息肉与麻痹喉声源分类中非线性动力学发声系统模型研究

提出一种非线性动力学建模仿真发声系统,分类息肉和麻痹喉声源的方法,为声带疾病分类时参数选择提供了依据。首先介绍息肉和麻痹声带力学模型,耦合声门气流产生喉声源,求取喉声源频率(基频)、基频微扰;提出用庞加莱截面,分岔图对模型振动进行非线性分析;改变声带病理参数及声门下压,分析频率参数和混沌参数李雅普诺夫指数的变化。仿真实验结果表明,声带麻痹减小了发声基频,且只在一定压力范围内出现混沌振荡;息肉声带的混沌则分布在整个压力范围内。根据最大李雅普诺夫指数随声门下压变化的差异性分布,有助于识别并分类声带息肉和声带麻痹。      

息肉与麻痹喉声源分类中非线性动力学发声系统模型研究

提出一种非线性动力学建模仿真发声系统,分类息肉和麻痹喉声源的方法,为声带疾病分类时参数选择提供了依据。首先介绍息肉和麻痹声带力学模型,耦合声门气流产生喉声源,求取喉声源频率(基频)、基频微扰;提出用庞加莱截面,分岔图对模型振动进行非线性分析;改变声带病理参数及声门下压,分析频率参数和混沌参数李雅普诺夫指数的变化。仿真实验结果表明,声带麻痹减小了发声基频,且只在一定压力范围内出现混沌振荡;息肉声带的混沌则分布在整个压力范围内。根据最大李雅普诺夫指数随声门下压变化的差异性分布,有助于识别并分类声带息肉和声带麻痹。     

利用声带动力学模型参数反演方法进行病变嗓音分类

提出一种声带动力学模型参数反演方法,从发声机理角度对声带病变嗓音进行有效区分。依据声带生理组织和伯努利定律构建声带动力学模型,确定模型优化参数向量,耦合声门气流获取模型声门波;利用迭代自适应逆滤波算法获得实际嗓音声门波作为目标声门波;采用遗传优化算法提出通过匹配目标和模型声门波特征参数实现模型参数反演。实验结果表明,表征声门波的各时频域参数匹配相对误差不超过2%;依据反演所获模型参数提出去除声门下压影响的平均归一化缩放系数,克服声带非对称性特征在区分病变嗓音方面的不足,实现病理嗓音的全面有效区分。      

基于声带振动模型和声门波的嘶音研究

本文根据嘶音的主要病理表现为声带的病变、声门波反映了声带的运动状态，提出基于非对称四质量块声带振动模型及声门波分析一合成的嘶音研究方法。将嘶音信号波形与其声门波、声带振动模型联系起来，通过对正常语音和嘶哑病人术前术后语音信号的声门波和声带振动模型特征参数的研究，给出了常态语音和嘶音的声门波周期性、声带两侧参数对称性等参数的对比结果，分析了模型参数与嘶音生理与病理因素之间的关系。实验表明，基于声门波和声带振动模型的嘶音研究可以揭示嘶音的声学特征参数与病理因素的关系，为实现喉科疾病无接触诊断以及嘶音音质的改善提供理论和实验依据。     

喉部疾病的语声模拟方法研究

本文提出了声带的三质量块模型,给出了它的数学表达式和等效电路,并应用这种模型对病嗓产生的嘶哑语音进行了模拟分析。这些嘶哑语音包括声带闭合不全、声带小结、声带麻痹、喉炎、声带淀粉样变和声门癌等十六种典型情况。声带模型分析法可以作为喉疾诊断的一种方法。     

基于嗓音源变换函数的声门发声效率估计方法

在澄清嗓音源概念的基础上提出了一种以嗓音源变换函数为基础的声门发声效率估计方法。将嗓音源变换函数定义为声门上声学嗓音源与声门气流体积速度波在频域上的比值。通过精心设计的活体犬喉及人体发声实验分别在不同元音、压紧嗓音、气声、假声和典型喉病变条件下。采用稳态元音发声方式对这一新的声门发声效率估计方法实验研究；并与其他发声效率方法综合比较。结果表明，该方法能消除上声道传输与共鸣作用的影响，能反映不同发声方式的差异；频域平均声门发声效率反映了物理定义上的声门发声效率的变化，而声门基频发声效率的变化与ＡＣ／ＤＣ比值变化一致。     

男女嗓音源特性的比较研究

以男女性发声生理差异为基础,采用作者研制的嗓音测试系统无侵入地获取电声门波波形图、反滤波声门波波形图、扰动、声门发声效率等稳态和动态图谱与参数,对男女声带振动和嗓音源特性的差异进行了定量的比较研究,在男女性稳态发声声问波波形图时相参数对比、声门发声效率、浊音起声声带振动动态特性等方面获得了较多新的实验结果。这些结果与男女喉部解剖、发声生理解释相一致,对发声基础研究、言语工程技术和艺术嗓音学等领域有重要意义。     

高速摄影成像分析声带振动发声的前后不对称性

高速摄影成像直接观察到声带振动的前后不对称性。将11个离体狗喉声带进行发声实验,设置3组声门下压分别为10 cm H₂O,20 cm H₂O和30 cm H₂O,利用高速摄像仪和传声器,分别记录不同声门下压的声带振动图像和声信号.对高速摄影成像与同步采集的声信号基频进行定量分析和比较,基频均随声门下压的增大而增加。此外,对两种测量方法得到的基频进行相关分析比较,得到在同一声门下压下两种方法的基频相关系数均大于0.9,表明高速摄影成像得到的基频与声信号的基频具有高度相关性。高速摄影成像能直观地测量声带振动行为,对研究声带振动发声机理提供了有价值的测量手段。高速摄影获得的声带线性结构上25%,50%,75%位置处的振动幅度,显示了声带前后振动不对称且声门下压较低时振动不对称较明显。      

现代嗓声科学系列讲座选讲之二——嗓声的产生

现代言语声学理论与实验已大体上说明了正常(normal)语音产生的原理。这指的是,我们对语音产生(除神经外的)的生理过程、声道内(以下在许多词组中声与音二字沿习惯用,具有同意;除声明外,声源均指经喉部声带调制气流转化成声的声源;“声道”包括声带;“声道内”指声门以上,不包括声带)声源和声道滤波的物理过程已基本搞清。但是对噪声在不同声区时的声源情况还了解较少;声源与声门上/下的作用还颇待研究;对于控制嗓声系统各部统     

声带上表面振动黏膜波波速的激光测振估计方法

发声过程中声带组织振动的黏膜波测量对于声带组织力学特性和病理机制研究具有重要意义。本研究利用多普勒激光测振(Laser Doppler Vibrometer,LDV)和电声门图时间同步方法,对声带上表面的振动过程进行了重建,并基于该结果估计了黏膜波传播速度。通过离体犬喉发声实验,激光测振方法能够得到与高速光学方法相一致的黏膜波速度估计,并且能够重建不同时刻的声带上表面形态,证明了该方法应用于声带上表面振动特性研究的可行性和有效性。然而,由于单点测振的局限和时间同步的要求,稳态发声是保证该方法测量准确性的重要条件。      

Physiologic and acoustic differences between male and female voices

Comparison is drawn between male and female larynges on the basis of overall size, vocal fold membranous length, elastic properties of tissue, and prephonatory glottal shape. Two scale factors are proposed that are useful for explaining differences in fundamental frequency, sound power, mean airflow, and glottal efficiency. Fundamental frequency is scaled primarily according to the membranous length of the vocal folds (scale factor of 1.6), whereas mean airflow, sound power, glottal efficiency, and amplitude of vibration include another scale factor (1.2) that relates to overall larynx size. Some explanations are given for observed sex differences in glottographic waveforms. In particular, the simulated (computer-modeled) vocal fold contact area is used to infer male-female differences in the shape of the glottis. The female glottis appears to converge more linearly (from bottom to top) than the male glottis, primarily because of medial surface bulging of the male vocal folds.     

Simulation of vocal fold impact pressures with a self-oscillating finite-element model

Vocal fold impact pressures were studied using a self-oscillating finite-element model capable of simulating vocal fold vibration and airflow. The calculated airflow pressure is applied on the vocal fold as the driving force. The airflow region is then adjusted according to the calculated vocal fold displacement. The interaction between airflow and the vocal folds produces a self-oscillating solution. Lung pressures between 0.2 and 2.5 kPa were used to drive this self-oscillating model. The spatial distribution of the impact pressure was studied. Studies revealed that the tissue collision during phonation produces a very large impact pressure which correlates with the lung pressure and glottal width. Larger lung pressure and a narrower glottal width increase the impact pressure. The impact pressure was found to be roughly the square root of lung pressure. In the inferior-superior direction, the maximum impact pressure is related to the narrowest glottis. In the anterior-posteriorfirection, the greatest impact pressure appears at the midpoint of the vocal fold. The match between our numerical simulations and clinical observations suggests that this self-oscillating finite-element model might be valuable for predicting mechanical trauma of the vocal folds.     

Flow visualization and pressure distributions in a model of the glottis with a symmetric and oblique divergent angle of 10 degrees

Modeling the human larynx can provide insights into the nature of the flow and pressures within the glottis. In this study, the intraglottal pressures and glottal jet flow were studied for a divergent glottis that was symmetric for one case and oblique for another. A Plexiglas model of the larynx (7.5 times life size) with interchangeable vocal folds was used. Each vocal fold had at least 11 pressure taps. The minimal glottal diameter was held constant at 0.04 cm. The glottis had an included divergent angle of 10 degrees. In one case the glottis was symmetric. In the other case, the glottis had an obliquity of 15 degrees. For each geometry, transglottal pressure drops of 3, 5, 10, and 15 cm H2O were used. Pressure distribution results, suggesting significantly different cross-channel pressures at glottal entry for the oblique case, replicate the data in another study by Scherer et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109, 1616-1630 (2001b)]. Flow visualization using a LASER sheet and seeded airflow indicated separated flow inside the glottis. Separation points did not appear to change with flow for the symmetric glottis, but for the oblique glottis moved upstream on the divergent glottal wall as flow rate increased. The outgoing glottal jet was skewed off-axis for both the symmetric and oblique cases. The laser sheet showed asymmetric circulating regions in the downstream region. The length of the laminar core of the glottal jet was less than approximately 0.6 cm, and decreased in length as flow increased. The results suggest that the glottal obliquity studied here creates significantly different driving forces on the two sides of the glottis (especially at the entrance to the glottis), and that the skewed glottal jet characteristics need to be taken into consideration for modeling and aeroacoustic purposes.     

Two parametric voice source models and their asymptotic analysis

The paper studies the asymptotic behavior of the function for the area of the glottis near moments of its opening and closing for two mathematical voice source models. It is shown that in the first model, the asymptotics of the area function obeys a power law with an exponent of no less that 1. Detailed analysis makes it possible to refine these limits depending on the relative sizes of the intervals of a closed and open glottis. This work also studies another parametric model of the area of the glottis, which is based on a simplified physical-geometrical representation of vocal-fold vibration processes. This is a special variant of the well-known two-mass model and contains five parameters: the period of the main tone, equivalent masses on the lower and upper edge of vocal folds, the coefficient of elastic resistance of the lower vocal fold, and the delay time between openings of the upper and lower folds. It is established that the asymptotics of the obtained function for the area of the glottis obey a power law with an exponent of 1 both for opening and closing.     

Shaping function models of the phonatory excitation signal

The phonatory excitation signal is the acoustic signal that is generated at the glottis by the vibrating vocal folds and pulsatile airflow. A shaping function model is a nonlinear memoryless input-output characteristic that transforms a simple harmonic into the desired output. The model can be fitted linearly to observed or simulated template cycles. The instantaneous values of the excitation cycle centroid, amplitude as well as length, and the cues for phonatory identity are set via distinct parameters. The synthetic phonatory excitation signal is zero on average, as well as identically zero when the glottal airflow rate is constant.     

Theoretical assessment of unsteady aerodynamic effects in phonation

This paper ranks the importance of unsteady aerodynamic mechanisms in glottal flow. Particular emphasis is given to separation point motion, acceleration of glottal airflow by vocal fold motion, and viscous blockage. How nondimensional parameters such as the Reynolds, Strouhal, and Womersley numbers help in this ranking is also addressed. An equation of motion is derived which includes terms explicitly describing the effects of interest, assuming (1) a symmetrical glottis, (2) zero pressure recovery downstream of the vocal folds, and (3) a quasisteady glottal jet. Estimating the order of magnitude of the terms in this equation, it is shown that the flow is characterized by two temporal regimes: (1) a flow initiation/shutoff regime where local unsteady acceleration and wall motion dominate, and (2) a "quasisteady" regime where the flow is dominated by convective acceleration. In the latter case, separation point motion and viscous blockage are shown to be out of phase with motion of the vocal folds, thereby impacting the shape of the glottal volume flow waveform. The analysis suggests that glottal flow may be considered quasisteady only insofar as traditional assumptions concerning glottal jet behavior can be confirmed.     

Physical mechanisms of phonation onset: a linear stability analysis of an aeroelastic continuum model of phonation

In an investigation of phonation onset, a linear stability analysis was performed on a two-dimensional, aeroelastic, continuum model of phonation. The model consisted of a vocal fold-shaped constriction situated in a rigid pipe coupled to a potential flow which separated at the superior edge of the vocal fold. The vocal fold constriction was modeled as a plane-strain linear elastic layer. The dominant eigenvalues and eigenmodes of the fluid-structure-interaction system were investigated as a function of glottal airflow. To investigate specific aerodynamic mechanisms of phonation onset, individual components of the glottal airflow (e.g., flow-induced stiffness, inertia, and damping) were systematically added to the driving force. The investigations suggested that flow-induced stiffness was the primary mechanism of phonation onset, involving the synchronization of two structural eigenmodes. Only under conditions of negligible structural damping and a restricted set of vocal fold geometries did flow-induced damping become the primary mechanism of phonation onset. However, for moderate to high structural damping and a more generalized set of vocal fold geometries, flow-induced stiffness remained the primary mechanism of phonation onset.