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介绍了HL-2M环向场线圈的基本结构设计及其承受的电磁载荷,分析了水平预加载、中心柱预应力筒以及环向抗扭支撑对线圈匝间剪切应力的影响.结果表明,水平预加载及预应力筒在中心柱内产生的压应力有利于提高中心柱的抗扭刚度;环向支撑刚度增加可减小线圈的面内剪切应力.在正常运行工况下,环向场线圈的最大匝间剪切应力小于8MPa,其结构设计满足线圈强度要求.对于大破裂瞬态事件,匝间最大剪切应力约12MPa,接近绝缘材料的剪切疲劳极限,建议采取破裂抑制措施避免该情况发生.     

极坐标下椭圆环和椭圆盘刚体的转动惯量

本文在平面极坐标下计算了匀质椭圆环和椭圆盘刚体对过焦点和过中心且垂直于环、盘平面的转轴的转动惯量,并研究了转动惯量随椭圆离心率的变化关系.     

广义坐标变换在普通物理学中的一些应用

文章举例阐述了广义坐标变换在力学和电磁学中的一些应用.应用广义极坐标变换和广义球坐标变换计算线椭圆环、椭圆盘和椭球刚体对任意轴的转动惯量;应用电多极展开的具体形式结合广义坐标变换,计算均匀带电线椭圆环、椭圆盘和椭球在远场处的电势.     

基于有限元仿真的硅基纳米光镊结构的设计

针对金属表面等离激元光镊热损耗问题,设计了一种硅基双纳米柱加纳米环的光镊结构.通过有限元仿真在1 064nm入射光场下计算了三种不同硅基纳米结构(硅基纳米球、纳米柱、纳米环)的场增强效果.利用硅基纳米结构光学共振机理,设计了一种电场增强倍数达到7.39倍的硅基双纳米柱光镊结构.在此基础上,增加纳米环使光镊结构的环中心与双纳米柱间隙产生光学共振耦合现象,得到的电场增强倍数高达11.9倍,形成了稳定的光学势阱.最后采用麦克斯韦应力张量法对硅基光镊中不同直径的聚苯乙烯小球进行了捕获分析,并在x、y、z方向上计算分析了直径为25nm的聚苯乙烯小球在不同位置的捕获力、捕获势能以及捕获刚度.设计的硅基纳米双圆柱加纳米环的光镊结构能够对聚苯乙烯小球起到良好的捕获效果.     

柱环腔中的量子电动力学效应

研究以同轴不同半径柱面围成的导体柱环腔体中电磁场真空零点振动模式所给出的宏观量子效应.零点振动模式通过求解柱环空腔边界条件下无源的Maxwell方程组获得.得到了双柱面同心柱环中单位长度和单位面积的且是有限的真空能量，即Casimir能量.这有限的Casimir能量可以分解为独立而且收敛的三部分，它们分别来自内柱面、外柱面和柱环之中.对多柱面同心柱环，Casimir能量可分解为独立的（2n—1）部分（n为柱面数）.柱环是类似于平行板的几何结构.但柱环所给出的Casimir能量和Casimir势能系数是随着 关键词： Casimir效应 柱环腔体 零点能 量子电动力学     

柱壳和锥壳结构自由振动特征的数值计算与校验

为了评估柱壳和锥壳结构自由振动特征数值计算的精度,分析不同边界条件、环肋、纵肋以及流体载荷对自由振动特征的影响,计算并校验了典型壳体结构在空气中、浸没以及浸没并充满水情况下的自由振动特征。结果表明,空气中干模态分析在2 kHz内、单面及双面接触水情况下的流固耦合湿模态分析在500 Hz内的计算精度能够控制在10%以内。壳体流固耦合自由振动分析时可以采用实体单元离散也可以采用壳单元离散的方法,前者精度略高,能够有效保证求解收敛的频带范围更宽,但工作量更大。径长比大于0.2时,浸没于水中的自由振动分析可以转换为内部填充水时的自由振动分析,转换时应保证两者流固耦合湿表面积相等,如半浸水和半充满水,能够有效减小计算量;环肋和流体载荷对壳体自由振动特征的影响明显,环肋使柱壳同阶自振频率增加,流体载荷使柱壳同阶自振频率减小且影响幅度更大,两者均会使得柱壳模态振型呈现错序排列;流固耦合效应对无肋柱壳和环肋柱壳自振频率的影响效果相当;柱壳内外有水相对于单面接触水而言,同阶自振频率进一步减小,模态振型基本不变;流体载荷对环肋锥壳的自振频率和模态振型的影响幅度较对环肋柱壳小。      

基于高折射率断环结构的全固光子带隙光纤的设计

设计了基于断环结构的全固光子带隙光纤,其背景材料为熔石英而断环结构由若干掺杂的高折射率介质柱构成.基于平面波展开法计算得到的态密度图和Bloch模场分布表明,该种光纤中的一个高阶带隙可以得到调节并被极大展宽,带隙调节的基本原理是断环可以同时控制包层介质柱的线偏振模式的角向和径向模式阶数.研究表明,断环中的介质柱数目决定了受影响最小的一组线偏振模式的最高角向阶数,而带隙宽度受介质柱尺寸影响很大.这一宽的高阶带隙可以用来设计带隙中心分别在800和1550 nm、带宽分别为488和944 nm的全固光子带隙光纤 关键词： 全固光子带隙光纤 光子带隙 光纤设计 平面波展开法     

A_I型发动机环形燃烧室的改进

一、A_1型发动机环形火焰筒的改进 为了实现性能要求,我们对A_1型发动机环形火焰筒(简称环Ⅰ)进行了下列改进。 1.采用槽式冷却。照片是改进后的环Ⅰ。在稳定性试验中,如采用孔式冷却环Ⅰ相邻头间转接段气膜片曾产生烧蚀。主要原因是环Ⅰ的头部热负荷比通常值大,头数又少,相邻头间集中了更多     

束变换环孔激光谐振腔的环束场传输差分计算

 通过使用新的坐标变量和光场的表达形式，推导了新坐标系下环束场传输的偏微分方程，给出了相应差分方程的截断误差和稳定性条件，使得环束场传输计算速度大幅提高；使用二阶精度的Crank-Nicolso差分方法对束变换环孔激光谐振腔的环束场传输进行了计算，并与W.D.Murphy和M.L.Bernabe所给M-B积分近似方法的计算结果进行了比较，证实了该方法无论计算速度和精度都优于M-B积分近似方法。     

一种陶瓷径向绝缘强流二极管耐压结构设计

 对外径230 mm的陶瓷绝缘板，依据强流真空二极管径向绝缘的设计思想，设计加工了“锥-柱”型阳极外壳，并在传输线内筒和阴极杆末端位置增加了均压罩和屏蔽环结构。利用静电场有限元程序计算了陶瓷-真空界面电场分布，通过对外壳细节结构以及均压罩、屏蔽环形状和位置的调整，使得真空界面上沿面场强和三结合点处场强均得到了有效控制。在单线长脉冲加速器上进行了实验研究，结果显示，二极管能够耐受400 kV、脉宽大于200 ns的脉冲电压，运行稳定，达到了理论设计要求。     

Planck, the Quantum, and the Historians

In late 1900, the German theoretical physicist Max Planck derived an expression for the spectrum of black-body radiation. That derivation was the first step in the introduction of quantum concepts into physics. But how did Planck think about his result in the early years of the twentieth century? Did he assume that his derivation was consistent with the continuous energies inherent in Maxwellian electrodynamics and Newtonian mechanics? Or did he see the beginnings, however tentative and uncertain, of the quantum revolution to come? Historians of physics have debated this question for over twenty years. In this article, I review that debate and, at the same time, present Planck's achievement in its historical context.     

Color,flavor, duality,and the pomeron

AtN _c /N _f =∞ such that quark loops are absent the Harari-Freund (HF)P+f model of diffraction can be motivated through the identification Pomeron ≈ glueball,f≈leading planar trajectory. AtN _c =3, the presence of confinement-related mass scales introduced by quark loops is a basic complication that can easily change this situation to, e.g., a dominantP?f identity structure. Aurenche and Gonzales Mestres (AGM) have argued that diffraction is essentially identical atN _c /N _f =∞ and atN _c =3. They further claim to have generated the HF scheme directly atN _c =3 through the novel mechanism of a multiperipheral iteration of daughters that becomes theP. We respond to these arguments. We give a general qualitative discussion of changes expected in theN _c /N _f =∞ toN _c =3 transition. Important hadron scattering quantities like particle multiplicities are very different in dynamics dominated by glue and atN _c =3, unlike other quantities like resonance width to mass ratios. We argue that the weak coupling dual model is not a reliable guide toN _c =3 dynamics. We criticize AGM's “daughter generated Pomeron”, and we close with a brief summary of other attempts to generate theP+f model.     

Surmounting the Cartesian Cut Through Philosophy, Physics, Logic, Cybernetics, and Geometry: Self-reference, Torsion, the Klein Bottle, the Time Operator, Multivalued Logics and Quantum Mechanics

In this transdisciplinary article which stems from philosophical considerations (that depart from phenomenology??after Merleau-Ponty, Heidegger and Rosen??and Hegelian dialectics), we develop a conception based on topological (the Moebius surface and the Klein bottle) and geometrical considerations (based on torsion and non-orientability of manifolds), and multivalued logics which we develop into a unified world conception that surmounts the Cartesian cut and Aristotelian logic. The role of torsion appears in a self-referential construction of space and time, which will be further related to the commutator of the True and False operators of matrix logic, still with a quantum superposed state related to a Moebius surface, and as the physical field at the basis of Spencer-Brown??s primitive distinction in the protologic of the calculus of distinction. In this setting, paradox, self-reference, depth, time and space, higher-order non-dual logic, perception, spin and a time operator, the Klein bottle, hypernumbers due to Musès which include non-trivial square roots of ±1 and in particular non-trivial nilpotents, quantum field operators, the transformation of cognition to spin for two-state quantum systems, are found to be keenly interwoven in a world conception compatible with the philosophical approach taken for basis of this article. The Klein bottle is found not only to be the topological in-formation for self-reference and paradox whose logical counterpart in the calculus of indications are the paradoxical imaginary time waves, but also a classical-quantum transformer (Hadamard??s gate in quantum computation) which is indispensable to be able to obtain a complete multivalued logical system, and still to generate the matrix extension of classical connective Boolean logic. We further find that the multivalued logic that stems from considering the paradoxical equation in the calculus of distinctions, and in particular, the imaginary solutions to this equation, generates the matrix logic which supersedes the classical logic of connectives and which has for particular subtheories fuzzy and quantum logics. Thus, from a primitive distinction in the vacuum plane and the axioms of the calculus of distinction, we can derive by incorporating paradox, the world conception succinctly described above.     

Steering, entanglement, nonlocality, and the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox

The concept of steering was introduced by Schr?dinger in 1935 as a generalization of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox for arbitrary pure bipartite entangled states and arbitrary measurements by one party. Until now, it has never been rigorously defined, so it has not been known (for example) what mixed states are steerable (that is, can be used to exhibit steering). We provide an operational definition, from which we prove (by considering Werner states and isotropic states) that steerable states are a strict subset of the entangled states, and a strict superset of the states that can exhibit Bell nonlocality. For arbitrary bipartite Gaussian states we derive a linear matrix inequality that decides the question of steerability via Gaussian measurements, and we relate this to the original Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox.     

Formal structures,the concepts of covariance,invariance, equivalent reference frames,and the principle Relativity

In this paper a given spacetime theoryT is characterized as the theory of a certainspecies of structure in the sense of Bourbaki [1]. It is then possible to clarify in a rigorous way the concepts ofpassive andactive covariance ofT under the action of the manifold mapping groupG _M . For eachT, we define also aninvariance groupG _I T and, in general,G _I T ≠G _M . This group is defined once we realize that, for eachτ ∈ModT, each explicit geometrical object defining the structure can be classified as absolute or dynamical [2]. All spacetime theories possess alsoimplicit geometrical objects that do not appear explicitly in the structure. These implicit objects are not absolute nor dynamical. Among them there are thereference frame fields, i.e., “timelike” vector fieldsX ∈TU, \(U \subseteq M\) M, whereM is a manifold which is part ofST, a substructure for eachτ ∈ModT, called spacetime. We give a physically motivated definition of equivalent reference frames and introduce the concept of theequivalence group of a class of reference frames of kind X according to T, G _X T. We define thatT admits aweak principle of relativity (WPR) only ifG _X T ≠ identity for someX. IfG _X T =G _I T for someX, we say thatT admits a strong principle of relativity (PR). The results of this paper generalize and clarify several results obtained by Anderson [2], Scheibe [3], Hiskes [4], Recami and Rodrigues [5], Friedman [6], Fock [7], and Scanavini [8]. Among the novelties here, there is the realization that the definitions ofG _I T andG _X T can be given only when certain boundary conditions for the equations of motion ofT can be physically realizable in the domainU \(U \subseteq M\) M, where a given reference frame is defined. The existence ofphysically realizable boundary conditions for eachτ ∈ModT (in ?U), in contrast with the mathematically possible boundary condition, is then seen to be essential for the validity of a principle of relativity forT. The methodology of the present paper has been applied to several topics of spacetime physics with very interesting results. Here we mention:

1. The Newtonian concepts of absolute space and absolute time can be presented in a very elegant way as “species of structure”. One of the surprising results is that we succeeded in finding a Lorentzian structure [9] in Newtonian spacetime without introducing any new explict geometrical object in the original structure. The Newtonian spacetime structure and its relation to the relativistic spacetime structure and to the structure of the spacetime of the so-called Lorentz aether theories [11,12] is fully discussed in [13].
2. It is possible to present in a novel and unified way the question concerning experiments designed to detect a possible breakdown of Lorentz invariance, a subject we already dedicated attention to in Rodrigues and Tiomno [11,12] and Rodrigues [14,15]. A full account of this subject will be published elsewhere.
3. In Rodrigues and Scanavini [16], we proved that there are models of General Relativity that contain a canonical privileged locally inertial reference frame that can be physically distinguished from any other frame by experiments doneinside the frame.

Although the formalism of this paper may at first sight look very abstract, actually it is easy to aplly it to specific theories. We present an example at the end of the paper which is sufficiently general to show “in action” almost all concepts introduced in this paper.     

Antimatter, the SME, and gravity

A general field-theoretic framework for the analysis of CPT and Lorentz violation is provided by the Standard-Model Extension (SME). This work discusses a number SME-based proposals for tests of CPT and Lorentz symmetry, including antihydrogen spectroscopy and antimatter gravity tests.     

Mass, energy, and the electron

The two-component solutions of the Dirac equation currently in use are not separately a particle equation or an antiparticle equation. We present a unitary transformation that uncouples the four-component, force-free Dirac equation to yield a two-component spinor equation for the force-free motion of a relativistic particle and a corresponding two-component, time-reversed equation for an antiparticle. The particle-antiparticle nature of the two equations is established by applying to the solutions of these two-component equations criteria analogous to those applied for establishing the four-component particle and antiparticle solutions of the four-component Dirac equation. Wave function solutions of our two-component particle equation describe both a right and a left circularly polarized particle. Interesting characteristics of our solutions include spatial distributions that are confined in extent along directions perpendicular to the motion, without the artifice of wave packets, and an intrinsic chirality (handedness) that replaces the usual definition of chirality for particles without mass. Our solutions demonstrate that both the rest mass and the relativistic increase in mass with velocity of the force-free electron are due to an increase in the rate of Zitterbewegung with velocity. We extend this result to a bound electron, in which case the loss of energy due to binding is shown to decrease the rate of Zitterbewegung.     

ICP-AES同时测定铝合金中Fe,Si,Cu,Mg,Mn,Ni,Zn,Ti,Cr,Sr等杂质元素

本文通过基体干扰和操作条件的试验研究，分别用基体匹配法和干扰系数法校正基体干扰和待测元素间的干扰，建立了以氢氧化钠溶样，ICP－AES同时测定铝合金中铁、锰、铜、锌、镁、钛、硅、镍、铬、锶等杂质元素的方法。方法快速、简便、可靠，回收率93％－102％，适用于进出口铝合金的快速检验。     

Stability of bipolarons, electron-electron correlations, the variational principle, and the virial theorem

For bipolaron states, a relation is established between the variational principle and the virial theorem optimizing the electronic wave functions. It is shown that a bipolaron one-center state is unstable under any conditions that do not violate basic physical principles. It is established that a stage-by-stage increase in the flexibility of the electronic wave function due to the electron-electron correlations does not stabilize a one-center bipolaron. It is argued that the results of calculations based on the one-center bipolaron model are incorrect.     

Decoherence,the Density Matrix,the Thermal State and the Classical World

Decoherence has been the basis for understanding the emergence of the classical world from its quantum underpinnings. Unfortunately the calculations establishing decoherence overshoot and, based on assumptions that break down, predict that with the passage of time the off-diagonal elements of the density matrix become arbitrarily small. It has been recognized by some authors that the thermal state, assumed to hold for systems in equilibrium, places a bound on off diagonal terms. In this article we establish—preserving the conservation of energy, as is not the case for previous work—that indeed the thermal state is an attractor under scattering. Moreover, the bound on the off-diagonal terms present in the thermal state does not contradict everyday experience.