压力罐中水声材料声学特性的参量源测量法

设计了一种原波频率500 kHz、差频范围1~30 kHz的截断宽带参量阵,作为水声材料测量系统的声源。通过分析典型频率下的宽带参量源指向性理论计算和实际测量结果,发现两者结果的曲线基本吻合,证明计算模型是正确的。应用钟形短时脉冲实现水声材料声特性的宽带测量,有益于降低样品边缘衍射干扰。并建立了测量水声材料大面积板状样品声压反射系数、声压透射系数和吸声系数的压力罐测量系统,罐体内尺寸Φ4 m×12 m,最高静水压4.5 MPa,测量频率范围1~30 kHz。对标准样品(尺寸1m×1m)进行了测量实验,其测量结果和理论曲线有很好的吻合,参量源测量法得到了验证;之后,通过对一块橡胶板样品在不同静压力下的吸声性能进行了测量和有效评估,进一步确认了参量源测量法在压力罐这样有限水域中的潜在应用价值。      

一种水中爆炸气泡脉动实验研究方法

 在2 m×2 m×2 m的实验水箱中开展小当量PETN炸药水中爆炸气泡脉动实验时,利用弹性波从声阻抗高的物质传入声阻抗低的物质时的“减震缓冲”原理,采用在水箱壁贴低声阻抗材料的方法,有效降低了水箱壁反射冲击波对气泡脉动过程的影响,获得了清晰的气泡脉动过程图像、气泡水射流形成过程图像和气泡脉动压力曲线。将水箱实验结果与8 kg TNT当量爆炸水池实验结果对比,得到的最大相对误差仅为5.1%,验证了水箱实验方法的准确性,为炸药水中爆炸气泡脉动现象研究提供了一种简便有效的实验方法。     

水声材料插入损失测量中的声波多途效应抑制方法

提出了一种在非自由声场中测量水声材料插入损失时抑制多途效应的方法,称为"虚拟端射阵技术"。通过仿真设计,采用逐点移动分时发射信号的方式破坏各路径同频反射干扰的相干性,并在阵长方向形成尖锐的指向性,将上述所有位置的信号延时叠加消除干扰杂波,最后提取所需波形实现对材料插入损失的计算。在尺寸为5.5 m×3.5 m×3.5 m非消声水池中对1.1 m×1.0 m×8 mm的铝板和直径0.5 m、厚8 mm的圆形铝板进行了测量,测量频率范围为3~20 kHz。结果表明虚拟端射阵技术相比于常规方法能降低测量频率下限,矩形铝板和圆形铝板的有效测量频段内误差均小于0.5 dB,有效减少了声波多途效应的干扰。该方法的实现提高了非消声水池中单换能器测量水声材料的能力。      

Anomalous sea surface reverberation scale model experiments

Low frequency sea surface sound backscattering from approximately 100 Hz to a few kHz observed from the 1960s broadband measurements using explosive charges to the Critical Sea Test measurements conducted in the 1990 s is substantially higher than explained by rough sea surface scattering theory. Alternative theories for explaining this difference range from scattering by bubble plumes/clouds formed by breaking waves to stochastic scattering from fluctuating bubble layers near the sea surface. In each case, theories focus on reverberation in the absence of the large-scale surface wave height fluctuations that are characteristic of a sea that produces bubble clouds and plumes. At shallow grazing angles, shadowing of bubble plumes and clouds caused by surface wave height fluctuations may induce first order changes in the backscattered signal strength. To understand the magnitude of shadowing effects under controlled and repeatable conditions, scale model experiments were performed in a 3 m x 1.5 m x 1.5 m tank at the Technical University of Denmark. The experiments used a 1 MHz transducer as the source and receiver, a computer controlled data acquisition system, a scale model target, and a surface wave generator. The scattered signal strength fluctuations observed at shallow angles are characteristic of the predicted ocean environment. These experiments demonstrate that shadowing has a first order impact on bubble plume and cloud scattering strength and emphasize the usefulness of model scale experiments for studying underwater acoustic events under controlled conditions.     

返波体对混响室内场均匀性的影响

以带有返波结构的混响室为基础,研究了在复杂腔体内部返波结构的改变对场分布的影响效果。根据微波混沌理论分析了不规则腔内的场分布特征;结合统计电磁学,确立了在高功率微波短脉冲激励下的混响室中进行场均匀性和各向同性验证的指标;对复杂腔体中返波体的大小、数量及分布范围等因素进行了研究。数值模拟结果显示:凸起结构的尺寸越大,其对腔内电场的影响效果越为明显,尤其是腔内电场分布的统计均匀性和各向同性结果,都能得到很好的改善。同时凸起结构越多,分布的范围越广,腔内电场的统计均匀性和能流的统计均衡性就越好。     

Empirical refinements applicable to the recording of fish sounds in small tanks

Many underwater bioacoustical recording experiments (e.g., fish sound production during courtship or agonistic encounters) are usually conducted in a controlled laboratory environment of small-sized tanks. The effects of reverberation, resonance, and tank size on the characteristics of sound recorded inside small tanks have never been fully addressed, although these factors are known to influence the recordings. In this work, 5-cycle tone bursts of 1-kHz sound were used as a test signal to investigate the sound recorded in a 170-l rectangular glass tank at various depths and distances from a transducer. The dominant frequency, sound-pressure level, and power spectrum recorded in small tanks were significantly distorted compared to the original tone bursts. Due to resonance, the dominant frequency varied with water depth, and power spectrum level of the projected frequency decreased exponentially with increased distance between the hydrophone and the sound source; however, the resonant component was nearly uniform throughout the tank. Based on the empirical findings and theoretical calculation, a working protocol is presented that minimizes distortion in fish sound recordings in small tanks. To validate this approach, sounds produced by the croaking gourami (Trichopsis vittata) during staged agonistic encounters were recorded according to the proposed protocol in an 1800-l circular tank and in a 37-l rectangular tank to compare differences in acoustic characteristics associated with tank size and recording position. The findings underscore pitfalls associated with recording fish sounds in small tanks. Herein, an empirical solution to correct these distortions is provided.     

单声线水声MIMO信道容量的研究

本文对水声MIMO(Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output)信道容量受收发阵元数目、间距,收发阵位置、方向,平均接收信噪比以及声速剖面的斜率的影响,在收发阵元之间只存一条声线的情况下,通过WKB近似进行了初步的研究。从计算结果可以看出,当收发阵元对之间只存在一条声线时,阵元间距会对MIMO信道容量产生重要影响:当收发阵元间距足够大时, MIMO系统的信道容量将随着接收信噪比和收发阵元数线性增加,一个m×m的MIMO系统的信道容量将为相应的 SISO(Single-Input-Single-Output)系统的m倍,收发阵的方向也会对MIMO系统信道容量产生较大的影响,另外,收发阵的深度、距离也会对水声MIMO信道容量产生影响,声速剖面的斜率在一般水声信道的声速变化范围内,对信道容量的影响不大。     

Acoustic characterization of on-stage performers in performing spaces

The influence of on-stage performers on the acoustic characteristics of performing spaces is significant because the musicians are absorptive and close to the sound source. However, the acoustic information of the musicians and their effect on absorption, scattering, and diffusion remain unclear. The acoustic characteristics of musicians were measured in a reverberation chamber and a semi-anechoic chamber while varying the type of clothes, the instruments, and seating density. The clothing worn showed a larger impact on the absorption per person, whereas the addition of cellos resulted in low-frequency absorption per person. The addition of cellos also increased the scattering and diffusion characteristics. Finally, the total absorption by the musicians under various conditions was analyzed in a concert hall using the simple Sabine equation where the influence of the musician’s instruments resulted in reverberation time of more than 0.1 s decrease with about 90 musicians on stage. However, the influences of additional musical instruments resulted in no significant difference in the reverberation time compared to the people alone. In addition, scattering due to the various conditions of orchestra such as the seating density and the addition of musical instrument was not a significant predictor of reverberation time.     

逆向傅里叶衍射定理快速预报水下目标三维声散射指向分布

提出逆向运用傅里叶衍射定理预报水下弱散射目标三维声散射指向分布的快速计算方法。依据目标形状、周围介质的密度和声速构建三维声场图像模型,建立散射远场积分结果与图像频域幅值的关系式,提取频域中半径为水中波数k;的球型表面上的幅值,获得精细化的宽带、全方位散射声压指向特性。数值计算表明:将傅里叶衍射定理逆向运用于解决声学正问题,适用于分层的、不均匀的、非规则及多体弱散射目标散射声场的求解。通过插值提取频域样本获得远场声压的方法,避免了有限元法(3D-FEM)所必须的大规模的网格划分和迭代运算,可以有效地减少计算成本并拓展散射频率响应的带宽。在水池中完成两种具有不同声学参数和形状目标指向性测试实验,得到散射声压指向性幅度函数与理论预报相一致。      

Long-range reverberation in a randomly inhomogeneous shallow water with the use of focused radiation

The low-frequency bottom reverberation in a randomly inhomogeneous shallow water is investigated within the framework of a numerical experiment using vertical transmitting arrays focusing the acoustic field at various distances from the sea bottom. It is assumed that the main source of sound velocity fluctuations in the medium is represented by background internal waves. To focus the field, a phase conjugation of acoustic waves from a probe source positioned at the focusing point is used. It is demonstrated that the reverberation level is mainly determined by the presence of internal waves and may vary by 5–20 dB as the distance from the focusing point to the sea bottom increases up to H/2, where H is the channel depth.     

经典局域共振型水声超材料的吸隔声性能研究*

基于水声超材料吸声机理和多层平行介质平面波理论,建立局域共振型水声超材料结构,通过COMSOL进行建模计算,研究该结构的吸声性能机理,此外为了验证钢背衬的隔声性能,在该水声超材料结构基础上添加一层0.005m厚的钢背衬进行仿真对比。研究结果表明,在频段为200Hz-4000Hz时,水声超材料声学性能较好,吸声性能整体较优,且添加钢背衬的水声超材料隔声性能较优,甚至在某频率点达到15dB的隔声差值;此外通过位移场图进一步揭示水声超材料的吸声机理,发现水声超材料结构的位移场和钢背衬都对吸声性能会产生影响,钢背衬通过影响共振吸收来影响吸声性能,而位移场则通过位移幅度大小影响吸声性能。     

Surface reverberation at sound field focusing in shallow water

A numerical experiment is carried out to study the long-range surface reverberation in the presence of intense surface waves for the case of using vertical transmitting arrays providing sound field focusing at different depths. To focus the field, a phase conjugation of acoustic waves from a probe source positioned at the focusing point is used. It is demonstrated that surface waves considerably affect the focusing quality at a distance of several tens of kilometers from the transmitting array. This prevents the efficient suppression of long-range reverberation by increasing the focusing depth.     

低速开式空腔自激反馈流场结构与流致噪声的风洞试验研究

本文主要针对低速开式空腔流动自激振荡产生噪声问题,在0.55 m×0.4 m航空声学风洞开展了不同低马赫数(0.1/0.15/0.2/0.25)条件下长深比为2的空腔腔内流场结构和噪声特性风洞试验研究。通过利用高频粒子图像测速技术捕捉腔内流场结构,分析了腔内声波传递路径;完成空腔远场噪声和壁面压力测试,分析了噪声自激振荡模态和简正波模态,并对空腔壁面脉动压力和远场噪声进行压/声相关性研究。结果表明:空腔内部除主涡外,在腔口前缘处剪切涡与腔口后缘处碰撞涡明显存在;在875 Hz,1288 Hz,1875 Hz,2050 Hz四个频率附近出现了由声腔共振所致的单频噪声;壁面压力与远场噪声密切相关,在壁面压力主频位置有明显单频噪声出现。      

北极典型冰下声信道建模及特性

将Burke-Twersky (BT)散射模型与射线理论相结合研究北极典型冰下的水声信道特性。BT模型将极地冰水界面的冰脊视为随机分布在自由表面的半椭圆柱。首先根据BT模型分别对高频和低频情况下的冰面反射系数取近似,计算不同频率的冰面反射系数。然后结合射线理论计算冰下声场并分析冰下信道特性,并与相同条件下绝对软界面的水声信道进行对比研究。结果显示,由于冰界面的存在,冰水界面与绝对软界面相比,冰面反射系数较小,使得部分声线不会传播很远,且随频率的增加衰减越发严重,因此不利于声信号远距离传播;此外在信道结构上,由于冰层反射系数较小,冰下信道多径相较于无冰的水-空气界面其多途现象不明显。研究结果对认知极地冰下水声信道特性以及开展极地水声系统性能预报具有一定意义。      

Evaluation of sound absorbing coefficients in a reverberant room by computer-ray simulation

Standardized methods for the measurement of the sound absorption coefficient, α, of materials in a reverberant room use well known relations between α and the reverberation time of the room. Actually, these relations are correct only in rooms with high diffusion at low α values and for uniform distribution of the absorption on the surfaces. The introduction of acoustic materials with high α values concentrated on only one surface, as recommended by standards, causes a derandomization of the sound field, which may overcome the ‘randomization strength’ of the enclosure and therefore make the use of traditional formulae incorrect. This paper proposes a computer-ray tracing model, which enables these phenomena to be described, and operatively defines the ‘randomization strength’ of room design. Lastly, an alternative approach is suggested for evaluating the sound absorption coefficient, based on the characterization of the reverberant room by its own ‘calibration curve’.     

Calculation of the reverberation spectrum for Doppler-based sonar

For monostatic sonar using long pulsed tone signals, the problem of evaluating the spectrum of reverberation due to sound wave scattering by a rough sea surface is solved. Relatively simple computational schemes are proposed, which make it possible (i) to transform the three-dimensional spectra of surface waves to the frequency-angular characteristics of reverberation and (ii) to choose the optimal operating frequency band for a Doppler sonar from the point of view of reverberation. For typical wind wave characteristics measured in shallow water areas, the spectral levels of reverberation are estimated in the frequency band of acoustic signals within 0.4?C2 kHz.     

水下翼型结构流噪声实验研究

为测量流激水下翼型结构的流噪声,提出了一种混响箱测量方法。在重力式水洞中搭建了一套实验测量系统,利用混响箱法测量了水下翼型结构模型的辐射声功率。在此基础上研究了流速及结构参数(厚度、肋、声学覆盖层)对其辐射声功率的影响。结果表明:当流速小于5 m/s时,辐射声功率随流速的6次方增长,符合偶极子的辐射规律;当流速大于5 m/s时,辐射声功率随流速的10土1次方规律增长,不再按偶极子的规律辐射;若对水下翼型结构模型加厚、加环肋及外部敷设黏弹性材料,均可在一定程度上抑制流噪声。此研究方法可对水下复杂结构的辐射声功率测量及结构优化设计提供一定的参考。      

水下声学滑翔机用于东印度洋声传播特性分析及声源估计

常规实验方法无法同步获取深海大尺度声学和水文数据,水下滑翔机可作为同步观测平台解决该问题.首先利用在东印度洋北部海域水下滑翔机同步获取的声传播和水文实验数据,分析了水下滑翔机的自噪声谱级和实验海区声传播特性,然后推算并修正了滑翔机水下运动轨迹,利用第一影区水下滑翔机接收声传播信号的脉冲多途到达时间差对声源进行测距与定深。潜标接收噪声与滑翔机自噪声谱级对比表明,水下滑翔机在海洋中无动力运动时的系统自噪声接近于潜标观测的海洋环境噪声。滑翔机实测的声传播损失与模型计算结果吻合较好,第一影区水下声源测距定深结果与实际位置较为一致,测距与定深的相对误差均小于5%。利用加载水听器的水下滑翔机可以实现水文环境数据与声学信号的同步观测,对深海声传播特性测量及定位算法研究具有重要意义。      

Algorithms for converting 3D surface roughness spectra when calculating frequency-angle reverberation characteristics

On the basis of an earlier developed model of sound scattering by surface disturbances characterized by 3D roughness spectra, we propose and test a sufficiently fast algorithm for calculating the spectral power density of surface reverberation that takes into account the propagation conditions, distance, and beam pattern of the receiver system. For a distance of up to 1000 m, a water area depth of ??20 m, and actually measured 3D roughness spectra in the Doppler frequency range of ±5 Hz, we have calculated the frequency-angle reverberation spectra for an acoustic background-radiation signal of 1.5 kHz. The obtained angle and frequency reverberation characteristics are compared with the results of acoustic measurements conducted using linear horizontal receiver antennas.     

Suppression of reverberation distortions of a receiver signal using the water tank transfer function

The paper considers a method for suppressing the reverberant distortions of an underwater sound receiver signal during receiver calibration in a laboratory water tank. The method is based on using the water tank transfer function, which is a complex frequency-dependent coefficient that establishes, for the point of signal reception, the relation between the sound pressures in the reverberant sound field of the water tank and in the free sound field. The procedure for experimentally obtaining the water tank transfer function is considered. Examples of suppressing reverberant distortions during noise and pulse sound reception are presented.