不同光聚焦状态的光击穿声辐射特性

强激光通过光学系统聚焦于水下时,击穿水介质辐射强声波信号.光学聚焦特性的不同,使得激光击穿区域形状的差异,导致辐射的声信号在强度、频谱特征上具有较大的差异性.为研究不同光聚焦状态对激光击穿形成的空泡辐射声波的影响,推导了不同聚焦状态下激光空泡壁的运动方程及声辐射模型,构建了激光声实验测量系统,实验研究了不同聚焦状态下光击穿导致的空泡脉动参数、辐射声信号特征的差异性.结论:激光声信号强度与激光能量成线性关系,在激光能量高于一定参数情况下,声信号强度变化不大;在低激光功率下,扩束聚焦与非扩束聚焦,辐射的声信号特性差异不大;在高激光功率条件,扩束聚焦击穿形成的空泡半径大于非扩束聚焦击穿,辐射的声信号强度高于非扩束聚焦;为提高激光击穿辐射卢信号效率,应对激光束进行扩束聚焦.     

水中激光击穿空泡的高速摄影研究

为了分析激光击穿液体介质过程中的等离子腔体、空泡脉动、近/远场声波特性等综合效应,将高速摄影技术应用于水下激光击穿研究.观察到了激光击穿形成的等离子体闪光、空泡脉动及溃灭过程,通过对所得照片的分析,得到了激光空泡生长的规律,实验结果与已有的水下空泡理论计算及采用光散射、压力传感器测量结果吻合较好,证明了高速摄影技术在水下激光击穿产生空泡特性研究中的重要作用.     

光击穿液体空泡特性的高速图像测量

为了分析激光击穿液体介质过程中的等离子体闪光、空泡脉动、冲击波辐射、空泡溃灭发光等综合效应,将高速摄影技术应用于液体激光击穿研究.采用高功率激光聚焦击穿水、酒精、甘油、硅油等粘性液体,观测到了激光击穿形成的等离子体闪光、空泡脉动及溃灭、空泡溃灭发光及冲击波辐射.通过对激光空泡图像序列的分析,得到了不同液体介质中激光空泡的脉动特征、冲击波辐射等特性.研究结果可为水下激光加工、激光医疗、空化空蚀、能源相关流体力学的研究提供一定的理论和实验支持.     

基于共振激发的激光诱导击穿光谱技术研究进展

激光诱导击穿光谱技术是一种新型的原子光谱分析技术,具有实时快速、 多元素同时分析和样品预处理简单等特点,从一出现便受到研究人员的广泛关注,但分析灵敏度差一直是限制该技术发展的重要因素。基于共振激发的激光诱导击穿光谱技术将原子荧光光谱技术和激光诱导击穿光谱技术结合,对目标元素进行选择性激发,可以大幅提高激光诱导击穿光谱技术的分析灵敏度,极大地拓展了LIBS技术在痕量元素检测领域的应用。本文综述了基于共振激发的激光诱导击穿光谱技术的研究进展,介绍了激光诱导等离子体中荧光光谱的产生过程以及基于共振激发的激光诱导击穿光谱技术的基本类型和基础原理,详细分析了烧蚀激光能量、 共振激发激光能量和波长、 烧蚀激光和共振激发激光之间的延时以及光谱采集门宽对光谱增强效果的影响,阐述了其在冶金、 环境监测、 同位素检测等领域的应用现状和存在的问题,并对其未来发展前景进行了展望。     

脉冲激光在液体中激发的声波特性研究

理论上分析了脉冲激光在液体中产生的声波波阵面随光声源形状的变化,以及不同激发机制下光声脉冲波形的差别,并从实验中得出了脉冲CO2激光光声脉冲频谱特性.结果表明光声波波阵面为球面或柱面,热弹机制激发双极性的光声脉冲,汽化机制激发单极性的光声脉冲,CO2脉冲激光在水中激发的声波频谱峰值主要在100 kHz以下.通过选择光声源的形状和激发机制可以获得所需的光声信号.     

激光激发水中产生超声波的实验研究

采用压电陶瓷水听器研究了Nd：YAG脉冲激光激发水中产生瞬态超声波的特性,给出了声压信号随距离的变化关系。研究结果表明：用激光产生水下声波是完全可行的。当观测点与光击穿区的距离r远大于柱体长度时,垂直于光传播方向的激光瞬态超声波幅值与r成反比;当观测点与光击穿区的距离r很小时,垂直于光传播方向的声压幅值与产成反比。此外,当激光入射角度发生变化,超声脉冲的幅值也随之发生变化,其幅值在激光束垂直入射的时候最大。     

饱和激发下叶绿素荧光非线性变化及影响分析

叶绿素浓度是海洋初级生产力的重要指标之一,激光诱导荧光技术可以实现海水叶绿素浓度的快速测量。测量叶绿素浓度的传统激光诱导荧光原理,是利用叶绿素荧光与水体Raman散射的强度比值（I_F/R）进行反演,即叶绿素浓度n_chl＝CI_F/R,其中C为系统常量。这是依据叶绿素荧光685 nm、水体Raman散射强度都与激发光强呈线性关系。然而,该理论并没有考虑诱导荧光饱和现象的存在。当诱导激光强度达到一定程度后,685 nm荧光强度随激发光强非线性变化。另外,值得注意的是,水体Raman散射并不存在信号饱和现象。为了探讨饱和激发造成荧光非线性变化的影响,在激光诱导荧光技术测量叶绿素浓度的实验中,设计两种测量方案,即：不同激光功率诱导单一浓度样本的荧光测量,和固定激光功率时不同浓度样本的荧光测量。实验中利用Nd∶YAG三倍频激光355 nm激发获得叶绿素溶液的404 nm处 Raman散射和685 nm荧光。实验结果分为2部分进行讨论：（1）为了分析饱和激发造成荧光变化的非线性特性,通过调节激发光功率测量溶液的受激发射光谱,发现水体Raman散射强度与激发光强呈线性关系,而685 nm荧光强度出现饱和激发下的非线性变化。而且,随叶绿素浓度的增加,685 nm荧光的非线性趋势更为明显,Raman散射强度与激发光强的线性关系中斜率变小。数据分析表明,685 nm荧光数据拟合的4阶多项式和Raman散射效率值,可以定性地表征685 nm荧光的饱和程度。（2）考虑实际海洋激光雷达探测叶绿素浓度应用中存在饱和激发荧光非线性现象,为了分析荧光非线性对传统叶绿素浓度反演理论适用性的影响,在固定激发光强情况下对不同浓度叶绿素溶液的发射光谱进行测量。将激发光功率调节至52.00,80.70,132.10和197.30 mW·cm-2,获取相应激发光强下685 nm荧光与水体Raman散射的强度比值和叶绿素浓度之间的关系。实验表明,激发光强不变的情况下,685 nm荧光与水体Raman散射的强度比值,与叶绿素浓度仍满足线性关系。但是,在较高光强激发时,饱和激发造成的叶绿素荧光非线性变化,导致利用传统激光诱导荧光理论反演的叶绿素浓度值偏小。因此,需要对饱和激发下荧光非线性的影响进行修正,其关系为I_F/R=n_chl/C+C_F,修正值C_F不可忽略。另外,值得一提的是,修正关系中系统常量C随激发光强增加而增大。研究表明,饱和激发造成的荧光非线性,会对激光诱导荧光技术测量叶绿素浓度产生影响,但由于造成荧光非线性因素的复杂性,仅通过荧光数据拟合获得的多项式,无法定量说明其影响权重。然而,当激发光强不变时,可以实验测量获得基于激光诱导荧光原理的修正关系,从而准确反演叶绿素浓度。     

基于超快激光脉冲瞬态特征的非线性透射率

根据麦克斯韦方程,结合超快激光脉冲的瞬态特性,在忽略色散的影响下,推导并得出了三阶非线性各向同性系统中以光强表示的非线性吸收偏微分方程。以高斯脉冲激光为例,给出了该方程的一个近似解。基于该近似解的非线性透射率,不仅与脉冲激光的峰值强度、样品厚度以及介质的双光子吸收系数有关,而且还与描述脉冲主要特性的物理量——激光脉冲半峰全宽以及激发光的频率有关。数值拟合Rhodamine等物质的非线性透射率的实验曲线的结果显示,基于超短脉冲瞬态特性的非线性透射率得出的介质双光子吸收系数大于传统非线性透射率参考公式给出的相应结果,与双光子诱导荧光法的结果基本吻合。     

CS_2飞秒超快非线性特性的实验研究

采用中心波长800 nm、脉宽30 fs的超短激光脉冲,通过飞秒光开关技术对CS_2的飞秒超快非线性特性进行了实验研究.在探测光强与抽运光强比为1∶10时,得到了较理想的光克尔时间分辨曲线.通过实验测定的光克尔信号强度与激发光和探测光偏振方向夹角的依赖关系表明:30 fs的超短激光脉冲激发CS_2的克尔信号主要是源于光诱导双折射效应,而非用200 fs的超短激光脉冲时来自瞬态栅的自衍射效应.     

基于激光水下爆炸声源的声探测技术

基于激光水下爆炸的声探测技术,设计了激光声水下目标探测器。对激光水下爆炸声源的产生机理进行研究,并开展水下探测器发射声信号检测的实验。实验结果表明:强脉冲激光聚焦于水介质产生爆炸性球面声源,探测器内部的声反射面将球面声信号转变为高指向性的平面波信号。通过对探测器的发射信号和接收的目标回波信号进行数值计算,得到探测器发射信号具有波束指向性窄、距离分辨力高和探测距离远等特点,满足水下目标探测的应用需求。     

The damage of the optical components induced by the stimulated Brillouin scattering

A theory of excitation of ultrasonic waves in the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) process is presented in this paper. By using several reasonable approximations, a numerical calculation of the transient longitudinal SBS shows that large amplitude of acoustic waves can be built up by the nanosecond pulse of high-power laser, which may result in the damage of optical glasses. The maximal density change and the maximal acoustic wave intensity in optical glasses of 5\,cm in thickness are calculated by using different parameters of the high-energy laser, such as the intensity, the pulse width, and the wave length. The damage threshold of the optical glasses is about 80 GW/cm^{2} when using a 1064 nm laser. The dynamic mechanism of SBS is the electrostriction effect of the components coupling with the high-power laser.     

Parametric reversal of nonlinear acoustic waves

A mechanism of parametric reversal of the ultrasonic field from a quasi-monochromatic radiator situated in a nonlinear acoustic medium is proposed and analyzed. The mechanism is based on the phonon-plasmon interaction in semiconductors with a high concentration of electron traps, when a sample is irradiated by a periodic sequence of short laser pulses. The spectrum of output signal and, correspondingly, the temporal profile of the spatially reversed wave are investigated as functions of the intensity and duration of pumping pulses. It is shown that the choice of pumping parameters allows one to control the spectrum of reversed wave and, in particular, closely reproduce the spatiotemporal structure of the original wave. The frequency matching of the nonlinear ultrasonic wave harmonics and the pump Fourier frequencies occurs automatically at a certain pulse repetition rate in this scheme.     

Acoustic emission monitoring during laser shock cleaning of silicon wafers

A laser shock cleaning is a new dry cleaning methodology for the effective removal of submicron sized particles from solid surfaces. This technique uses a plasma shock wave produced by laser-induced air breakdown, which has applied to remove nano-scale silica particles from silicon wafer surfaces in this work. In order to characterize the laser shock cleaning process, acoustic waves generated during the shock process are measured in real time by a wide-band microphone and analyzed in the change of process parameters such as laser power density and gas species. It was found that the acoustic intensity is closely correlated with the shock wave intensity. From acoustic analysis, it is seen that acoustic intensity became stronger as incident laser power density increased. In addition, Ar gas has been found to be more effective to enhance the acoustic intensity, which allows higher cleaning performance compared with air or N₂ gas.     

近共振区超短强激光脉冲激发的等离子体尾波场

 用一维相对论粒子模拟研究了相对论超短强激光脉冲在等离子体中传播时激发的尾波场，初步获得了近共振区尾波场的峰值幅度随激光脉冲宽度变化的特点，发现在近共振区等离子体波激发出现增强。通过准静态近似下尾波激发的一维非线性方程数值求解，并与粒子模拟结果比较，得到了该非线性方程的适用范围：当激光脉冲宽度小于等离子体波波长的4倍时，该方程所得结果与粒子模拟结果一致；而当激光脉冲宽度大于该数值时，该方程不再适用。     

Specific features of the acoustic emission upon the optical breakdown in liquid induced by the radiation of Nd:YAG laser

The acoustic emission from the zone of the optical breakdown in liquid is experimentally studied. The spectral characteristics and energy of the acoustic wave that is generated in liquid due to expansion of the plasma formation initiated by the optical breakdown at a wavelength of 532 nm are analyzed. Two spectral peaks that characterize the acoustic emission and the low-frequency shift of the low-frequency peak owing to an increase in the laser pulse energy are demonstrated. In general, the linear dependence of the acoustic pressure on the laser pulse energy is observed. The acoustic data can be used to reconstruct function R(t) that is in agreement with dependences R(t) resulting from the optical data. This circumstance is important for the study of breakdown in opaque media.     

Resonant properties of a nonlinear dissipative layer excited by a vibrating boundary: Q-factor and frequency response

Simplified nonlinear evolution equations describing non-steady-state forced vibrations in an acoustic resonator having one closed end and the other end periodically oscillating are derived. An approach based on a nonlinear functional equation is used. The nonlinear Q-factor and the nonlinear frequency response of the resonator are calculated for steady-state oscillations of both inviscid and dissipative media. The general expression for the mean intensity of the acoustic wave in terms of the characteristic value of a Mathieu function is derived. The process of development of a standing wave is described analytically on the base of exact nonlinear solutions for different laws of periodic motion of the wall. For harmonic excitation the wave profiles are described by Mathieu functions, and their mean energy characteristics by the corresponding eigenvalues. The sawtooth-shaped motion of the boundary leads to a similar process of evolution of the profile, but the solution has a very simple form. Some possibilities to enhance the Q-factor of a nonlinear system by suppression of nonlinear energy losses are discussed.     

铀元素的激光诱导击穿光谱测量分析

为促进LIBS技术在微量重金属元素检测以及核污染检测领域的应用,提高检测灵敏度和准确性,采用了激光双脉冲LIBS技术和光电双脉冲LIBS技术,分别对土壤和二氧化硅中的铀元素进行分析。首先,对激光脉冲能量、电压和采集延时等参数进行优化,提高铀元素特征谱线的强度和信噪比;然后在优化实验参数条件下,对含不同浓度铀元素的土壤样品和二氧化硅样品进行激发;选取UII 367.01 nm、 UII 454.36 nm两条铀元素的特征谱线作为分析线,通过铀元素浓度与特征谱线强度的线性关系,建立定标曲线。双脉冲激光激发条件为：激光脉冲1作为预脉冲,主要参数为1 064 nm, 90 mJ, 9.2 ns,激光脉冲2作为再加热脉冲,主要参数为355 nm, 50 mJ, 8 ns,两个脉冲的时间间隔800 ns,光谱采集相对第二个脉冲延时1μs,得到铀元素在土壤和二氧化硅两种样品中的浓度检测下限分别为572和110 mg·kg^-1,拟合优度值R²分别为0.958和0.999。在光电双脉冲激发条件下,激光脉冲作为预脉冲,主要参数为355 nm, 50 mJ, 8 ...     

激光诱导等离子体加工石英微通道机理研究

利用调Q的Nd: YAG激光器输出的纳秒激光脉冲诱导等离子体加工石英微通道, 显微镜下观察微通道深度可达4 mm, 通道周围没有发现热裂纹, 围绕通道内壁产生了固化层. 研究了纳秒脉冲下固体材料损伤的电离机理. 波长为1064 nm, 光强不很强的纳秒脉冲作用时, 光学击穿中等离子体的形成主要是雪崩电离的结果, 利用雪崩击穿的阈值理论得到了等离子体形成模型, 求出了等离子体形成范围, 理论模型结果与实验结果基本相符.最后基于激光支持的爆轰波模型, 利用流体力学理论求出了等离子体的温度、 速度、 压强等特征参数, 并分析了微通道的特点.高温高压的等离子体烧蚀出石英微通道, 等离子通过后, 在冲击波压力作用下微通道内壁熔化的 石英凝固形成固化层.