基于CIC的数字正交锁相放大器的甲烷检测实验研究

针对甲烷在大气中背景气体成分复杂、检测难度大、稳定性差等问题,本文基于可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术和波长调制光谱技术,将积分梳状滤波器与有限脉冲响应滤波器相结合应用于数字正交锁相放大器,开展大气中甲烷气体的痕量检测实验研究。实验表明,与传统的数字正交锁相放大器相比较,改进的数字正交锁相放大器提取的二次谐波信号的信噪比从38.61 dB提高到44.95 dB;将非线性迭代最小二乘法-极限学习机算法模型应用于甲烷气体浓度反演,与经典的最小二乘法相比较,其均方根误差减小了0.907;通过16组浓度步进实验测试,该系统的实际检测下限为1 ppm;在压力为600 mbar,温度为25℃,甲烷浓度为50 ppm进行3 h的长期稳定性测试,检测的甲烷浓度变化范围为49.6~50.3 ppm,其标准差为0.0921 ppm。当积分时间达到56 s时,该系统的理论检测极限为25.6 ppb。积分梳状滤波器和非线性迭代最小二乘法-极限学习机算法模型在红外气体检测方面具有较高的优越性和实用前景。     

红外气体检测中谐波信号正交锁相放大器设计与实现

基于可调谐激光光谱吸收法的红外气体检测,为了从差分信号中有效提取出一次和二次谐波信号,研发了一种谐波信号正交锁相放大器.采用正交锁相放大及谐波检测原理,利用Simulink软件平台构建了模拟实验系统,对其功能做了仿真和验证.采用数字信号处理器作为核心控制器,设计并制作出了谐波信号锁相放大器的系统实物,它主要由90°移相器、两路模拟乘法器、两路低通滤波器、差分信号放大器、模数转换器等构成.实验中,首先利用幅度可调的标准正弦信号作为待测信号,对锁相放大器的输出信号幅度与标准正弦信号的幅度做实验测量与对比,二者线性拟合优度高达0.999 94,最大误差小于4%,具有良好线性度;其次,将模拟吸收产生的差分信号作为待测信号,利用基频方波和二倍频方波分别作为参考信号,提取谐波信号,因二次谐波信号微弱易受噪音干扰,其误差在5%以内,一次谐波最大误差小于3.5%.系统具有良好的稳定性和性价比,在红外气体检测中具有较好的应用前景.     

面向脉冲量子级联激光器气体检测的锁相放大器

为了在基于脉冲式中红外量子级联激光器的气体检测系统中,精确提取窄脉冲传感信号的幅度,设计并实现了一种微秒级窄脉冲锁相放大器.根据微秒级窄脉冲的特点,窄脉冲信号经过窄带通滤波电路,得到基频正弦波信号,再经过主放大、移相、相敏检波电路,得到与脉冲幅值有关的直流信号.利用信号发生器产生的幅度、频率、相位可调的窄脉冲待测信号,对锁相放大器进行功能验证实验.结果表明,锁相放大器输出直流信号与输入信号的幅度呈良好的线性关系,线性拟合度约为98.043%;信号幅值的相对测量误差不超过3%;在1 h的测试时间内,信号波动范围在1‰以内.利用配备的不同浓度的一氧化碳样品及研制的锁相放大器,开展了一氧化碳气体检测实验.在0~180 ppm范围内,随着一氧化碳浓度的增加,锁相放大器的输出电压值与一氧化碳浓度呈现良好的e指数关系.根据A11an方差预测的系统检测下限为0.4123ppm.与商用锁相放大器相比,该放大器具有体积小、成本低、易于集成等特点,在基于脉冲式中红外量子级联激光器的气体检测中具有较好的应用前景.     

基于1 654 nm分布反馈激光器的甲烷检测系统

基于可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术及波长调制技术,采用波长为1 654 nm的分布反馈激光器,结合开放式光学探头以及高灵敏度的铟镓砷光电探测器,研制了近红外甲烷气体检测系统。自主设计研发了分布反馈激光器驱动电路,主要包括模拟PID温度控制电路与电流驱动电路。其中,温度控制电路具有较高的控制精度及稳定性,长时间工作时激光器温度波动小于±0.02 ℃,温度与激光器波长呈线性变化。温度不变时,改变驱动电流可以使激光器中心波长线性变化,同时还提供了5 kHz正弦波和10 Hz锯齿波的调制信号,用于谐波检测。为了提取差分信号的一次谐波及二次谐波,研制了正交锁相放大器,一次谐波和二次谐波的提取误差分别为3.5%和5%。系统中采用的开放式光电探头通过一次反射,使有效吸收光程增加了一倍,达到了40 cm。通过对1%～5%的甲烷气体进行检测,成功提取了一次及二次谐波,得到了气体浓度与谐波信号幅值的拟合关系曲线。在更换不同输出波长的激光器后,该系统还具有检测其他气体的能力。     

中红外量子级联激光气体检测系统

为了满足基于室温连续量子级联激光器(QCL)的中红外气体检测系统的需求,研制了板级量子级联激光器的驱动电路以及谐波锁相放大电路。通过信号发生电路产生高精度的直流偏置信号、低频锯齿波扫描信号和高频正弦波调制信号,控制激光器的工作电流,进而扫描/调制激光器的输出波长;为了探测痕量气体吸收光谱的二次谐波信号,并获得较高的信噪比,研制了锁相放大电路,主要包括倍频电路、正交转换电路和数据转换电路;为了提高系统的稳定性和可靠性,研制了高稳定性的线性供电电路以及保护电路.采用中科院半导体所研制的波长为4.76μm的QCL作为光源,开展了电学系统的功能验证实验以及气体检测实验.实验结果表明:QCL驱动电路线性度为0.006 3%,长期电流稳定度为5.0×10~(-5),QCL光强稳定度为5.07×10~(-4);锁相放大器系统具有较高的稳定性和较低的误差,一次谐波的最大误差在2.4%以内,二次谐波的最大误差在5.5%以内.通过动态配气方式开展了低浓度一氧化碳(CO)气体检测实验,在0~100×10~(-6)范围内,二次谐波信号的幅值与CO气体浓度具有较高的线性度(拟合优度0.99),表明所研制的电学系统具有良好的稳定性和可靠性,为中红外CO气体的检测提供了安全可靠的保障.     

可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱二次谐波信号的模拟与分析

可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术(TDLAS)作为近年来发展起来的一种气体检测技术,具有高分辨率、高灵敏度和快速测量等特点。波长调制光谱信号的二次谐波分量常作为检测信号,用于气体浓度信息的反演。利用MATLAB中的可视化建模仿真平台Simulink,模拟了基于TDLAS的波长调制光谱信号,利用锁相放大原理提取二次谐波分量。采用数字锁相,正交双通道结构实现锁相算法。通过比较不同调制系数下二次谐波信号的变化情况,分析了二次谐波信号与调制系数的关系,以便确定最佳参数,用于二次谐波的提取。     

基于可调谐光纤激光器的C_2H_2气体光声光谱检测

研制了基于可调谐掺Er光纤激光器的共振式光声光谱乙炔气体检测系统,结合波长调制和锁相放大器的二次谐波信号检测技术,有效地消除了光声池窗片和池壁吸收入射光而引起的背景噪声,通过对该系统的光学、声学和电子检测系统的优化,实现了低浓度乙炔气体的流动式检测.实验结果证明,当气体浓度较低时,二次谐波振幅与气体浓度成正比,其线性响应相关度达到0.999 53.在常温常压和3.5 mW平均光功率以及100 ms锁相积分时间条件下,乙炔气体的极限检测灵敏度达到了0.3 ppm(1 ppm=1μg·mL-1)(SNR=1时),系统用可调谐掺Er光纤激光器代替半导体激光器作光源,降低了成本,为发展低成本、实用、便携式微量气体光谱榆测仪器奠定了基础.若采用多光程光声池,或者采用EDFA提高激光功率,可大幅度提高信噪比,将极限检测灵敏度提高至ppb(1 ppb=1 ng·mL-1)量级.     

有尘环境多组分气体成分检测系统的设计

通过LabV IEW软件设计一个基于TDLAS谐波检测含尘气体浓度的虚拟系统,模拟测量在常温常压并含有已知粉尘颗粒的环境中SO_2、NO_2和NO 3种气体的浓度,且使气体成分测量的结果不受粉尘因素的干扰。设计中使用2 516.2,2 911.66,3 752.44 cm~(-1)的3种中红外激光分别对SO_2、NO_2和NO气体进行检测,根据锁相放大原理设计虚拟多通道锁相放大器分析检测到的二次谐波信号,根据谐波信号对各气体的浓度进行定标测量,最后进行数据校正来排除粉尘颗粒的干扰,使气体的定标测量得到一个稳定的结果。     

基于TDLAS的近红外甲烷高灵敏检测技术

为增强甲烷气体检测技术的气体吸收率,提高检测灵敏度,利用可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术,采用中心波长为1 653.7 nm的分布反馈激光器作为光源,研制了有效光程为14.5 m的Herriott型气体吸收池,并采用波长调制光谱法进行甲烷气体浓度检测。结果表明,二次谐波峰值信号与甲烷气体浓度成较强的线性关系,线性度为0.998 52,检测下限为4.82 ppm;初始积分时间为1 s时的Allan方差为6.37 ppm;积分时间到112 s时,Allan方差为427 ppb,检测灵敏度为4.27×10^-7。     

中红外二氧化碳传感器的研制及在农业中的应用

利用二氧化碳气体分子在4.25μm处的基频吸收带,研制了一种差分式中红外二氧化碳检测系统.系统的光路部分由热辐射红外光源、双通道热释电探测器和球面反射镜构成,电路部分主要包括信号处理、光源驱动及主控模块.采用Tracepro软件对气室结构进行仿真和优化设计,使气体吸收光程达到30cm,改善了系统的性能.实验研究了系统对不同浓度二氧化碳气体样品的传感特性.实验结果表明,由拟合曲线得到的浓度与实际浓度误差较小,在0~5 000ppm范围内,测得二氧化碳浓度的标准差小于45ppm,而在500ppm以下,测量浓度的标准差小于5ppm;对浓度为0ppm的二氧化碳气体样品连续测量2h,测量结果的标准差约为2.8ppm;根据Allan方差分析得到系统的1σ检测下限为2.5ppm.在每个二氧化碳传感器上增加无线模块nRF24L01,构成传感器节点,在选定的日光温室大棚中构建了无线传感器网络,采集了温室大棚中的二氧化碳浓度信息,验证了所研制的传感器性能.     

Numerical reconstruction of an infrared wavefront utilizing an optical phase modulation device

We utilize nitroanisole, that absorbs infrared (IR) radiation as heat, as an optical modulation device based on a thermal process. The nitroanisole exhibits a thermal lens effect, i.e. a temperature dependent refractive index. Hence, the nitroanisole can induce phase modulation to visible light, in direct response to intensity of the incident IR radiation. The proposed method can be used to obtain the phase modulation distribution that corresponds to the IR intensity distribution, i.e. the IR hologram itself, on the nitroanisole by examining the phase map of visible light that is modulated upon passing through the nitroanisole. The IR wavefront can be reconstructed by calculating extracted IR holograms through the Fresnel transform. It is verified that both the amplitude and the phase of the IR wavefront can be reconstructed accurately by proposed method.     

Digital Micro-mirror Device-based broadband optical image sensor for robust imaging applications

To the best of the authors' knowledge, presented for the first time is the design of a robust broadband optical image sensor using a Digital Micro-mirror Device (DMD). Electronic focus control of the imaging lens and full programmability of the spatial sampling aperture shape, size, and location on the DMD plane that mechanically scans the incident incoherent optical irradiance distribution lead to imaging smartness. Dual port single-point photo-detection design provides imaging operation robustness to the global light irradiance variations such as via environmental effects, e.g., moving clouds. As the Texas Instruments (TI) DMD can provide light modulation over 400 nm to 2500 nm wavelengths, visible, Near Infrared (NIR), and Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) bands can be simultaneously processed to generate three independent band images via three point photo-detectors. A proof-of-concept experiment in the SWIR band at 1580 nm is conducted using an incoherent heart-shaped target that is sampled using the DMD imager set for a 68.4 μm side square moving pinhole. A 60 × 60 pixel image from the proposed imager produces a 0.94 cross-correlation peak when compared to an optically attenuated heart shape image produced by a near 9 μm pixel size phosphor coated Charge Coupled Device (CCD) imager. Using the dual-detection method, robust 633 nm visible light imaging of an Air Force (AF) Chart figure is successfully demonstrated for 3 Hz global light fluctuation. Applications for the proposed imager include optical sensing in the fields of astronomy, defense, medicine, and security.     

中波红外景象投影光学系统消热差设计

针对红外成像系统性能测试与评估的应用需求,设计了一套基于数字微镜器件的消热差的中波红外景象投影光学系统.探讨了红外视景仿真用投影光学系统的像差特性和设计方法,并对投影系统的无热化进行了分析.采用分光板和补偿板方案,解决了大相对孔径条件下投影系统的远心照明分光和像差平衡问题,提高了分辨率和均匀性,增大了视场.系统由远心投...     

Simultaneous assessment of Lagrangian strain and temperature fields by improved IR-DIC strategy

This paper focuses on the development of a novel digital image correlation strategy based on infrared imaging (IR-DIC) for realizing simultaneous assessment of Lagrangian strain and temperature fields. A major difficulty in the IR-DIC is the evolution of the thermal field during deformation that is unexpected in the image correlation. Two solutions are proposed to tackle this difficulty. The first solution is to utilize a high-pass filter to eliminate the variation part of the thermal signal, and the second solution is to employ an advanced metric, the mutual information, as the correlation criterion. Both methods are verified through a tensile test performed on a notched specimen. The estimated displacement and strain fields demonstrate well the desirable performance of the proposed methods. Thanks to the kinematic field assessment, the obtained thermal fields can be described in the Lagrangian coordinate system, thus the temperature evolution of the material points during deformation can be followed effectively.     

Infrared facility at the Canadian light source

The Canadian Light Source (CLS) is constructing two beamlines for Infrared Spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation (IRSR). One will supply mid-Infrared (2–25 μ) light to a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and microscope for biological applications. The second will have a high resolution FTIR spectrometer for gas-phase and surface spectroscopy in the far-Infrared (beyond 25 μ). The Infrared beamlines will use dipole bending magnet radiation from a special bend magnet port design which provides a 50 mrad square acceptance. Issues with the first mirror and photon mask design, as well as the beamline layout and features are discussed.     

数字微镜器件动态红外场景投影技术

动态红外场景投影(DIRSP)技术是考察和评估红外成像测量跟踪系统性能指标的主要方法。本文回顾了国内外DIRSP技术的发展现状及应用,概述了几种主要的DIRSP技术及其特点。在详细介绍数字微镜器件(DMD)的工作原理及机械结构的基础上,总结了灰度等级控制的方法及其特点。通过对3种数字光处理(DLP)显示系统投影原理的对比,指出了各自的特点和应用场合。重点分析了基于DMD的DIRSP系统—微镜阵列投影系统(MAPS)的工作原理、系统结构、性能指标及技术优势,并讨论了将DMD应用于DIRSP所采用的6大关键技术。最后,结合DIRSP技术的应用背景和国内外研究现状,对下一步的研究工作做了展望。     

Dynamic infrared scene projection: a review

Since the early 1990s, there has been major progress in the developing field of dynamic infrared scene projection, driven principally by the need for hardware-in-the-loop simulation of the oncoming generation of imaging infrared missile seekers and more recently by the needs for realistic simulation of the new generation of thermal imagers and forward-looking infrared systems. In this paper the current status of the dynamic infrared projection field is reviewed, commencing with an outline of its history. The requirements for dynamic infrared scene projection are examined, allowing a set of validity criteria to be developed. Each class of infrared projector that has been investigated—emissive, transmissive, reflective, laser scanner and phosphor—together with the specific technology initiatives within the class is described and examined against the validity criteria. In this way the leading dynamic infrared scene projection technologies are identified.     

Characterization of solid state array cameras for the mid-IR

We present a characterization of some processes affecting the performance of solid state array cameras designed for ground based astronomical imaging in the 8–13m atmospheric window. Our discussion includes a novel model for electron-hole generationrecombination noise based on the probable pathlength of an electron in a photoconductor. We use the Berkeley mid-IR Array Camera as an example. For this camera, the results show that the total optical system composed of the camera, a 3m telescope, and the atmosphere has an efficiency of about 3%, a 1 noise equivalent flux density of 25 mJy min^–1/2arcsec^–2 measured over a /=10% band width, and a noise equivalent expressed as the ambient temperature thermal black body noise of 23%.     

Vibrational Spectra of Ethylenediamine Salts. I. Tentative Assignments of Infrared and Far Infrared Spectra

Abstract

We wish to report on some hitherto partly unnoticed and unexplained features in the infrared spectra of hydrogen halides of ethylenediamine. We have prepared normal, C-, N-, and perdeuterated ethylenediammonium chlorides and bromides and measured their infrared spectra in the range 4000–10 cm^?1.     

基于非均匀B样条曲线的红外数据的精确拟合及校正

红外谱图数据的精确拟合是建立标准谱图的重要组成部分,是光谱仪器正确进行定性和定量分析的基础。文章采用非均匀B样条对红外谱图数据进行曲线拟合,通过采用基于最大范数距离的B样条拟合算法,不仅解决了大容量红外谱图的精确拟合问题,同时对谱图峰值精确定位也提供了方便。文章介绍了非均匀B样条曲线,以及二阶(三阶)非均匀B样条曲线拟合的实现,重点描述了红外谱图数据拟合精度的控制方法。