光电子学与光电子产业专题系列介绍 量子阱电光调制器和光开关

讨论了半导体量子阱中量子限制Ｓｔａｒｋ效应（ＱＣＳＥ）──垂直于量子阶层而的电场下吸收边的红移现象．由于这个效应，量子阱材料吸收边附近的光学常数受电场调制，其调制率比体村料大得多．利用吸收系数的变化可以制作光强度调制器和光开关，利用折射率的变化可以制作光相位调制器和光开关．这些器件因其工作电压低、调制率高、插入损耗小、功耗小，可以和其他光器件单片集成，在光通信和光信息处理技术中有实用价值．也讨论了半导体超晶格中Ｗａｎｎｉｅｒ－Ｓｔａｒｋ局域化效应，它引起超晶格吸收边的兰移，这一效应也可用于制作光调制器和光开关．     

基于激发态吸收的C60分子全光开关特性研究

用５３２．０ｎｍ的脉冲Ｎｄ：ＹＡＧ激光作为泵浦光，７４７．０ｎｍ的连续半导体激光作为探测光，在Ｃ₆₀甲苯溶液中，利用Ｃ₆₀分子的三重态－三重态非线性吸收效应，获得Ｃ₆₀分子的全光开关和全光调制特性，并用速率方程进行了动力学数值模拟，得到与实验相一致的结果。 关键词：     

光波导开关的最新进展

随着光纤通信技术的不断发展，作为光分插复用（OADM）和光交叉互联（OXC）核心器件的光开关作用日益突出。文章从开关单元结构、材料及调制机理三个角度对波导开关进行了划分，阐述了波导开关的基本原理以及当前的研究进展，对面临的一些技术挑战进行了分析，并提出了自己的观点。     

基于光IQ调制的OFDR系统定位研究

针对传统内调制光频域反射(OFDR)分布式传感系统中扫频激光存在的频率变化非线性问题及其造成的信噪比降低问题,提出了基于光IQ调制的光频域反射系统,分析了光IQ调制扫频基本原理和光频域反射传感系统基本原理,搭建了基于光IQ调制器的扫频激光生成系统和OFDR温度变化定位实验系统,通过光IQ调制器对稳频激光进行调制以生成线性扫频激光,并将线性扫频激光导入OFDR系统实现对待测光纤上温度变化的定位检测。实验结果证明,基于光IQ调制器的OFDR系统可以准确定位待测光纤上的温度变化位置,在1000m光纤上定位误差为0.0606m。研究表明,基于光IQ调制的光频域反射系统可以实现中长距离的高精度温度变化定位传感。     

SA/PMMA的可擦除光存储特性研究

用在聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂（PMMA）中掺杂邻羟基亚甲基苯胺（SA）样品，实现了可见光区域的可擦除光存储。以Ar^ 激光488.0nm线为写入光，He-Ne激光632.8nm线为读出光，研究了光栅生长的动力学过程。在写入和擦除过程中，均观察到了衍射信号随时间先增强后减弱的趋势。探讨了写入光和擦除光功率对衍射信号的影响，依据相干光调制形成相位光栅和光异构产生压力梯度引起分子扩散的光物理过程对光存储机制进行了探讨。     

激发态,光调制器

激发态光调制器(见图1)是由惰性高聚物制成。它的优点是:仅具有微米小的尺寸;调制时反应灵敏;存在着千兆级调制频率;仅用半导体激光的功率(如10mw)就能调制;还有它的简易可行性。此光调制器在光通信和光计算领域里有着应用前景。比如它能替代电光装置的一些功能,对构成光集成系统     

串联式电光开关实现光脉冲宽度大范围可调

为了获得大范围脉宽可调的光脉冲,以连续激光为光源,采用两个外腔调制型电光开关,将该连续激光调制成单脉冲光源.其中两个外腔调制型电光开关采用串联方式工作,两者之间的检偏方向相互垂直,由第一级电光开关实现激光脉冲的快速开启,第二级电光开关实现激光脉冲的快速关闭.通过延时同步机对两个电光开关的动作时间进行控制,从而实现光脉冲宽度大范围可调.实验研究获得了最窄脉冲宽度40 ns,最宽脉冲宽度400μs的532 nm激光脉冲.     

串联式电光开关实现光脉冲宽度大范围可调

为了获得大范围脉宽可调的光脉冲,以连续激光为光源,采用两个外腔调制型电光开关,将该连续激光调制成单脉冲光源.其中两个外腔调制型电光开关采用串联方式工作,两者之间的检偏方向相互垂直,由第一级电光开关实现激光脉冲的快速开启,第二级电光开关实现激光脉冲的快速关闭.通过延时同步机对两个电光开关的动作时间进行控制,从而实现光脉冲宽度大范围可调.实验研究获得了最窄脉冲宽度40 ns,最宽脉冲宽度400 μs的532 nm激光脉冲.     

单边带光纤承载射频系统的最佳调制指数

研究了在采用光单边带(SSB)调制方式的光纤承载射频(ROF)系统中,射频(RF)信号对光载波的调制指数对调制产生的光载毫米波信号中光载波和光边带分量之间功率对比关系的影响。针对单边带光载毫米波信号中的光载波分量和光边带分量的功率相差较大时,ROF系统的接收灵敏度较低的问题,分析了决定光载波和光边带分量的功率的主要因素。并指出通过选择最佳的射频调制指数可以使光载波和光边带分量的功率平衡,给出了最佳调制指数的值。仿真结果证实了最佳射频调制指数能够使光载波和光边带分量的功率平衡,进而使微波光纤系统的光接收灵敏度达到最高。     

基于光参量过程直接产生高重频超短脉冲序列

论证了单晶体光参量放大（OPA）过程在特定边界条件下满足频域宇称-时间（PT）反对称性。归一化的数值求解结果显示,OPA系统PT对称阈值点附近呈现增益跃变性质。对于存在位相失配的OPA,通过实时调控泵浦光强,即可控制系统PT对称性,论文基于相位失配OPA中可超快调控PT对称性的特性构建了超快光开关,一方面光开关与周期性幅度调制的泵浦光联合使用,可直接将连续激光转换为超短脉冲序列输出;另一方面,构建的光开关也可用于脉冲激光再压缩,有望用于中红外波等长波段超短种子源。论文提出的基于超快光开关直接产生超短脉冲序列的方案,由于不需要光学谐振腔,易于实现大于10 GHz的超高重复频率。     

Beam steering and deflecting device using step-based micro-blazed grating

The rapidly evolving demands of optical communications and optical switching systems have created a new market for high capacity all-optical beam steering and deflecting techniques. One technology potentially capable of realizing such systems uses the multistep micro-blazed grating optical beam deflectors based on binary and multiple-phase modulation methods. The micro-optical element has been fabricated by introducing very large scale integration (VLSI), stepping photolithography and reactive ion etching (RIE), which can realize beam steering, deflecting, splitting, and switching in free space, and its diffraction properties are determined by the blazed-grating parameters, such as the number of steps, grating depth, grating period, as well as blazed profile. The theoretical analysis and primarily experimental result show that this phase-type element has the advantages of high diffractive efficiency, low cross talk, small feature size, and high reliability due to nonmechanical beam steering without any moving parts. Hence it is ideally suited to applications in optical communication and optical interconnection network.     

Analysis of all-optical light modulation in proteorhodopsin protein molecules

We present a detailed steady-state and time-dependent theoretical analysis of all-optical light modulation in the recently discovered, wild-type proteorhodopsin (WTpR) protein molecules based on excited-state absorption. Amplitude modulation of cw probe laser beam transmissions at 520, 405, 555 and 560 nm, corresponding to the peak absorption of pR, pR_M, pR_K and pR_N intermediate states of pR photocycle, respectively, by cw and pulsed modulating pump laser beam at 520 nm have been analyzed. The effect of various spectral and kinetic parameters on modulation characteristics has been studied. There is an optimum value of concentration for a given pump intensity value for which maximum modulation of the probe beam can be achieved. The switching characteristics of probe beam at 405 and 520 nm exhibit dip and peak, respectively, which can be removed by decreasing the absorption of pR_M state at 520 nm. The modulation in WTpR is at lower pump powers with smaller contrast in comparison to WT bacteriorhodopsin (bR) and WT pharaonis phoborhodopsin (ppR). The modulation characteristics exhibit unique features compared to bR and ppR.     

Nonlinear beam interactions in semi-infinite waveguide arrays

The interactions between coherent beams launched near the interface of one-dimensional semi-infinite Kerr-type nonlinear waveguide arrays have been theoretically investigated. We have explored the effect of the input intensities, the relative phase of the optical beams, and the modulation of the refractive index of the optical lattices on nonlinear beam interaction dynamics. For in-phase beams with different incident intensities, the highly-localized spatial soliton was dragged in a discrete fashion by a low-intensity diffracting beam. Anomalous fusion of two out-of-phase beams, and energy exchange between the excited channels were observed at high intensities. The possibility of employing nonlinear interactions for optical signal re-addressing, all-optical switching is also discussed.     

环形光束的非线性传输及聚焦特性研究

针对用于产生光镊的环形光束,利用分步傅里叶-贝塞尔变换算法,对二维环形超高斯光束的非线性传输及聚焦过程进行了数值模拟,给出了环形光束聚焦场附近的光强分布,并分析了非线性调制对聚焦性质(包括焦面中心光强、焦面光强的横向分布、轴上光强和光束质量)的影响.研究表明,从聚焦角度来看,非线性调制中的位相调制比振幅调制对环形光束聚焦性质的影响程度要大;从非线性传输角度来看,随着非线性介质长度的增加,位相调制和振幅调制对环形光束聚焦性质各有不同程度的加剧,其中非线性作用对振幅调制的影响要比位相调制明显.     

Phase-modulated multigroup volume holographic correlator

We propose a hybrid multiplexing method for volume holographic correlators based on the combination of orthogonal random phase modulation of an object beam and two-dimensional angular multiplexing of a reference beam. This method implements storing multiple groups of library images in a single storage location and outputting multiple groups of correlation spots by switching the modulation phase masks. Three experiments are designed to test the validity of this method.     

Phase‐controlled directional switching of surface plasmon polaritons via beam interference

A novel method for switching the direction of surface plasmon polarition (SPP) launching is proposed. The principle behind the switching mechanism is based on the relative phase difference between the reference beam and the control beam. Selective guidance of the direction of SPP can be explained by the composition of the charge parity that is induced near the slit edge, which is caused by interference created by two incident beams. The switching of SPP launching direction could be implemented by simple phase modulation of the control beam when the slit parameters satisfy the specific conditions at the designed specific wavelength. An experimental demonstration, in good agreement with numerical results, shows that our configuration of SPP switching can be operated by a quite simple interaction.     

High-contrast all-optical switching with Pt:ethynyl complex

We have theoretically analyzed all-optical switching in Pt:ethynyl complex based on nonlinear excited-state absorption. A detailed analysis for Pt:ethynyl complex has been presented based on rate equation approach. It is shown that a pulsed pump laser beam at 355 nm switches the transmission of a cw probe laser beam at 633 nm through a Pt:ethynyl sample. The effect of various parameters, such as pump pulse width, peak pumping intensity, normalized parameter , transition times of S₁→S₀ and S₁→T₁ states and lifetime of triplet state, on switching characteristics has been analyzed in detail. It has been shown that the probe beam can be completely switched off (i.e. 100% modulation) by a pulsed pump laser beam at 50 kW/cm². These results have been used to design all-optical NOT and the universal NOR and NAND logic gates with multiple pump laser pulses.     

Study on all-optical switching characteristics of ethyl orange-doped polymer film

The all-optical switching polymer thin films with azobenzene dye ethyl orange as the guest material and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the host material were prepared by adulteration and spin-coating methods. The all-optical switching characteristics of the samples were measured at different intensities and modulation frequencies of the pump beam (532 nm, CW); the influence of doping concentration on the all-optical switching effect of the films was studied. It is shown that, under room temperature conditions and with a low pump power of 6 mW, the all-optical switch has a response time of about 2 ms and a modulation depth of 45%, and the maximal modulation depth reaches 90%. In addition, it is found that samples with higher doping concentration show a stronger all-optical switching effect but a larger background signal, and good switching performance is obtained by choosing the doping concentrations from 0.8% to 2% of the sample.     

All-optical switchings of 3-hydroxyflavone in different solvents

3-hydroxyflavone （3-HF） is an organic molecule with an excited-stated intramolecular proton transfer （ESIPT） effect. All-optical switchings and beam deflections of 3-HF in three kinds of solvents （cyclohexane, ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide） have been investigated by using the third-harmonic generation （355 nm） of a mode-locked Nd：YAG laser as a pump beam and a continuous-wave （cw） He-Ne laser （632.8 nm） as a probe beam. The nonlinear refractive indices of 3-HF in the three different solvents are determined by using the Z-scan technique under an ultraviolet （UV） pump beam at a wavelength of 355 nm. It has been found that the optical switching and beam deflection effects result from the change in refractive index of 3-HF under the irradiation of the pump beam. On the basis of the analyses of absorption spectra and fluorescence spectra, we conclude that the change in refractive index of 3-HF is due to not the thermal effect but the ESIPT effect of 3-HF under the pump beam. As the ESIPT is exceedingly fast, 3-HF might be an excellent candidate for high-speed optical switching.     

Switchable vortex beam polarization state terahertz multi-layer metasurface

We propose a switchable vortex beam polarization state terahertz multi-layer metasurface, which consists of three-layer elliptical metal crosses, four-layer dielectrics, and two-layer hollow metal circles, which are alternately superimposed. Under the normal incidence of left-handed circularly polarized (LCP) wave and the right-handed circularly polarized (RCP) waves, the proposed structure realizes three independent control functions, i.e., focused and vortex beam, vortex beam with different topological charges, and polarization states switching, and azimuth switching of two vortex beams with different polarization states. The results show that the proposed metasurface provides a new idea for investigating the multifunctional terahertz wave modulation devices.