水下非均匀复合层结构吸声的理论研究

本文对水下非均匀阻尼板与多层介质组成的吸附结构进行了研究，基于非均匀波导理论，导出非均匀性阻尼层的传递矩阵及多层结构表同反声，吸声系数，对任意非均匀层，提出分层近似求传递的方法，数值计算研究了结果反声，吸声性能及其随各参数的变化。     

机械阻抗与声阻抗结合提高微穿孔板低频吸声性能

提出了在微穿孔板后部引入机械阻抗形成组合结构来解决微穿孔板低频吸声性能差的问题。由机械阻抗板两侧质点速度相同得出机械阻抗单元的传递矩阵,采用传递矩阵法将其与空腔、微穿孔板单元串接,建立组合结构理论计算模型;通过分析品质因子获得带宽与机械阻抗板质量成反比;试验得出组合结构在400 Hz附近有系数为0.8以上的吸声峰值,试验结果与理论计算吻合。在传统微穿孔板共振吸声机制的基础上加入机械共振,能够实现在不增加结构厚度的前提下提高低频吸声性能;降低机械阻抗板质量并且适当控制边界阻尼系数可以实现吸声频带的拓宽。      

水下均匀材料复合层吸声特性研究

本文对水下阻尼板和其它介质层复合的多层吸声和结构吸声，反声性能进行了研究，利用各层界面压力，振速的四端网络矩阵及层间边界条件导出吸声结构表面阻抗和反射系统数随频率的变化关系，数值计算分析了不同边界条件，多种层以及改变各层参数情况，反声，吸声系数的变化，发现多层结构中厚的水层引起强烈的共振反射峰，并提出了抑制共射的方法。     

薄纤维层对穿孔板的声学影响研究

为了提高附着薄纤维层穿孔板的声学预测精度,通过实验及理论分析方法研究薄纤维层对穿孔板的声学影响。采用声学阻抗管系统测试穿孔饰面板及背腔的吸声系数。测试结果显示,薄纤维层对吸声层的吸声性能具有明显的提高作用。以穿孔板声阻抗模型为基础构建附着薄纤维层的穿孔饰面板等效声阻抗模型,以附加修正参数等效薄纤维层的声学影响。依据吸声系数测试结果计算薄纤维层的等效声学修正参数,结果显示薄纤维层造成的附加阻性修正比较显著。     

分布式通风消声板特性研究*

在隔声板结构中,分布式内嵌大量小型消声单元,在入射声波被消声单元有效衰减的同时,气流可均匀通过整个板结构,形成一种分布式消声板结构。利用平面波理论和修正传递矩阵法,建立消声板简化模型,并预测模型传递损失。加工消声板样件,实验室内测试并验证其声学及通风性能。对比隔声测试结果与预测结果,验证修正传递矩阵法针对该结构的准确性,同时验证消声板结构的实际效果。结果显示,该分布式消声板结构具有良好的声学效果,修正传递矩阵法可应用于该结构的声学性能预测以及结构设计。     

水下复合层吸声结构中反向声能与振动能量传输的研究

本文对文献[1，2]所讨论的水下复合层吸声结构中能量的反向传输送行了研究．利用多层结构的传递矩阵求逆．导出声能和振动能的反向传输关系，给出传递损失．数值计算分析了结构的各层参数变化对能量传递损失的影响．     

三层微穿孔板的优化设计及特性分析

根据马大猷的微穿孔板理论,计算了三层微穿孔板的吸声系数.应用遗传算法对其结构参数进行了优化,并对其吸声特性进行了分析研究,与优化后的双层微穿孔板结构进行比较,结果表明:经过遗传算法优化后的三层微穿孔板在频域上能够获得更加饱满的吸声系数曲线,接近传统吸声材料的吸声性能.并且通过实验验证了优化设计的结果.     

梯度穿缝型双孔隙率多孔材料的吸声性能

在传统单一孔隙率多孔材料中引入宏观尺度的周期性梯度穿缝结构设计,构造出梯度穿缝型双孔隙率多孔材料,其包含多孔材料基体微孔尺度与穿缝尺度两个尺度。采用分层等效的理论建模方法,将复杂梯度渐变问题变为多层均匀等效层叠加问题。针对不同特征尺寸的多孔材料薄层,分别采用低、高两种渗透率对比度双孔隙率理论,给出了其等效密度和动态压缩系数,再应用传递矩阵方法得到了相邻薄层之间的声压和质点速度传递关系并求得其表面声阻抗,从而建立了梯度穿缝型双孔隙率多孔材料的吸声理论模型。发展了多尺度材料声学有限元数值模型,在所考虑的100~3000 Hz频段范围内数值模拟结果完全吻合理论模型结果。理论与模拟分析了多尺度结构参数对双孔隙率多孔材料吸声性能的影响,结果表明引入多尺度梯度结构设计能够显著提高单一孔隙率多孔材料的吸声性能,且穿缝尺度比穿缝梯度影响更为显著;精细数值模拟获得的声压和能量密度分布云图揭示了多尺度结构设计的吸声增强机制。该工作可用于指导双孔隙率多孔材料的多尺度结构设计,从而提高多孔材料的中低频吸声性能。      

对称折叠通道结构的低频通风吸声体*

为了消除或减少低频噪声,该文 提出了一种低频通风超材料吸声体,该吸声体由对称的折叠通道结构组成,具有深度亚波长、高通风空间占比和低频高效吸声的特性.通过传递矩阵方法、有限元模拟和四麦克风实验法,揭示了对称折叠通道结构通风吸声的物理机制.首先在理论上分析单个吸声体的通风吸声性能并进行了仿真模拟,在共振频率423 Hz附近,吸声系数大于0.9,通风空间占比高达40%.吸声单体的共振频率可通过改变折叠通道的长度来灵活调控,组合多个不同共振频率的吸声单体可以拓宽吸声体的有效吸声带宽.由四个吸声单体组合的通风吸声体可实现314－366 Hz频率范围内的高效声吸收(吸声系数大于0.8),且通风空间占比达到35%,而结构厚度仅为314 Hz时波长的1/10.该低频通风吸声体具有结构简单、结构强度高和容易制造等特点,在低频通风降噪领域有着潜在的应用前景．     

水下复合层吸声结构中反向声能与振动能量传输的研究

本文对文献「１，２」所讨论了水下复合层吸声结构中能量的反向传输进行了研究。利用多层结构的文献矩阵求逆，导出声能和振动能的反向传输关系，给出传递损失。数值计算分析了结构的各层参数变化对能量传递损失的影响。     

Numerical analyses of the sound absorption of three-dimensional MPP space sound absorbers

Because microperforated panels (MPPs) can provide wide-band sound absorption without fibrous and porous materials, they are recognized as next-generation absorption materials. The fundamental absorbing mechanism is Helmholtz-resonance absorption due to the perforations and air-back cavity. Consequently, MPPs are usually placed in front of rigid-back walls. However, one of the authors has proposed MPP space sound absorbers without backing structures. Among these space absorbers, cylindrical MPP space absorbers and rectangular MPP space absorbers are advantageous due to their design flexibility and easy-to-use properties. Although their performances have been investigated experimentally, it is necessary to predict their absorption characteristics to develop improved shapes and efficient designs. Herein their absorption characteristics are numerically predicted using the two-dimensional boundary element method, and the applicability of a numerical method as a design tool to sufficiently predict the performance of MPP space absorbers is discussed.     

利用含多孔介质微穿孔周期结构增强声吸收

为获得理想吸声性能,提出了一种由多孔材料,微穿孔板及空气层构成的周期复合结构,并利用微穿孔板理论和等效流体多孔材料模型,结合等效电路法进行了分析。结果表明,复合结构显著增强了微穿孔板结构的中低频吸声性能,但其高频性能较单独多孔材料差;采用合适填充比例并联布置多种多孔材料,可适当调节复合结构的吸声性能。此外,周期复合结构的堆叠层数N≥1时,相对单层复合结构,中低频吸声带宽提升至少40%(≥380 Hz);相对多层微穿孔板结构,增大N对相应中低频吸声带宽提升不低于30%(≥300 Hz)。总体上,文中周期复合结构可显著增强传统微穿孔结构的中低频性能,是一种简单高效的中低频宽频降噪方案。      

Comparison and application of the experimental methods for multi-layer prediction of acoustical properties of noise control materials in standing wave-duct systems

A comparison among the existing experimental methods used for measuring and predicting acoustical properties, such as absorption ratio and transmission loss, of noise control materials was accomplished in this paper. Four methods for absorption ratio and five methods for transmission loss, which can be generalized as standing wave ratio method, two-cavity method and two-load method, were performed in a special standing wave-duct with two configurations of two- and four-microphone holders and compared with the theoretical expressions in the literature. Conclusions were drawn that the standing wave ratio method with two and four-microphones was more reliable, faster, and easier to use for measuring absorption ratio and transmission loss, respectively. The two-cavity and two- load methods, which may be used to predict acoustical properties of an exceedingly thick sample or a multi-layered treatment consisting of variant materials, have different conditions of using limits. The two-cavity method, especially, can be easily conducted and is suitable for the materials with properties of symmetry and reciprocity. The two-load method, however, is more cumbersome to apply, due to the fact of its complex calibration and measurement procedure. Furthermore, some prediction examples for a set of multi-layered treatments of materials were executed by a newly proposed approach, so-called experimental hybrid multi-layer prediction. In view of applications, the works done in this paper may be directly applied in standing wave-duct systems or other noise control configurations to measure, predict and/or optimize their in situ designs.     

Enhancing the low frequency sound absorption of a perforated panel by parallel-arranged extended tubes

This paper is concerned with the use of a perforated panel with extended tubes (PPET) to improve the sound absorption confined to low frequencies. In comparison with a micro-perforated panel (MPP), the sound absorption can be significantly improved by using the PPET at the expense of the bandwidth of the sound absorption. A particular configuration combining four parallel-arranged PPETs with different cavities is introduced to achieve a wider bandwidth of the sound absorption at low frequencies. The analysis is extended to the combination of three parallel-arranged PPETs and a MPP to further increase the bandwidth of the sound absorption. A theoretical model is described to predict the sound absorption coefficient and the simulated annealing method is introduced to the proposed absorbers, allowing optimization of the overall performance. The theory with experimental validations demonstrates that the proposed configurations offer a potential improvement of more than one octave in the bandwidth of the sound absorption at low frequencies.     

基于模型辨识的BP神经网络在光伏系统MPPT中的应用

光伏电池作为光伏发电系统的重要组成部分,研究其模型的准确性并对其最大功率点进行预测与跟踪,对于光伏发电效率的提高具有重大意义。本文首先根据光伏电池的内部结构和伏安特性建立其数学模型,并对所建立的模型进行参数辨识,进而得到模型输出与测量信息偏差最小的参数值,验证模型的准确和有效性。根据模型所反映的规律,将温度和光照强度作为输入变量,最大功率点对应的电压作为输出变量,构建了用于MPPT的神经网络模型。神经网络经训练后对最大功率点电压进行预测与跟踪,结果表明构建的神经网络具有良好的适应性。     

Experimental study on sound absorption performance of microperforated panel with membrane cell

Microperforated panel (MPP) absorbers have been widely used in noise reduction and are regarded as a promising alternative to the traditional porous materials. However, the absorption bandwidth of a single-layer MPP is insufficient to compete with the porous materials. In order to improve the sound absorption ability of the single-layer MPP, a composite MPP sound absorber with membrane cells (MPPM) is introduced. Sound absorption properties of the MPPM are studied by the impedance tube experiment. Results show that the membranes have a significant influence on the sound impedance. The sound absorption performance of MPPM gradually increases with the increase of the membrane area. The single-layer MPP with some small area membrane cells may have the same effect and single large area membranes. By adjusting the size of the membrane cells, one can implement a sound absorber with a wider absorption bandwidth and higher absorption peaks than the single-layer MPP.     

Improvement of sound absorption characteristics under low frequency for micro-perforated panel absorbers using super-aligned carbon nanotube arrays

Super-aligned carbon nanotube (SACNT) arrays are grown on the surface of micro perforated panel (MPP) in the hope of improving the acoustic performance of MPP absorbers by virtue of their unique properties. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that SACNT arrays did not block the perforations of MPPs or changed the perforation diameter due to their “super-aligned” nature, although MPPs are thickened. The absorption effect of SACNT arrays which are of the same and different lengths with different incident side on MPP absorbers are investigated, and standing wave tube method is used to determine the normal sound absorption coefficient. Results show that both of the lengths of SACNT arrays and the incident side have effects on the sound absorption performance of MPP absorbers. And generally SACNT arrays help to improve the sound absorption capacity of MPP absorbers in low-frequency regions only when the SACNT arrays surface is the incident side. SACNT arrays decrease absorption performance of MPP absorbers when the MPP surface is used as the incident side. Moreover, SACNT arrays are found to increase the acoustic ability of MPP absorbers with the same structure parameters monotonically at lengths up to 600 μm in the condition that the SACNT arrays surface is used as the incident side.     

Oblique incidence sound absorption of parallel arrangement of multiple micro-perforated panel absorbers in a periodic pattern

The sound absorption performance of a micro-perforated panel (MPP) absorber array at oblique incidence and in diffuse field is investigated both numerically and experimentally. The basic module of the MPP absorber array consists of four parallel-arranged MPP absorbers with different cavity depths, and the whole MPP absorber array is created by arranging the basic modules in a periodically repeating pattern. Results show that the influence of incidence angle mainly lies in two aspects. First, the parallel absorption mechanism breaks down at lower frequencies at oblique incidence than at normal incidence due to the non-compactness of the resonating MPP absorber, which becomes non-compact if the time delay of incident wave across it is comparable to or larger than π/2. Second, the equivalent acoustic impedance of the MPP varies with respect to incidence angle which in turn changes the sound absorption performance of the MPP absorber array. Influence of the azimuthal angle is insignificant. Because of mutual influence among the member MPP absorbers, the normal incidence sound absorption of the MPP absorber array can be noticeably different from that of the basic module tested in impedance tube. The measured sound absorption coefficients of a prototype specimen in reverberation room compare well with the numerical predictions. The extra sound absorption due to diffraction of sound at the free edges of test specimen is the most efficient around 500 Hz.     

阻尼耦合双层微穿孔板吸声体研究

提出并研究一种利用两板间微缝进行阻尼耦合的双层微穿孔板(DMPP)吸声体。该吸声体在两层微穿孔板(MPP)之间形成一个宽度小于1mm的微缝,因此其阻尼不仅可由板上的微穿孔提供,还可由两板之间形成的微缝提供。采用声电类比法建立了DMPP转移阻抗的理论模型,并进行实验验证,结果表明理论计算结果与实验吻合较好。然后利用建立的理论模型,对单层MPP和DMPP吸声体的吸声性能进行了对比研究,结果表明,相比于单层MPP,DMPP可以利用微缝提供的阻尼显著改善吸声性能,同时减少实际板厚。最后,对DMPP吸声体的吸声性能及其几何参数的关系进行研究,结果表明,当保持其它结构参数不变时,微缝宽度对DMPP吸声系数的提高存在一个最优值,超过或低于此值会导致吸声系数下降。     

Sound absorption characteristics of a double-leaf structure with an MPP and a permeable membrane

As for the sound absorbing system using an MPP (microperforated panel), a double-leaf MPP sound absorber has been studied so far. However, this structure uses two MPPs, which are still expensive, and is disadvantageous when its cost is concerned. Therefore, it is considered that it can be advantageous if one of the leaves can be replaced with a less expensive material keeping high sound absorption performance. In this study, the possibility of producing a useful sound absorbing structure with an MPP and a permeable membrane as an alternative less expensive material is examined. The acoustic properties of this MPP and permeable membrane combination absorber are analysed theoretically with a Helmholtz integral formulation. The absorption performance and mechanism are discussed through the numerical examples. Also, the effect of a honeycomb in the air cavity, which is to be used for reinforcing the structure, is also discussed through a theoretical analysis.