处测量微波功率外,可以由传输线的其他部位确定功率的方法。     

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介绍了HL-2A装置ECRH系统传输效率的测量方法。通过对MOU、回旋管输出窗口及真空密封窗口吸收功率的测量,得到HL-2A电子回旋系统的传输效率为90％左右。提出了除由MOU处测量微波功率外,可以由传输线的其他部位确定功率的方法。     

基于漏波波导X波段高功率微波天线的实验

在确定天线数值模型的基础上,结合高功率微波天线的真空需要与实验装置情况,设计并加工了X波段基于漏波波导的高功率微波天线,对该天线分别进行低功率和高功率条件下的性能指标测试。在低功率条件下天线测试结果表明:在9.6 GHz下天线增益为26.3 dBi,天线方向图与数值模拟结果一致。在SINUS881加速器上利用返波管进行了天线高功率测试,实验结果表明:天线功率容量大于200 MW,高功率测试方向图、低功率测试方向图和数值模拟取得较为一致的结果。     

Optimized overmoded TE01-to-TM11 mode converters for high-power millimeter wave applications at 70 and 140 GHz

Mode coupling in bent, oversized, smooth-wall circular waveguides was studied by means of numerical integration of coupled-mode differential equations in order to optimize high-power TE01-to-TM11 mode transducers at 70 GHz and 140 GHz. Such mode transformers are used in the mode conversion sequence TEOn to TE01 to TM11 to HE11 for generating the almost perfectly linearly polarized Gaussian-like HE11 mode from circular electric TEOn gyrotron modes. This quasi-optical HE11 hybrid mode is in many respects ideal for electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) of magnetically confined plasmas in thermonuclear fusion research and for other technical applications. Curvature and ellipticity coupling as well as ohmic attenuation of 6 coupled modes (TE01, TM11, TE11, TE12, TE21, TM21) are included in the coupling matrices. Integral expressions were used for deriving the coupling coefficients for arbitrary modes in bent, smooth-wall waveguide. Lowest level of unwanted spurious modes together with highest transmission efficiency (shortest arc length) is achieved with sinusoidal curvature distribution instaed of constant curvature. The calculated conversion efficiencies of 98.0% at 70 GHz and 95.2% at 140 GHz (interior waveguide diameter D=27.8 mm for 200 kW transmission lines) are in excellent agreement with the measured values of (97.6±0.4)% and (95±1)%, respectively.     

NEW FREQUENCY STEP-TUNABLE ECRH SYSTEM FOR ASDEX UPGRADE

A new broadband ECRH (Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating) system is currently under construction at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak. This system will employ multi-frequency gyrotrons step-tunable in the range 105–140 GHz. In its final stage the system will consist of 4 gyrotrons with a total power of 4 MW and a pulse length of 10 s. It employs a fast steerable launcher for feedback controlled deposition that allows for poloidal steering of 10° within 100 ms. Transmission line elements, such as corrugated waveguides, polarizer mirrors and vacuum windows, are designed to cope for this frequency band.     

High-power TE11 and TM11 circular polarizers in oversized waveguides at 70 GHz

Elliptical deformation of oversized, smooth-wall circular waveguides can produce choosable elliptical or circular polarization from a linearly polarized TE11 or TM11 mode used as intermediate linearly polarized modes in TEO1 to HE11 mode conversion sequences in electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) of magnetically confined thermonuclear fusion plasmas with high-power gyrotrons. Mode coupling in elliptically distorted overmoded circular waveguides has been studied theoretically and experimentally in order to optimize TE11 (and TM11) polarizers (I.D.=27.79 mm) for the 1 MW/70 GHz long-pulse (3s) ECRH system on the Garching Stellarator W VII-AS. Coupling coefficients for ellipticity coupling of non-degenerate modes are given (coupled-mode differential equations formalism). The polarization converters essentially consist of smooth-wall circular waveguides which are gradually squeezed. A sine-squared function of the length coordinate is used to get an almost elliptical crosssection in the middle and circular cross sections at both ends. Arbitrary elliptical polarization states can be generated introducing an extremely low level (<<1%) of undesired spurious modes. Well defined differential phase characteristics have been achieved.     

The Introduction to the ECRH System of the HL-2A Tokamak

The 1 MW/68 GHz/1 s ECRH system of HL-2A device is being designed or fabricated. The O mode wave beams are injected into plasma from low field side of the HL-2A tokomak. Because the EC wave can heat plasma locally, it is a very versatile scheme which has been employed to heating, current drive, profile control, confinement improvement. Up to now, the basic physical and engineering parameters of the whole system have been fixed and the subsystems are being designed or fabricated.     

Low-Power Testing of Losses in Millimeter-Wave Transmission Lines for High-Power Applications

We report the measurement of small losses in transmission line (TL) components intended for high-power millimeter-wave applications. Measurements were made using two different low-power techniques: a coherent technique using a vector network analyzer (VNA) and an incoherent technique using a radiometer. The measured loss in a 140 GHz 12.7 mm diameter TL system, consisting of 1.7 m of circular corrugated waveguide and three miter bends, is dominated by the miter bend loss. The measured loss was 0.3 ± 0.1 dB per miter bend using a VNA; and 0.22 ± 0.1 dB per miter bend using a radiometer. Good agreement between the two measurement techniques implies that both are useful for measuring small losses. To verify the methodology, the VNA technique was employed to measure the extremely small transmission loss in a 170 GHz ITER prototype TL system consisting of three lengths of 1 m, 63.5 mm diameter, circular corrugated waveguide and two miter bends. The measured loss of 0.05 ± 0.02 dB per miter bend may be compared with the theoretical loss of 0.027 dB per miter bend. These results suggest that low-power testing of TL losses, utilizing a small, simple TL system and a VNA, is a reliable method for evaluating performance of low-loss millimeter-wave TL components intended for use in high-power applications.     

Hybrid Transmission Line for ECRH in the Helically Symmetric Experiment

The HSX oversized, mode-converting ECRH transmission line has been upgraded to a hybrid system to increase launched microwave power and reduce electrical arcing. Filtering of high-order, spurious modes ensures efficient coupling to a Gaussian beam for optimal electron heating. A Vlasov mode converter and two phase-correcting ellipsoidal mirrors convert the TE₀₂ gyrotron output mode to a symmetric, linearly polarized, microwave beam. A swappable twist reflector plate rotates beam polarization for 2nd-harmonic X-mode or fundamental O-mode ECRH. Long distances are traversed by coupling the beam to a dual-mode (TE₁₁ + TM₁₁), smooth, circular cross-section waveguide. This system has been successfully tested without arcing for 50 ms pulses and over 100 kW of launched power. Analysis of the microwave beam for 50 kW, 2 ms microwave pulses reveals agreement with predicted beam shapes at two beam locations. The new system has also demonstrated increased plasma stored energy for ECRH plasmas with equal launched power.     

Broadband Polarizers for High-Power Multi-Frequency ECRH Systems

A new broadband ECRH (Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating) system is currently under construction at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak. This system will employ multi-frequency gyrotrons step-tunable in the range 105–140 GHz. A set of two corrugated polarizer mirrors will be applied to provide for an arbitrary polarization of the Gaussian beam injected into the plasma. The principal bandwidth of such a two-polarizer setup has been evaluated. It can be shown that two mirrors with sinusoidal grooves and corrugation depths adjusted to the center frequency of 122.5 GHz will satisfy the requirements.