ICF玻璃靶丸化学镀磁性Ni-Co-Fe-P四元合金涂层

采用化学镀技术在ICF玻璃靶丸表面均匀包覆一层磁性Ni-Co-Fe-P四元合金涂层,通过扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜、能量衍射谱仪和振动样品磁强计对ICF玻璃靶丸表面化学镀Ni-Co-Fe-P四元合金涂层的形貌、组成和磁性能进行了表征。结果表明:化学镀Ni-Co-Fe-P四元合金涂层的ICF玻璃靶丸,表面由平均直径为50 nm的细小颗粒组成,表面粗糙度小,磁性能高,可望用于磁悬浮实验研究。     

Enhancement of adhesion between copper and vinyl ester in glass fiber–vinyl ester composites

The paper describes surface treatment methods to improve adhesion between copper and vinyl ester in glass fiber–vinyl ester composites. Surface treatment methods were developed for commercially available copper that was optimized for epoxies and adhesion performance was compared based on 90° peel strength measurements. Four surface treatments for copper were tested: (i) co-cured Epon/vinyl ester; (ii) fully cured Epon; (iii) epoxy film adhesive; and (iv) γ-MPS silane along with two baseline systems: copper/vinyl ester and copper/epoxy. Measured average peel strengths for the surface treatments were 21%, 101%, 110% and 91% of the baseline copper/vinyl ester system, respectively. Compared to the copper/epoxy system, fully cured Epon, epoxy film adhesive and the silane treatment generated comparable adhesion between copper and vinyl ester. For all samples tested, mixed cohesive/adhesive failure modes were observed. Overall, the surface treatment with the silane coupling agent is the most appropriate method for obtaining comparable and uniform performance compared to copper/glass fiber/epoxy system (FR4 materials).     

Mechanism study of femtosecond laser induced selective metallization (FLISM) on glass surfaces

We investigate the mechanism of selective metallization on glass surfaces with the assistance of femtosecond laser irradiation followed by electroless plating. Irradiation of femtosecond laser makes it possible to selectively deposit copper microstructures in the irradiated area on glass surfaces coated with silver nitrate films. The energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses reveal that silver atoms are produced on the surface of grooves formed by laser ablation, which serve as catalysis seeds for subsequent electroless copper plating.     

微型石英敏感平板玻璃零件参数的激光视觉测量研究

高精度、快速非接触的平板玻璃零件的几何参数测量,已成为相关生产领域的主要问题,也是激光光谱学的一个重要应用方向。平板玻璃零件几何参数的准确检测不仅有助于加工工艺的改进和产品装配精度的提高,还可以实现按参数分档管理。为实现微型石英敏感平板玻璃零件参数的精密测量,提出了一种基于激光与视觉图像处理技术的多参数测量方法,设计了由自适应同轴视觉检测单元和激光视觉厚度测量单元构成的测试系统。为了保证其中的半导体激光器LD(laser diode)能提供稳定的光源,设计了一种恒功率驱动控制系统。在亚像素图像处理中给出了改进的亚像素边缘定位算法,实现了二次曲线特征边缘亚像素精确定位。利用检测出的曲线边缘点数据,通过定义一个新的误差函数并最小化,可以计算出微型石英敏感平板玻璃零件参数,从而实现图像特征参数的精确提取。在实验室条件下进行微型石英敏感平板玻璃零件几何参数的检测试验,测量结果的平均偏差优于2 μm。该方法稳定性好,测量精度高,满足微型石英敏感平板玻璃零件参数检测的精度要求。     

Effects of the substrate temperature on the bioglass films deposited by pulsed laser

Effects of the substrate temperature on the bonding configuration and adhesion strength of the bioglass films deposited by pulsed laser were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scratch apparatus. Morphology of the films is compact with the particles on the surface of them and the structure is amorphous glass. Bonding configuration is different from that of the target. Si-O-NBO/Si-O-Si (s) intensity ratios of the films decline as compared with the target. Besides, this tendency is obvious as the substrate temperature decreases. This effect is attributed to the network rearrangement during the film growth, which is associated to special structure of glass and complex physical mechanisms of pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Scratch test results show that the film deposited at 200 °C has the highest adhesion strength.     

Electroless plating of copper on polyimide films modified by surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization of 4-vinylpyridine

Surface modification of polyimide (PI) films were first carried out by chloromethylation under mild conditions, followed by surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) from the chloromethylated PI surfaces. The composition and topography of the PI surfaces modified by poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. The P4VP brushes with well-preserved pyridine groups on the PI surface was used not only as the chemisorption sites for the palladium complexes without prior sensitization by SnCl₂ solution during the electroless plating of copper, but also as an adhesion promotion layer to enhance the adhesion of the electrolessly deposited copper to the PI surfaces. The T-peel adhesion strength of the electrolessly deposited copper on the modified PI surface could reach about 6.6 N/cm. Effects of the polymerization time and the activation time in the PdCl₂ solution on the T-peel adhesion strength of the electrolessly deposited copper in the Sn-free process to the modified PI surface were also studied.     

Mechanical properties of Mo-Ru thin films with Ni interlayer of different thickness

Noble metal coatings are usually introduced to increase lifetime of glass molding die. In this study, Mo-Ru coatings with Ni interlayer were deposited on tungsten carbide by DC sputtering processes at an elevated temperature of 550 °C to modify the properties in molding die materials. Phase identification was investigated by X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The surface morphology and composition of coatings were evaluated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and field-emission electron probe microanalyzer (FE-EPMA), respectively. Hardness of the Mo-Ru films was measured by nanoindentation testing. In the aspects of adhesion, the influence on interlayer of different thickness was probed by the scratch test, and the different composition of Mo-Ru resulted in various kinds of fracture configurations. The scratch test exhibited spalling and chipping failure between substrate and layer.     

Selective metallization of photostructurable glass by femtosecond laser direct writing for biochip application

We report the selective metallization of photostructurable glass by femtosecond (fs) laser direct writing followed by electroless copper (Cu) plating. It was found that a Cu thin film can be deposited only on the rough surface of glass ablated by the fs laser. The deposited Cu thin film exhibits strong adhesion and excellent electrical properties. A Cu film can even be deposited on the internal wall of a hollow microchannel inside photostructurable glass by the multiphoton absorption of the fs laser. To show the use of this technique for micro-total-analysis-system (μ-TAS) applications, the fabrication of a microheater operating at temperatures up to 200 °C was demonstrated. PACS 81.05.Kf; 85.40.Ls; 87.85.Va     

ICF玻璃靶丸化学镀磁性Ni-P涂层的研究

 采用化学镀方法对ICF空心玻璃微球靶丸进行处理，使其表面均匀包覆一层磁性Ni-P合金镀层，从而使得ICF玻璃靶丸具有一定的磁性，可望用于进行磁悬浮ICF定位打靶实验研究。用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和振动样品磁强计对涂层的组成、结构、形貌及磁性能进行了表征。结果表明：对 ICF玻璃靶丸进行化学镀处理，其球形度、同心度和壁厚均匀性都与化学镀前未发生明显改变，其饱和磁化强度和矫顽力分别为3.883×10^-3 A/g和1.046×^-3 T。     

The role of interactions at interfaces of glass-fiber reinforced composites

The performance of glass-fiber reinforced composite materials is strongly dependent on adhesion at the fiber-matrix interface. This study has considered the effect of parameters such as wettability, mechanical interlocking due to diffusion, and specific interactions on adhesion. The surface characteristics of treated and untreated glass fibers were studied by inverse gas chromatography. Donor/acceptor concepts were used to calculate a specific (acid/base) interaction parameter for fiber/matrix pairs. Tensile strengths of composites with Nylon-6,6 and polyethylene correlated with both acid-base and dispersive interactions. Initial attempts were made to separate and quantify contributions to interfacial bonding from dispersive forces, acid/base forces, diffusion and the mechanical interlocking of constituents. Findings were supported by scanning electron microscopy of the fracture surfaces of composite samples.     

化学镀铜天然高分子材料表面特征的近红外光谱分析

通过对天然高分子材料木材进行化学镀的方法制成的木质电磁屏蔽材料既可以保留木材的一些优良特性,又能有效改善木材导电、 导热和电磁屏蔽性,不仅为木材的增值利用开辟了新道路,还为电磁屏蔽材料的加工利用拓宽了领域。本研究利用近红外光谱结合主成分分析法对化学镀铜处理前后样品进行了分析研究,旨在探讨利用近红外光谱技术研究该材料表面特性的可行性。结果表明：(1)化学镀铜前后样品表面的近红外光谱在形状和吸收强度上存在显著差异,而不同镀铜时间的样品之间也存在差异,尤其是反应未充分的样品。(2)经过主成分分析后,镀铜前后样品沿PC1轴、 PC2轴大致分成了6类,其中未处理样品、 活化处理样品性质较接近,镀铜时间25和40 min样品因反应充分,性质也比较类似,说明近红外光谱中包含反映材料处理前后的重要特征信息。(3)比较近红外区域和可见光区域光谱的主成分分析效果,发现近红外光谱区比可见光光谱区对镀铜处理前后样品的分类效果好,可见光光谱在突出样品的表面颜色特征信息方面表现更好,这说明两者结合运用更有利于样品表面特征信息的表征。     

Investigating laser rapid manufacturing for Inconel-625 components

This paper presents an investigation of laser rapid manufacturing (LRM) for Inconel-625 components. LRM is an upcoming rapid manufacturing technology, it is similar to laser cladding at process level with different end applications. In general, laser-cladding technique is used to deposit materials on the substrate either to improve the surface properties or to refurbish the worn out parts, while LRM is capable of near-net shaping the components by layer-by-layer deposition of the material directly from CAD model. In the present study, a high-power continuous wave (CW) CO₂ laser system, integrated with a co-axial powder-feeding system and a three-axis workstation were used. The effect of processing parameters during LRM of Inconel-625 was studied and the optimum set of parameters for the maximum deposition rate was established employing Orthogonal L9 array of Taguchi technique. Results indicated that the powder feed rate and the scan speed contributed about 56% and 26%, respectively to the deposition rate, while the influence of laser power was limited to 10% only. Fabricated components were subjected to non-destructive testing (like—ultrasonic testing, dye-penetrant testing), tensile testing, impact testing, metallographic examinations and micro-hardness measurement. The test results revealed defect-free material deposition with improved mechanical strength without sacrificing the ductility.     

Surface Modification of Poly (ether ether ketone) with a Medlite C6 (ND-YAG Q-Switched) Skin Treatment Laser

Poly ether ether ketone (PEEK), a synthetic polymer, is expected to be useful as a biomaterial due to its appropriate mechanical, chemical, and biocompatibility properties. However, this polymer is biologically inert, requiring surface modification to improve its adhesion to bone cells for use as a bone substrate. Surface properties, such as roughness and hydrophilicity, are important factors in the adhesion of biomaterials to the surrounding tissue; therefore, in this study, laser treatment was performed for surface modification. The aim of the research described here was to investigate the effect of two laser parameters, fluency and wavelength, on the surface roughness and hydrophilicity to determine the optimum parameters for improving surface adhesion. The surface topography and average roughness (R_a) were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Surface morphology was also observed with an optical microscope, and the hydrophilicity of the surfaces was investigated with static contact angle tests. The results obtained showed that the samples treated at the wavelength of 532?nm with fluency of 8?J/cm², compared to fluencies of 4 and 12?J/cm², showed improved surface properties. However, in terms of radiation wavelength, the wavelength of 1064?nm at these three fluencies showed the most promising results for enhancing the surface properties of PEEK for bone implant applications.     

Ab initio study of electronic structure of strained

Micro-hardness and scratch adhesion testing are the most commonly used techniques for assessing the mechanical properties of thin films. Both of these testing methods utilize single-point contact and induce plastic deformation in the substrate and film. However, the influence of adhesion on the measured hardness has been seldom reported so far. In our experiments, diamond-like carbon (DLC) and silicon carbide (SiC) films deposited on silicon and nickel-based alloy substrates by pulsed laser ablation were indented and scratched by a Vickers micro-hardness tester and a diamond-cutter, respectively. It was found that the composite hardness decreased more rapidly for poor adhesion when increasing the indentation load. The result was explained by the elastic-plastic deformation mode of indentation and helped us to understand the physical meaning of one parameter commonly introduced in the models used to separate film hardness from the composite hardness. Received 30 June 1998     

Ultraviolet laser removal of small metallic particles from silicon wafers

Laser removal of small 1 μm sized copper, gold and tungsten particles from silicon wafer surfaces was carried out using ultraviolet radiation at 266 nm generated by Nd:YAG harmonic generation. Successful removal of both copper and gold particles from the surface was achieved whereas tungsten particles proved to be difficult to remove. The cleaning efficiency was increased with an increase of laser fluence. The optimum processing window for safe cleaning of the surface without any substrate damage was determined by measuring the damage threshold laser fluence on the silicon substrate and the required fluence for complete removal of the particles. The different cleaning efficiencies with particle type are discussed by considering the adhesion force of the particle on the surface and the laser-induced cleaning force for the three different particles.     

Environmental effects on initiation and propagation of surface defects on silicate glasses: scratch and fracture toughness study

The glass composition and surrounding environment can play an important role in the initiation and propagation of surface defects, which affect the practical strength of glass. We have studied how the environment and glass composition affect the tribological and indentation properties of multicomponent silicate glasses. Soda lime silica and aluminosilicate glasses were studied to compare the effects of the alkali ion and glass network type on surface defect formation. Although both glasses contained leachable sodium ions, the surface wear of soda lime glass decreased with increasing humidity while sodium aluminosilicate glass had an observable increase in surface wear. This indicated that sodium ion and water activity on/in glass surfaces vary depending on the glass network structure. The exchange of Na⁺ with K⁺ in aluminosilicate glass increased the elastic modulus, hardness, and resistance to fracture substantially; however, it did not improve the surface scratch resistance in humid environments. This suggested that the improved fracture toughness for the K-exchanged aluminosilicate glass is mainly due to the improved bulk properties; surface wear can readily take place regardless of Na/K-exchange.     

Non-destructive evaluation of the mechanical behaviour of TiN-coated steels by laser-induced ultrasonic surface waves

Measuring the propagation velocity of ultrasonic surface waves has been used to determine the Young's modulus of TiN films on steel. Wide-band surface-wave pulses are generated by a pulsed nitrogen laser and detected by a piezoelectric PVDF-foil transducer. A spectrum of the surface-wave phase velocity is obtained from the Fourier transformation of the surface-wave signals. The TiN films were deposited after different presputtering times with argon ions to vary the adhesion on the steel substrate. The adhesion behaviour of the films was investigated with the scratch tester. A correlation was found between the Young's modulus of the film material and the acoustic emission activity in the scratch test, which has been shown to be a suitable measure for adhesion.     

Laser-assisted modification of polystyrene surfaces for cell culture applications

Laser-assisted patterning and modification of polystyrene (PS) was investigated with respect to applications in micro-fluidics and cell culture. For this purpose the wettability, the adsorption of proteins and the adhesion of animal cells were investigated as function of laser- and processing parameters. The change of surface chemistry was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The local formation of chemical structures suitable for improved cell adhesion was realized on PS surfaces by UV laser irradiation. Above and below the laser ablation threshold two different mechanisms affecting cell adhesion were detected. In the first case the debris deposited on and along laser irradiated areas was responsible for improved cell adhesion, while in the second case a photolytic activation of the polymer surface including a subsequent oxidization in oxygen or ambient air is leading to a highly localized alteration of protein adsorption from cell culture media and finally to increased cell adhesion. Laser modifications of PS using suitable exposure doses and an appropriate choice of the processing gas (helium or oxygen) enabled a highly localized control of wetting. The dynamic advancing contact angle could be adjusted between 2° and 150°. The hydrophilic and hydrophobic behaviour are caused by chemical and topographical surface changes.     

激光束偏转法非球面面形测量和计算

提出了一种综合测量非球面面形的激光束偏转法 ,针对不同类型的非球面 ,共提出了三种方案 :平移法、转动法和平移转动法。该方法可测各种非球面 ,通用性强。并对激光束偏转法中对面形测量精度有极大影响的激光束反射角的测量作了重点介绍。实验结果显示 ,该方法测量精度达到λ/5～λ/10 ,接近干涉法的水平     

Characterization of the surface and the interphase of PVC-copper amine-treated wood composites

Contact angles and surface energy of wood, as well as interfacial shear strength between wood and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were investigated and used to monitor the modifications generated on the surfaces of wood treated with a copper ethanolamine solution. An increase in surface energy of wood after treatments promotes wetting of PVC on wood surfaces. Improved interfacial shear strength between treated wood and PVC matrix can be attributed to the formation of a stronger wood-PVC interphase. This suggests that treatment may be used to improve the adhesion between wood surface and PVC in the formulation of wood fiber composites to yield products with enhanced mechanical properties and better biological and physical performance against decay and insect destroying wood.