考虑接触角滞后的脉动热管工质运动特性研究

将汽、液塞工质接触角滞后毛细阻力引入Ma等的模型中,并在考虑管间压力不平衡影响下建立了描述脉动热管工质运动特性的数学模型。模拟结果发现,脉动热管启动后在小于1 s的短时间内即可进入稳定周期振荡阶段。在稳定振荡过程中,充液率、管长和冷/热段温差对管内工质运动位移及速度影响显著。本研究有助于更好地理解脉动热管振荡运动特性和运行机理。     

工质热物性对脉动热管运行性能的影响

工质热物性显著影响脉动热管的流动与传热特性。本文通过理论计算及实验研究,定性分析了工质热物性对临界直径、毛细滞后阻力、启动运行及传热极限等方面的影响。研究表明,为保证脉动热管的运行性能,在设计阶段应综合考虑工质、管材及管径大小等因素。首先,根据使用场合的热流密度及运行温度高低合理选取工质种类;然后,选用合适的管壁材料,尽可能减少液塞与管壁之间前、后接触角不同引起的毛细滞后阻力;最后,确定管内直径范围。本文工作旨在为脉动热管的设计和选用提供一些依据和参考。     

高功率脉动热管的流动和传热特性

在毛细滞后阻力方面,改进了所建立的高功率脉动热管的模型,进一步研究了脉动热管的流动和传热特性.根据控制体进出口液体容积流率的变化和流型的环状流特点,提出了确定毛细滞后阻力的新方法,关联了脉动热管的充液率、传递的功率大小、流速等参数之间的耦合关系,从而进一步说明了显热和潜热贡献的转换关系和传热特性.结果表明,工质的流速主要受毛细管管径、加热段的热流密度、传递的功率大小等影响较大,受毛细管长度的影响较小;总传热量中显热传热量仍占大部分.     

角管脉动热管的结构和尺度效应研究

根据角管毛细管中液体的分布以及汽液同向流动的特点,计算分析了正三角形和等腰直角三角形两种截面脉动热管中几种因素对热管传热性能的影响.计算结果表明,在充液率为 30% 时,两种角管脉动热管的热阻均在 0.1℃/W 以下;在相同加热功率和充液率时,等腰直角三角形截面脉动热管的传热性能优于正三角形截面的;截面形状相同时,水力直径较大的热管热阻值低于水力直径较小的热管;热管热阻值随接触角增大而减小.     

板式脉动热管的实验研究

本文搭建了板式脉动热管的实验台并进行了实验研究。在电加热循环水冷却的情况下研究了小型板式脉动热管的启动和运行特性,以及脉动热管的倾斜角度、充液率、工质等因素对板式脉动热管换热状况的影响。实验结果表明,当热管启动运行时,热端温度降低冷端温度升高,热阻减少。不同充液率和倾斜角存在着不同的临界启动功率。管内真空度对启动运行有一定的影响。在本实验条件下,热管在垂直加热、充液率为30%、工质采用丙酮时传热效果最好。     

氮工质低温脉动热管的数值模拟

低温制冷机被广泛应用于超导体冷却、低温医疗、低温液体贮存等方面,但受到只能在冷头处提供冷量的限制。脉动热管作为一种灵活高效的传热元件,可以与低温制冷机配合以实现分布式冷却和长距离冷量传送。低温工质在物性上与常温工质有很大不同,这使得以氮、氢为代表工质的低温脉动热管的传热和振荡特性有别于以水、乙醇为代表工质的常温脉动热管。针对脉动热管中的长液塞典型流动现象,建立了多气泡-液塞的闭式脉动热管模型,给出了以氮为工质时装置的振荡和传热特性,结果显示氮工质的低温脉动热管与水的脉动热管相比,其内部的长液塞具有更高的振荡频率,且具有更小的传热温差。     

脉动热管实验研究

建立了铜管脉动热管实验台,进行了实验研究.分析了在水冷的条件下,充液率、工质、倾斜角等因素对脉动热管传热性能的影响,结果发现,热阻随着充液率的增加而增大;选用蒸馏水、无水乙醇以及丙酮为工质时,在相同条件下,丙酮热阻最低;不同倾斜角的实验中垂直底加热时脉动热管热阻最低.     

充液率对小型重力热管传热特性影响实验研究

开展了矩形槽道铝-乙醇小型重力热管的传热特性的实验研究,分析讨论了充液率对壁面温度分布、气液两相分布、热阻等热管传热性能的影响。研究表明,充液率对高热负荷工况的两相流动状态和传热特性有显著影响。两相脉动是高热负荷工况小型重力热管特有的两相流动现象.低充液率时,液塞易被气流冲破形成环状流,壁面温度几乎无波动。中等充液率时,在蒸汽和液塞的交替冲刷作用下,热管各段壁面温度均表现出脉动特性。高充液率时,液塞脉动速度的减小削弱了液塞对壁面的冲刷作用,壁面温度未出现明显波动.并且,中等充液率工况下气液两相的快速脉动增强了热管的传热性能,使得均温性和传热极限均优于低充液率和高充液率的情况.     

不同工质时脉动热管换热特性实验研究

本文通过实验研究了工质类型和工质充液率对竖直式脉动热管换热特性的影响。采用了去离子水、甲醇和乙醇三种液体作为工质,加热功率为5~80 W。结果表明,脉动热管的换热特性与工质充液率密切相关。当去离子水充液率为50%时,脉动热管内能够形成稳定的气柱和液塞流动,具有最佳的换热表现,获得的最低热阻为80 W加热功率下的0.47K/W。在较小的加热功率下,乙醇和去离子水具有比甲醇更小的热阻,随加热功率增加,采用甲醇时加热段温度上升波动剧烈,而采用去离子水和乙醇时温度上升平缓,具有更好换热效果。甲醇和乙醇做工质时获得的最小热阻分别为80 W加热功率下的0.56 K/W和0.48 K/W。     

振荡流热管振荡相变传热特性

本文建立了环路型振荡流热管物理数学模型。数值计算结果表明,汽泡的交替膨胀和压缩使管内工质维持振荡运动,热管冷却端的散热情况是影响振荡流热管内部振荡运动的重要因素。热管内部振荡运动受倾角、充液率和加热功率影响,其变化趋势与前期实验结果基本一致。热管内脉动运动愈剧烈,热管的传热性能愈好。     

Capillary Forces between Submillimeter Spheres and Flat Surfaces at Constant Liquid Volumes

We investigate the capillary forces between submillimeter spheres and flat surfaces at constant liquid volumes theoretically and experimentally. An iterative method is used to estimate the capillary force with contact angles as the boundary conditions and the constant volume as a constraint. The theoretical analysis shows that the maximum capillary force between them decreases with the increase of the liquid bridge volume at small contact angles. The experimental results show that the force is smaller than the theoretical values at the initial separation distances. It is also observed that the force first increases and then decreases with an increasing separation distance in some cases. These phenomena of capillary forces hysteresis are explained according to the wetting hysteresis.     

微重力条件下与容器连通的毛细管中的毛细流动研究

利用落塔的短时微重力条件, 实验研究了与容器连通的毛细管中的流体在微重力条件下的毛细流动过程, 并通过理论分析建立了相应的毛细管中弯月液面高度随时间变化的微分方程. 结果表明, 对于不同的接触角和不同的容器/毛细管参数, 由建立的理论公式得到的数值解结果都与实验结果在定量上较为一致. 此外, 实验中发现, 改变乙醇和去离子水混合液的比例可以明显地改变接触角参数, 但对毛细流动的影响很小, 建立的理论公式也对这一现象给出了合理的解释. 该研究对于预测和分析微流道及空间微重力条件下的毛细流动行为具有明显的应用价值.     

The debate on the dependence of apparent contact angles on drop contact area or three-phase contact line: A review

A sessile drop is an isolated drop which has been deposited on a solid substrate where the wetted area is limited by the three-phase contact line and characterized by contact angle, contact radius and drop height. Although, wetting has been studied using contact angles of drops on solids for more than 200 years, the question remains unanswered: Is wetting of a rough and chemically heterogeneous surface controlled by the interactions within the solid/liquid contact area beneath the droplet or only at the three-phase contact line? After the publications of Pease in 1945, Extrand in 1997, 2003 and Gao and McCarthy in 2007 and 2009, it was proposed that advancing, receding contact angles, and contact angle hysteresis of rough and chemically heterogeneous surfaces are determined by interactions of the liquid and the solid at the three-phase contact line alone and the interfacial area within the contact perimeter is irrelevant. As a consequence of this statement, the well-known Wenzel (1934) and Cassie (1945) equations which were derived using the contact area approach are proposed to be invalid and should be abandoned. A hot debate started in the field of surface science after 2007, between the three-phase contact line and interfacial contact area approach defenders. This paper presents a review of the published articles on contact angles and summarizes the views of the both sides. After presenting a brief history of the contact angles and their measurement methods, we discussed the basic contact angle theory and applications of contact angles on the characterization of flat, rough and micropatterned superhydrophobic surfaces. The weak and strong sides of both three-phase contact line and contact area approaches were discussed in detail and some practical conclusions were drawn.     

毛细管内液氮的自然对流换热数值计算分析

主要探讨了毛细管管径以及倾角对其内的加热丝与液氮的换热效果的影响。应用FLUENT软件对0、30、60、90倾角下管径为1.2mm和2.0mm的毛细管内的加热丝与液氮的换热情况进行了三维数值模拟,得到了管内液氮的速度、温度以及加热丝的温度分布情况。数值计算结果与实验结果吻合的比较好。计算结果表明倾角为30°和60°的换热效果最好,大管径下的换热情况要比小管径的换热效果好。     

A Model for the Contact Angle of Liquid Droplets on Rough Surfaces

Up to now, measured results of the contact angle on rough surfaces have been explained usually based on the Wenzel equation （1936） and the Cassie-Baxter equation （1944）. However, these equations do not take into account considerations of liquid wetting behaviors on rough surfaces, and this leads to poor understanding of the mechanisms of contact between liquid droplets and rough surfaces （e.g. contact angle hysteresis）. We propose a new model for the contact angle of liquid droplets. By means of the present model, we can well understand the evperimental data which could not be well explained by the Wenzel equation and the Cassie-Baxter equation.     

Droplets on inclined rough surfaces

The behaviour of liquid droplets on inclined heterogeneous surfaces was simulated by the lattice-Boltzmann method using the Shan-Chen multiphase model. The effect of topography of the surface on the contact angle hysteresis was investigated. It is shown in particular, by using anisotropic rough surfaces, how surface topography and thereby the continuity of the three-phase contact line, affect this hysteresis. Our results clearly indicate that the superhydrophobicity of a surface cannot be judged by the contact angle alone.     

脉动热管的毛细管结构和尺度效应实验研究

脉动热管的毛细管结构变化如何影响其性能是研究者关注的问题.本文对毛细管截面为正方形和正三角形,水力直径范围为1 mm左右的回路型脉动热管的传热性能进行了实验研究.结果表明,角管脉动热管的倾角变化时,底加热明显优于顶加热;三角形截面脉动热管的热阻比正方形截面脉动热管的热阻更低.脉动热管在水力直径为1.5 mm时比1mm时的性能要好.实验研究为理论分析打下了基础.     

大空间和毛细管内液氮池沸腾传热的实验研究

文中以直径50μm,长20mm的磷青铜丝作为加热丝和测温元件,采用控制热流密度的方式测量了0°,30°,60°和90°倾角下大空间和玻璃毛细管内液氮的沸腾曲线,分析了毛细管对核态沸腾传热的影响以及管径和倾角对临界热流密度的综合影响。结果表明,在实验管径内,毛细管对于核态沸腾传热有明显的强化作用;并存在一最佳管径,可在30°~90°倾角范围内获得最大的CHF值,并且其值高于大空间时的CHF。     

Fabrication of superhydrophobic polyurethane/organoclay nano-structured composites from cyclomethicone-in-water emulsions

Nano-structured polyurethane/organoclay composite films were fabricated by dispersing moisture-curable polyurethanes and fatty amine/amino-silane surface modified montmorillonite clay (organoclay) in cyclomethicone-in-water emulsions. Cyclomethicone Pickering emulsions were made by emulsifying decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D₅), dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D₆) and aminofunctional siloxane polymers with water using montmorillonite particles as emulsion stabilizers. Polyurethane and organoclay dispersed emulsions were spray coated on aluminum surfaces. Upon thermosetting, water repellent self-cleaning coatings were obtained with measured static water contact angles exceeding 155° and low contact angle hysteresis (<8°). Electron microscopy images of the coating surfaces revealed formation of self-similar hierarchical micro- and nano-scale surface structures. The surface morphology and the coating adhesion strength to aluminum substrates were found to be sensitive to the relative amounts of dispersed polyurethane and organoclay in the emulsions. The degree of superhydrophobicity was analyzed using static water contact angles as well as contact angle hysteresis measurements. Due to biocompatibility of cyclomethicones and polyurethane, developed coatings can be considered for specific bio-medical applications.