黄连-吴茱萸药对不同配伍方式的红外光谱研究

中药复方配伍规律是中医药研究的重点,该文将红外光谱技术特有的宏观指纹特性与中医辨证施治的整体理论相结合,旨在建立一种既能反映中医药整体观的整合调节作用,又具有普遍适用于中药复方和快速、经济特点的研究模式。左金丸与其类方反左金、甘露散和茱萸丸是寒热配伍的经典方剂,它们都是由黄连和吴茱萸以不同比例组成的对药。文章通过分析比较单味药黄连、吴茱萸及其以不同配伍方式组成的黄连-吴茱萸类方的红外光谱图,对这4个药对复方的红外谱图进行特征峰指认,结果发现单味药黄连不仅在左金丸和甘露散中占绝对优势,而且在茱萸丸的水提物中贡献率也比吴茱萸大;此外,在茱萸丸和反左金的醇提物中,黄连亦表现出高于吴茱萸的整体贡献率。     

大气气溶胶单粒子粒径和化学成分的LDI测量

介绍了当前应用较为广泛的大气气溶胶单粒子粒径与化学成分实时在线测量技术－激光解吸附电离（LDI）飞行时间质谱技术的原理和在气溶胶单粒子化学成分测量领域的应用。此外，还对气溶胶单粒子进样系统和气溶胶单粒子粒径的测量方法作了详细阐述。     

气溶胶单粒子粒径的实时测量方法研究

介绍了近期研制的一台实时测量大气气溶胶单粒子粒径和化学成分的仪器在如何测量气溶胶单粒子粒径方面的测量原理及特点，并结合激光解吸附电离飞行时间质谱技术，利用该仪器对木屑燃烧产生的烟气气溶胶粒子的实时测量结果. 关键词： 气溶胶粒子 空气动力学粒径测量方法 激光解吸附电离 飞行时间质谱     

脉冲激光离子源飞行时间质谱计的设计与研制

目前国内外的飞行时间质谱计，大多采用双电场加速的方式改善其质谱分辨率。通过较详尽的计算，讨论了双电场飞行时间质谱计中各参数对质谱分辨率和灵敏度的影响及其选择的方向，并在此基础上选定了仪器的主要参量，为飞行时间质谱计的设计与改进提供了依据。还介绍了在此基础上设计与建立的脉冲激光离子源飞行时间质谱计。     

用激光解吸附电离飞行时间质谱法检测悬浮土壤颗粒物

在自行研制的气溶胶飞行时间激光质谱仪(ATOFLMS)上实时探测单个悬浮土壤颗粒的粒径和化学成分。利用双束连续激光对单个粒子的空气动力学粒径进行测量,并用266 nm的Nd∶YAG激光器对气溶胶单粒子进行解吸附电离作用,产物离子通过飞行时间质谱仪的无场漂移区后完成单粒子化学成分的检测。本实验中使用了4个不同地区的土壤样本,在实验室内对分析的样本进行预处理和再悬浮,通过导管引入ATOFLMS进行测量,得到大量单粒子的粒径和质谱数据。发现在众多的单粒子的阳离子质谱中,金属成分以地壳元素(Fe, K, Al, Ca)为主,在其他阳离子质谱中包含了Mg和Na等。对悬浮土壤粒子的粒径进行实时检测的结果表明这些粒子多以粗粒子为主, 粒径主要集中在1～2 μm。实验结果表明该仪器在大气气溶胶环境监测及相关研究领域具有重要的实用价值。     

甘草的红外光谱研究

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱法对59份来自中国6个不同产地的野生和栽培甘草原药材及其提取物进行了分析研究。通过比较甘草原药材及其提取物与甘草的指标成分甘草酸和甘草苷的一维及其二阶导数光谱,发现1 100～1 000 cm-1范围内的峰是甘草多糖类成分的特征峰;1 318 cm-1是草酸钙的特征峰;1 745,1 386和1 612,1 512 cm-1分别是甘草酸和甘草苷的特征指纹峰;特征峰的强度可代表相应化学成分的含量。根据上述特征峰强弱对所有样品进行横纵向比较,结果显示：野生甘草特征峰强,相应指标成分含量高;栽培甘草特征峰弱,相应指标成分含量低;甘草药材质量与生长年限密切相关。     

基于模糊聚类算法的大气粒子激光电离质谱数据分析

实验室自行研制了一台大气气溶胶飞行时间激光质谱仪(ATOFLMS),它可以在线地对气溶胶单粒子进行物理和化学特性分析,利用双束连续激光对单个粒子的空气动力学粒径进行测量,并通过飞行时间完成单粒子化学成分的检测。该仪器在运行过程中将产生海量的实验数据,对这些数据的快速、自动处理并提取有价值的信息是整机系统的关键之一。文章介绍模糊聚类算法FCM(fuzzy c-means)在大气气溶胶单粒子聚类分析中的成功运用。利用该算法对连续24 h采集的室内空气气溶胶单粒子质谱数据进行了聚类分析,在得到的5个聚类结果中包含了无机的海盐粒子、矿物质粒子以及其他的三种二次气溶胶成分粒子类型。在对室内空气气溶胶粒子的粒径进行实时检测的结果表明室内可吸入颗粒物以细粒子为主,其中大于1 μm的粒子所占比重较小。小于1 μm的粒子均占95％以上, 在0.4～0.8 μm之间的粒子占据主要部分。     

黄连不同提取物的红外光谱研究

中药提取物是传统中药融合现代制药技术的新型产品,具有广泛的国际市场。建立快速、有效的分析方法有助于中药提取物的实时质量监控。文章利用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术(FT-IR)对黄连药材、水提物和醇提物作了研究。结果表明：黄连药材及其提取物有着各自稳定的光谱特征,谱图中位于1 505 cm-1的芳环骨架振动峰是判断盐酸小檗碱在不同黄连样品中含量高低的主要依据,而相应的二阶导数谱图可以大大提高原始谱图的分辨率。黄连药材经过提取,以小檗碱为代表的主要活性成分得到有效富集,两种提取物中小檗碱的含量明显增高;黄连醇提物中小檗碱的含量又明显高于其水提物。FTIR能够简便、快速地提供中药提取物中主要化学成分的定性与半定量信息,从而为后续的化学成分分析和中药提取分离工艺的改进提供有效参考。     

基于无机元素特征的甘草药材分型研究

产地和生产方式是判断药材质量的重要依据,采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定了不同产地、不同生产方式甘草药材样本中16种无机元素的含量。通过总体分布分析、特征元素聚类、元素逐一分析的三级分析方法,根据K,Na,Sr,Mo等元素含量的高低分布状态建立了甘草药材相关的无机元素指纹图谱;以主成分分析选定的特征元素进行的聚类分析结果与甘草样品的生长方式相一致;逐一比较不同样品间元素差异结果表明,Mo和Sr元素的组合不仅可以作为甘草样品生长方式的分类依据,还可以作为甘草产地区分的判断标准,Na/P,K/Ca两对元素比可以作为评价不同生产方式的参考依据,初步揭示了无机元素在这几种甘草类型间的差异规律。     

肉豆蔻化学成分的GC-MS研究

用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对肉豆蔻的化学成分进行了研究。共鉴定出41种成分,占总分离成分的78.85%,其中4-甲氧基-6-(2-丙烯基)-1,3-苯并二恶茂含量最高,占总分离成分的20.72%。     

用傅立叶变换红外光谱法研究核辐照对人参粉成分的影响

本文采用傅立叶变换红外光谱(吸收光谱、二阶导数谱及差谱)法对经不同剂量核辐照的人参粉进行了对比研究.辐照剂量不高于9 kGy时,人参粉样品的化学成分几乎没有发生变化;人参粉样品经15kGy及以上的辐照剂量辐照后,可能产生新的化学成分,表明采用辐照剂量不高于9 kGy的核辐照杀灭人参粉污染的微生物和各种寄生虫卵是可行的;...     

Rock hyraces: a cause of San rock art deterioration?

San rock art sites are found throughout southern Africa, many showing signs of deterioration. In order to conserve this invaluable heritage, a long‐term multidisciplinary project has been launched to monitor the rate of their deterioration and determine the various chemical processes that are possibly contributing to the decay. This study was initiated to establish if Raman spectroscopy could contribute to this project and since rock hyrax colonies live in close proximity to many of these archaeological sites, the possible influence of their metabolic products on the deterioration process was investigated. The precipitates from the urine of rock hyraces were analysed with Raman and Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Where the urine was in contact with the faeces, the precipitates are a mixture of vaterite (a rare polymorph of CaCO₃) and the hydrated salt calcium monohydrocalcite (also rarely found in nature). On areas where this contact is at a minimum the common and stable polymorph of CaCO₃, calcite, is the main component. SEM micrographs and XRD analysis support the Raman and FTIR results. XRD, FTIR and preliminary GC‐MS analyses of hyraceum, the fossilised mixture of faeces and urine, identified an inorganic phase (potassium chloride, with small concentrations of other salts, e.g. vaterite and weddelite) and an organic phase, which is a cocktail of various aromatic compounds, mainly amides, alcohols and acids. These compounds could contribute to the crystallisation of these rare carbonates, as well as other uncommon salts detected on the cave walls, such as syngenite. The presence of phosphates in the urine may further act as a stabilizing agent. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

UV辐射前后乙酰化木材的化学组分结构变化与微观构造表征

以杨木木粉为试样,进行不同时长的乙酰化处理,利用紫外光加速老化,探讨不同乙酰化度对木材耐光性能的影响,根据FTIR光谱分析试样化学组分特征吸收峰强度的变化规律,建立乙酰化处理时间与木材化学组分变化之间的关系。结果表明：UV辐射前,乙酰化木粉在1 739 cm-1处饱和酯化合物中CO和 1 385 cm-1处乙酸酯基中C—H的特征吸收峰强度均大于原木粉,处理40 min木粉的吸收峰强度最大,增重率最高,木粉的乙酰化效果显著;UV辐射后,乙酰化木粉在1 504 cm-1处木质素中苯环特征吸收峰强度明显大于原木粉,且乙酰化处理40 min木粉的吸收峰强度最大,表明乙酰化处理能够有效抑制木材化学组分的光降解反应,提高木材的耐光老化性能,其中处理40 min的效果最佳;SEM图片显示,乙酰化处理木粉的纤维状表面较原木粉更加均匀,材料粒径更小,乙酰化处理能有效提高木材的稳定性。     

Thermodynamics of the phase equilibrium of multicomponent solid solutions containing nano-sized precipitates of the second phase

Based on the theory of regular solutions, the interphase boundary model for the case of an arbitrary number of components is developed. General relations for the calculation of the phase composition of multicomponent solutions containing nano-sized precipitates of the second phase are derived. By the example of binary and ternary solutions, it is shown that a considerable mutual enrichment of the conjugated phases by atoms of components dissolved in them occurs in the case if precipitates of the second phase are characterized by the sizes of the order of several nanometers.     

Renormalization Group for Strongly Coupled Maps

Systems of strongly coupled chaotic maps generically exhibit collective behavior emerging out of extensive chaos. We show how the well-known renormalization group (RG) of unimodal maps can be extended to the coupled systems, and in particular to coupled map lattices (CMLs) with local diffusive coupling. The RG relation derived for CMLs is nonperturbative, i.e., not restricted to a particular class of configurations nor to some vanishingly small region of parameter space. After defining the strong-coupling limit in which the RG applies to almost all asymptotic solutions, we first present the simple case of coupled tent maps. We then turn to the general case of unimodal maps coupled by diffusive coupling operators satisfying basic properties, extending the formal approach developed by Collet and Eckmann for single maps. We finally discuss and illustrate the general consequences of the RG: CMLs are shown to share universal properties in the space-continuous limit which emerges naturally as the group is iterated. We prove that the scaling properly ties of the local map carry to the coupled systems, with an additional scaling factor of length scales implied by the synchronous updating of these dynamical systems. This explains various scaling laws and self-similar features previously observed numerically.     

Growth and characterization of bis(thiourea) zinc carbonate (BTZC) a new nonlinear optical material by solution growth slow evaporation technique

A new semi-organic nonlinear optical bis(thiourea) zinc carbonate (BTZC) material has been synthesized. BTZC single crystals were grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation method. The grown crystals were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), powder XRD, FTIR, UV–visible, thermal, and second harmonic generation (SHG) analysis. Single crystal XRD study has been carried out to identify the lattice parameters. FTIR studies confirm the functional groups present in the grown crystal. Optical transmission studies have confirmed that the grown crystal is highly transparent. Thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analyses reveal the good thermal stability of the material. The SHG conversion efficiency of BTZC was determined using Kurtz powder technique and found 1.3 times more than that of KDP.     

Thermal and FTIR spectral characterisation of diammonium tetrachlorocobaltate(II) monohydrate crystals

Single crystals of a novel compound, diammonium tetrachlorocobaltate(II) monohydrate, were grown by slow evaporation method at room temperature. The crystals belong to a class of compounds that show interesting properties like ferroelectricity at low temperatures. The grown crystals were characterised through powder XRD, thermogravimetric (TG-DTA), low temperature differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analyses and FTIR spectroscopy. While the powder XRD pattern of the compound confirms its crystallinity, the TG-DTA studies confirm the stoichiometry of the compound. The thermal anomalies observed in DSC curve at −4°C and −39.1°C in the cooling cycle indicate a first order phase transition. The FTIR spectrum of the compound characterizes the various chemical bonding and water of crystallization. Further investigation of the low temperature properties of the compound is under progress.     

A combination of ultrasound and oxidative enzyme: sono-enzyme degradation of phenols in a mixture

Sono-degradation and sono-enzyme degradation of phenols were performed on the mixtures of double compounds (phenol, p-chlorophenol; phenol, p-cresol; phenol, p-nitrophenol; and p-chlorophenol, p-cresol) in aqueous medium. Sono-degradation of phenol and its substituted compounds individually behaved approximately the same, but in the case of mixture behaved differently. Sono-degradation of substituted phenols was easier than phenol in a mixture, but there was an exception in the combination of phenol and p-nitrophenol that the degradation of phenol was faster than substituted compound. This behavior was the same in sono-enzyme degradation, but with higher degradation rate. Between these mixtures, the combination of phenol and p-cresol presented a significant different behavior in case of single and double compounds solutions. In this system, the sono-degradation of phenol in mixture was more difficult than phenol alone but, the sono-degradation of p-cresol in mixture was easier in comparison with p-cresol alone. In sono-enzyme degradation, p-cresol as a more reactive compound facilitated the remove of phenol in mixture in compare of the individual case.