四激励二维正交复合夹心式压电超声换能器的设计

提出了一种四激励二维正交复合夹心式压电超声换能器,换能器由四组纵向极化压电陶瓷晶堆、一个中心耦合金属块和四个外部金属圆锥组成。基于二维耦合振动机理和机电类比原理,建立了换能器的等效电路模型并推导了其谐振频率方程。利用有限元软件仿真分析了四激励正交复合换能器的频响特性和振动特性,并与其单独一个方向振子的振动特性进行了对比。加工了反相和同相模态的换能器,利用阻抗分析仪和激光测振仪测试了其频率响应和二维四向纵振动输出特性,并进行了大功率二维四向超声乳化实验测试。理论、仿真和实验结果表明:换能器具有反相和同相两个纵向正交共振模态,在这两种共振模态下均可实现二维四向纵振动输出,且换能器两个正交方向振子的纵向振动具有相互耦合加强的作用;等效电路法和有限元法所得换能器的共振频率和有效机电耦合系数与实验测试结果吻合,通过与单激励正交复合夹心式压电超声换能器的有效机电耦合系数对比,发现该换能器具有更高的有效机电耦合系数。     

径向复合压电陶瓷超声换能器的径向振动特性研究

对径向复合压电陶瓷超声换能器的径向振动特性进行了分析。该换能器由一个厚度极化的压电陶瓷实心圆盘和一个金属圆环在半径方向复合而成。论文首先研究了压电陶瓷圆盘及金属圆环的径向振动,推出了其径向振动的机电等效电路。在此基础上,利用换能器的径向边界条件,得出了径向复合压电陶瓷换能器的机电等效电路及其共振频率方程。探讨了换能器的共振频率和有效机电耦合系数与其几何尺寸之间的依赖关系。设计并实际制作了一些径向复合超声换能器,对其径向共振及反共振频率进行了测试,并利用有限元法进行了数值模拟。研究表明,利用文中理论得出的换能器的共振频率与实测值及数值模拟结果基本符合。     

径向复合圆柱压电超声换能器

提出一种三元径向复合圆柱压电超声换能器,并对其径向振动特性进行了研究。基于弹性力学理论及机电类比原理,导出了柱坐标系中分割处理径向极化压电陶瓷管准厚度模振动及薄壁短圆管径向振动的机电等效电路;利用径向力和振速连续的边界条件,得出了径向复合圆柱压电换能器系统的径向振动机电等效电路及其共振频率方程。探讨了换能器径向共振频率及有效机电耦合系数随其几何尺寸的变化关系。研究表明,换能器的径向共振频率及有效机电耦合系数随其内芯半径和预应力管壁厚度增大而降低。研制了一些径向复合圆柱压电换能器,并对其径向共振频率进行了测试。结果表明,理论与实验结果基本一致。      

夹心式径向复合压电超声换能器

对夹心式径向复合压电换能器径向振动特性进行了研究。该换能器由弹性内芯、预应力金属管及柱面压电陶瓷晶堆径向复合而成.利用机电类比法,得到了换能器的径向振动等效电路及频率方程。探讨了换能器第1、2阶径向共振频率及有效机电耦合系数与其几何尺寸的关系。研究表明,换能器第1阶径向共振频率随其内芯内径及预应力管壁厚度增大而降低;第2阶共振频率随内芯内径增大存在极小值,但随预应力管壁厚度增大单调下降。此外,采用第2阶径向共振模式能获得较高的有效机电耦合系数,并且压电陶瓷处于位移节线时,换能器有效机电耦合系数达极大值。对换能器共振频率的测试与有限元仿真表明。理论与实验及仿真结果符合较好。      

基于2-2型压电复合材料的新型宽频带径向振动超声换能器

本文提出了一种基于2-2型压电复合材料的新型宽频带径向振动超声换能器,它主要由内金属圆环和外压电陶瓷复合材料圆环组成.首先利用Newnham串并联理论和均匀场理论推导了2-2型压电复合材料的等效参数;其次利用解析法得到了金属圆环和径向极化压电复合陶瓷圆环径向振动的机电等效电路;最后得到了换能器的六端机电等效电路,从而得到了换能器的频率方程.接着分析了换能器共振频率和反共振频率以及有效机电耦合系数与几何尺寸、两相体积占比的关系,采用仿真软件对新型换能器的径向振动进行了数值模拟.结果表明,利用解析法得到的共振频率和反共振频率与数值模拟结果吻合较好.此外,对换能器在水下的辐射声场进行了仿真研究,结果表明新型复合材料径向换能器相比传统纯陶瓷径向换能器,发射电压响应幅值更大,工作带宽提高接近一倍,声匹配更佳.     

锥形剖面径向复合超声换能器的机电等效电路

研究了一种锥形剖面径向复合超声换能器。该换能器由一个等截面内金属圆环、一个轴向极化的压电陶瓷圆环和一个锥形剖面外金属圆环沿径向复合而成,且换能器的径向尺寸远大于高度。锥形剖面外金属圆环满足关系式h=h₀r,h₀为厚度变化常数。基于平面应力径向振动理论,推导了换能器的机电等效电路,得到了共振频率方程和反共振频率方程,进而研究了换能器的振动特性。并将理论计算的第1阶、第2阶径向共振频率和反共振频率与数值仿真结果相比较,二者结果一致。研究表明:锥形剖面换能器第1阶、第2阶径向共振频率、反共振频率、有效机电耦合系数不仅与换能器各部分的材料、径向几何尺寸有关,还与h₀有关。h₀越大,第1阶径向共振频率、反共振频率越大,有效机电耦合系数先增大后减小。与等截面相比,锥形剖面换能器沿径向向外辐射声波,辐射面积更大,辐射声功率更高,指向性更好。      

钹型换能器的优化设计*

本文研究的钹型换能器,是由一个压电陶瓷圆环和一个金属浅球壳组成。为了得到这种钹型换能器的解析解和它在不同介质中的机电性能。首先,根据前人得出的压电陶瓷圆环和金属浅球壳的理论模型,用等效电路法从理论上计算出了该换能器的共振频率并与仿真结果做了对比,发现二者近似吻合,验证了理论计算的可靠性,为这种钹型换能器的优化设计提供了理论指导。然后利用COMSOL Multiphysics分别模拟了压电陶瓷为圆盘和圆环的钹型换能器的共振频率,仿真结果表明：同等条件下,当圆环的外径和圆盘的半径相等时,压电陶瓷为圆环的钹型换能器共振频率更低,使其具有频率低、体积小的特点更加明显。利用数值方法,分析了钹型换能器的几何尺寸对其共振频率、反共振频率及有效机电耦合系数的影响。最后模拟了钹型换能器在水中的机电特性及声压分布。     

背衬参数对厚度模压电换能器特性的影响

系统研究了厚度模压电换能器的背衬厚度、声阻抗率及机械损耗因子对换能器振动性能影响,重点分析了在所关心频率附近的有效机电耦合系数和机械品质因数。计算结果表明,随着背衬厚度增大,换能器的有效机电耦合系数和机械品质因数均震荡减小;背衬声阻抗率与压电片声阻抗率差值增大,换能器有效机电耦合系数减小,机械品质因数增大;保持压电片厚度不变,增大背衬的机械损耗因子,换能器有效机电耦合系数单调减小,机械品质因数有极小值,在给定频率范围内电特性曲线趋于光滑。用有限元方法验证了等效电路计算方法的正确性,并对比了换能器的测试结果和计算结果。计算所得规律为厚度模压电换能器的设计和实验制作提供了理论依据。      

Cymbal换能器的力电性能

研究了Cymbal换能器的力电性能。在简单支承边界条件下,应用压电-弹性理论、克希霍夫薄板振动理论、瑞利-李兹理论和等效电路方法分析了Cymbal换能器的机电特性,给出了Cymbal换能器的近似解和串联共振频率方程,研究了Cymbal换能器在无负载条件下的等效电路及相关参数和Cymbal换能器空腔深度与空腔底部半径的比与谐振频率和机电耦合系数的关系。根据数值分析结果得到最佳机电耦合系数,为Cymbal换能器的优化设计提供了理论依据。     

可调频率压电换能器原理

最近,我们曾研究电负载对压电振动系统振动特性的影响。随着电负载的连续变化,通过压电效应,压电振动系统的谐振频率也连续地改变。由此引伸,可以实现可调频率压电换能器,本文将对其原理进行研讨。我们将对压电夹心换能器进行这种调节频率的理论分析,并对一种纵向加电场,纵向振动的夹心换能器进行实验比较。理论与实验结果一致表明,用有效耦合系数K_eff来衡量,该换能器可以在一个半倍频程的范围内有效地工作。这里提出的可调频率压电换能器,由于是改变电负载,通过压电耦合来实现换能器的频率调节的,因此它还具有方便、连续和瞬时可调的特点。     

Study on the radial composite piezoelectric ceramic transducer in radial vibration

A new type of radial composite piezoelectric transducer in radial vibration is developed and analyzed. The radial composite transducer consists of a piezoelectric ceramic thin ring polarized in the thickness direction and a metal thin circular ring. They are connected together and excited to vibrate in the radial direction. The radial vibrations of a piezoelectric ceramic thin ring and a metal thin circular ring are analyzed, respectively. Their radial electro-mechanical equivalent circuits are obtained. Based on the electro-mechanical equivalent circuits and using the boundary conditions between the piezoelectric ceramic thin ring and the metal thin circular ring in the radial direction, the electro-mechanical equivalent circuit of the radial composite piezoelectric transducer is derived out and the resonance frequency equation is obtained. The relationship between the resonance frequency and the geometrical dimensions of the transducer is analyzed. Some radial composite piezoelectric transducers are designed and manufactured. The resonance frequencies and the anti-resonance frequencies, the electro-mechanical equivalent circuit parameters are measured. The effective electro-mechanical coupling coefficient and the mechanical quality factor are calculated. It is illustrated that the measured radial resonance frequencies are in good agreement with the theoretical results from the resonance frequency equation.     

Theoretical analysis and experimental validation of radial cascaded composite ultrasonic transducer

A radial cascaded composite ultrasonic transducer is analyzed.The transducer consists of three short metal tubes and two radially polarized piezoelectric ceramic short tubes arranged alternately along the radial direction.The short metal tubes and the piezoelectric ceramic short tubes are connected in parallel electrically and in series mechanically,which can multiply the input sound power and sound intensity.Based on the theory of plane stress,the electro-mechanical equivalent circuit of radial vibration of the transducer is derived firstly.The resonance/anti-resonance frequency equation and the expression of the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient are obtained.Excellent electromechanical characteristics are determined by changing the radial geometric dimensions.Two prototypes of the transducers are designed and manufactured to support the analytical theory.It is concluded that the theoretical resonance/anti-resonance frequencies are consistent with the numerical and experimental results.When R_2 is at certain values,both the anti-resonance frequency and effective electromechanical coupling coefficient corresponding to the second mode have maximal values.The radial cascaded composite ultrasonic transducer is expected to be used in the fields of ultrasonic water treatment and underwater acoustics.     

阶梯圆环压电超声换能器径向振动性能的理论研究*

提出了一种阶梯圆环径向振动压电超声换能器,根据力电类比原理建立了阶梯圆环及阶梯圆环换能器的径向振动等效电路,推导了阶梯圆环的径向共振频率方程和位移放大系数,在此基础上进一步推导了换能器的径向共振和反共振频率方程。通过理论推导和有限元仿真模拟分析了阶梯圆环压电超声换能器的径向振动性能。结果表明,增大阶梯圆环中内外环的径向厚度之比K1或减小轴向厚度之比K2,阶梯圆环的一阶径向共振频率减小,二阶径向共振频率增大;在二阶径向共振模式下,K1、K2值在一定范围内阶梯圆环可实现由内向外的径向位移振幅放大;随着压电陶瓷圆环的内半径增大,阶梯圆环压电超声换能器的一阶、二阶径向共振和反共振频率减小,二阶径向共振下的有效机电转换系数趋于零;增大阶梯圆环内环的外半径,换能器的一阶径向共振和反共振频率减小,二阶径向共振和反共振频率先增大后减小,理论推导与仿真模拟结果符合良好。本文研究结果为阶梯圆环压电超声换能器的工程应用提供理论参考。     

Mode analysis of trilaminar bender bar transducers using an approximation method

Based on the vibration theory of a thin plate, an analytical treatment of the trilaminar bender bar with piezoelectric elements and inert substrate of various lengths is presented for mode analysis. Resonance frequency and effective electromechanical coupling coefficient are calculated by this method. The impacts of the geometries of the bender bar on the performance of its fundamental and third-order flexural mode are investigated in detail under rigid boundary conditions. It is shown that resonance frequency is extremely sensitive to the thickness of inert substrate. Moreover, the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient has peaks as the length of piezoelectric elements varies. The peaks are achieved when the length of piezoelectric elements equals the length between two nodes having zero strains in the x-direction. The trilaminar bender bar will be effectively excited when the strains on the piezoelectric element are in the same phase, which is important to disclose the vibration mechanisms of this kind of transducer. Also, analytical results are compared with the ones of numerical simulation. The results suggest that effective electromechanical coupling coefficient shares similar patterns with electrical conductance, which can be used to characterize transducer performance to a certain extent. It also demonstrates that the analytical treatment provides an efficient alternative way for optimizing the bender bar transducer design.     

Optimization of the performance of the sandwich piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer

The resonance and antiresonance frequency, the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient, and the mechanical quality factor of a sandwich piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer are studied and optimized. The effect of the thickness of thick piezoelectric element electrodes on the transducer performance is analyzed. The effect of the length and position of the piezoelectric elements in the transducer is also studied. It is shown that, although using thick electrodes is beneficial for releasing heat produced by the piezoelectric elements, the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient and the mechanical quality factor are reduced. The length and the position of the piezoelectric elements affect the performances of the transducer. Increasing the length of the piezoelectric elements decreases the mechanical quality factor, but the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient increases. When the length reaches a certain value, the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient reaches a maximum value. When the piezoelectric elements are located at the geometrical center or the displacement node, the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient and the mechanical quality factor are maximized.     

Study of the sandwiched piezoelectric ultrasonic torsional transducer

The sandwiched piezoelectric ultrasonic torsional transducer was studied. The transducer consists of front and back metal cylinders, and coaxially segmented, tangentially polarized, piezoelectric ceramic tubes. The torsional vibration of the tangentially polarized piezoelectric ceramic slender tube was studied first and its electromechanical equivalent circuit was derived. Based on the network theory and the electromechanical equivalent circuit, the torsional vibration of the piezoelectric ceramic cylinder, formed by stacking a number of identical short piezoelectric ceramic rings, was analysed and the electromechanical equivalent circuit of the piezoelectric ceramic stack in torsional vibration was developed. Finally, the sandwiched ultrasonic torsional transducer was studied and resonance frequency equations were derived which can be used to design and calculate the torsional transducers for different applications.