CexZr1-xO2固溶体储氧性能与结构的关系

采用加热回流技术制备了系列CexZr1-xO2(0.25≤x≤1)固溶体,通过N2物理吸附、XRD、Raman光谱、UV-Vis漫反射光谱表征了不同铈锆组成的铈锆复合氧化物结构对储氧性能的影响.结果表明,在铈锆组成比不同的样品之间,结构性质相差较大,随着载体中ZrO2 mol%的增加,载体结构从相对的有序经无序再回到相对的有序.Ce0.4Zr0.6O2样品具有最高的储氧性能,而Ce0.25Zr0.75O2样品具有较高的热稳定性.     

聚乙二醇辅助下的La-Co-O 复合氧化物合成及其对苯的完全氧化性能研究

以聚乙二醇(PEG)作为分散剂,采用共沉淀法合成La-Co-O复合氧化物,考察添加不同分子量的PEG (0, 2 000, 6 000, 20 000 g·mol-1) 对复合氧化物的物化性质及苯完全氧化性能的影响。采用N₂物理吸附、XRD、SEM、H₂-TPR、O₂-TPD和XPS进行催化剂表征。苯完全氧化反应结果显示催化剂活性顺序为LCO-PEG6000>LCO>LCO-PG20000>LCO-PG2000, LCO-PEG6000催化剂在383 ℃时对苯的转化率达到99%,比LCO低126 ℃。N₂物理吸附实验表明所制备的样品的S_BET均为9～10 m2·g-1。XRD分析显示合成的催化剂均为LaCoO₃钙钛矿主相伴生少量La₂O₃和Co₃O₄杂相,但添加PEG有利于钙钛矿主相的形成。尤其是添加PEG6000有效地抑制了催化剂颗粒的团聚,合成的样品颗粒均匀且尺寸最小。H₂-TPR和O₂-TPD结果表明该催化剂具有更高的还原性能和晶格氧迁移能力,同时XPS分析显示表面活性Co3＋含量最高,这些性质使其具有最高的催化氧化活性。     

球磨处理的TiO2光谱特征及其光催化性能研究

为改变TiO₂的颗粒尺寸和提高其光催化性能,采用高能球磨法处理TiO₂粉末,研究球磨时间对样品微观形貌、晶体结构、拉曼光谱、荧光光谱和光催化性能的影响;分析荧光光谱和光催化性能之间的关系,确定光催化机理为快速判断其光催化性能提供依据。结果表明：随着球磨时间的增加样品颗粒由规则形状变成无规则形状且表面变得粗糙。所有样品均主要为锐钛矿结构,有少量的金红石结构,随着球磨时间的增加金红石结构的（110）衍射峰逐渐增强说明在球磨过程中少量的TiO₂发生了相转变,晶粒尺寸先减小后增加。所有样品均出现锐钛矿型TiO₂拉曼散射峰,而未发现金红石晶型的拉曼散射峰。各个拉曼峰的半高宽随着球磨时间的增加都有所增加,这表明样品的表面质量下降,表面缺陷和氧空位逐渐增加导致。所有样品在470 nm附近均出现荧光峰,且球磨后的样品该荧光峰得到增强,经过球磨后的TiO₂样品在397,452,483,500和536 nm等处出现荧光峰,且球磨4 h后的TiO₂荧光峰强度最强,表明其表面缺陷和氧空位含量最多,与拉曼光谱分析结果是一致的。随着辐照时间的增加到100 min所有样品的降解率均有所提升且100 min后所有样品对甲基橙的降解率超过60%。经过球磨后的TiO₂样品的降解率都比未球磨的样品高,且球磨4 h的样品的降解率最高,表明其光催化性能最好。在光催化反应过程中,氧空位和缺陷成为俘获光生电子的中心,以致于光生电子与空穴的复合被有效地禁止。氧空位促使样品对氧气的吸收,氧气与氧空位俘获的光生电子发生相互作用而形成氧自由基,对有机物的氧化起到关键作用,因此表面缺陷和氧空位越多,即激子光致发光峰越强,其光催化性能越好。采用球磨法可提高TiO₂粉末的光催化性能,并通过激子光致发光峰的强弱可快速定性地判断光催化性能的表现。     

YVO4·xTiO2 : Eu3+荧光粉的发光性质

采用高温固相方法合成了YVO₄ ·xTiO₂ : Eu³⁺(x=0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9)粉末状发光材料,经X射线衍射分析结构发现材料为两相共存。一相为YVO₄,属四方锆英石结构;另一相为Y₂Ti₂O₇,属立方烧绿石结构。研究了YVO₄ ·xTiO₂ : Eu³⁺在UV及VUV激发下的光谱性质,讨论了Ti 的掺杂对材料发光性能的影响,发现适量的Ti的掺入可以提高材料 基质对UV及VUV的吸收。在UV及VUV激发下,YVO₄· xTiO₂ : Eu³⁺荧光粉的发射光谱主峰在616 nm和619 nm,证明Eu³⁺占据了晶格中非反演对称中心的位置。在YVO₄ ·xTiO₂ : Eu³⁺的激发光谱中,有一中心位于155 nm的吸收带,它属于基质的吸收带。     

氧氟沙星的荧光光谱与质子化作用研究

研究了氧氟沙星(Ofloxacin,OFL)在不同pH条件下的荧光光谱、紫外光谱和质子化作用。在强酸性溶液中,OFL分子可以结合两个质子而以三元酸H₃L2+的形式存在,最大荧光发射波长(λ_max)为505 nm。随着pH值升高,OFL的荧光光谱发生变化,在激发光谱中352 nm 形成一等荧光点,同时在紫外吸收光谱中出现等色点,这一光谱特征表明H₃L2+逐渐失去4位C羰基氧结合的质子。在pH 2.5～4范围内,OFL以H₂L+形式存在,λ_max为499 nm。当pH＞4时,随pH值升高,位于499 nm 的荧光发射峰逐渐蓝移至455 nm,在484 nm形成一等荧光发射点,表明C-3位羧基质子的离解。在pH 7左右,OFL以双极离子HL形式存在,λ_max为455 nm,是最强的荧光型体。当pH＞8时,随pH值升高,λ_max由455 nm红移至约475 nm,同时荧光强度下降,表明HL失去哌嗪环N-4上结合的质子。当pH＞10时,OFL以阴离子L-形式存在, 荧光强度随pH值升高而降低,但λmax基本不变,表明介质环境对OFL的荧光性质有一定影响。     

非化学计量比铌酸钾锂晶体的光谱特征

用顶部籽晶法生长了一批不同组成的铌酸钾锂晶体。利用近红外cw: Ti-sapphire激光研究了三种组成的经过精细抛光的晶体样品的二次谐波性质,结果表明晶体的二次谐波效应与晶体组成密切相关,Li含量越高的样品倍频效率越高。利用红外Raman光谱技术调查了晶体非线性晶格振动特征,分析了晶体中组分离子浓度对晶体红外Raman光谱特征的影响,探讨了组分离子对晶体二次谐波性质影响的原因。结果表明,晶体中位于C格位的Li离子浓度对晶体Raman光谱产生了强烈的影响,低Li含量晶体中[NbO₆]7-八面体所对应的3个Raman特征光谱线没有峰发生分裂;当晶体中Li离子浓度增加时,ν₅所对应的Raman峰有所加宽,ν₂振动模式出现分裂峰,并在100～400 cm-1范围出现小峰数量增多;当Li离子浓度接近铁电相边界时,[NbO₆]7-八面体结构接近解体,ν₅所对应的Raman峰分裂成3个峰,ν₁和ν₂振动模式发生部分分裂,在100～400 cm-1范围小峰更为突出。这些影响的本质在于晶体中Li含量的提高导致晶体中[NbO₆]7-八面体畸变程度加大,与晶体非线性光学性质相一致。     

污泥吸附剂的制备及其光谱性能研究

以城市和石化污水厂生化活性污泥及剩余污泥为原料,采用热解法制备烟气脱硫吸附剂,并与商品活性炭对比进行了孔结构、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、热分析及元素分析性质表征,利用傅里叶红外光谱法研究污泥吸附剂在SO₂-O₂-N₂及SO₂-O₂-H₂O_(g)-N₂体系的吸附机理。结果表明城市污水厂剩余污泥制备的吸附剂脱硫性能较好,其次为石化活性污泥,生化活性污泥吸附剂脱硫性能较差,剩余污泥制备的吸附剂脱硫率略低于商品活性炭。SO₂-O₂-N₂体系吸附机理主要为物理吸附,SO₂-O₂-H₂O_(g)-N₂体系SO₂发生了催化氧化,以化学吸附为主。吸附过程中起吸附作用的主要是微孔结构。     

钴铈复合氧化物在催化氧化中吸附氧的EPR研究

以溶胶-凝胶法制备了钴、铈及其复合氧化物,考察了其对对甲酚催化氧化的性能,复合氧化物表现出优良的活性和选择性.用EPR方法对3个催化剂样品表面吸附氧及其在可控气氛下与对甲酚的作用进行了研究,实验表明,O₂^-可能为活性氧物种,其吸附量及配位环境可与催化活性和选择性相关联。     

钢大气腐蚀锈层的红外、拉曼光谱研究

运用红外光谱、拉曼光谱分析的方法,对碳钢A₃和低合金钢10CrMoAl经青岛大气腐蚀的锈层样品,进行了比较测试,综合分析得出锈层中主要组成物相为α-Fe₂O₃,γ-FeOOH, α-FeOOH, δ-FeOOH,Fe₃O₄,以及各组成物相相对含量随腐蚀时间的变化情况。     

pH值对秸秆腐殖化溶解性有机质紫外光谱和荧光光谱的影响

秸秆是农业生产的主要副产物,也是农业面源污染的新源头。秸秆还田能有效解决其减量化和资源化利用问题,国家“十二五”规划已明确提出“加大秸秆还田力度,保障农业的稳产、增产和可持续发展”。现阶段,对于典型地区不同环境条件下还田秸秆腐殖化行为的研究不多,同时对于腐殖化组分的精细化检测和分析也有待加强。针对黄土区秸秆还田问题,以紫外光谱法和荧光光谱法为切入点,分析pH值对腐殖化产物溶解性有机质(Dissolved organic matter, DOM) 性质的影响,深度揭示秸秆腐殖化过程的内在本质。结果表明：在200～700 nm波长范围内,DOM的紫外吸收强度先增加后减小,主要吸收峰出现于240 nm附近。相对于中性(pH 7)体系,酸性(pH 6)和碱性 (pH 8和9) 条件下的最大吸收波长λ_max值红移。SUVA₂₅₄,E₃/E₄和A₂₅₃/A₂₀₃比值的规律性变化说明反应体系腐殖化程度较低,这与秸秆腐殖化周期较短有关。黄土浸提液DOM的荧光峰主要位于λ_ex/em=250/330和λ_ex/em=325/450区域,分别归属为紫外区类富里酸荧光峰和可见光区类富里酸和腐殖酸类物质荧光峰。随着腐殖化体系pH值的升高,荧光峰位发生红移,表明DOM苯环结构逐渐增多,共轭度有所增加,同时在λ_ex/em=250/450附近检测到新荧光峰。pH值对荧光强度的影响主要体现在紫外区类富里酸荧光峰,峰强先升高后下降,而对可见光区荧光峰强影响不大,这与浸提液的缓冲效应、荧光猝灭(或副反应)和DOM组分结构有关。紫外光谱和荧光光谱能够一定程度上阐释pH值对秸秆腐殖化DOM性质的影响。     

The effect of supports (Al2O3, Al2O3-CeO2 and Al2O3-CeZrO2) on the nature of gold-species in supported gold catalysts

This work is concerned with the study of Au specimens produced by gold deposition on nanosized mixed oxides (alumina, ceria, zirconia) prepared by the sol-gel method using organometallic precursors. According to X-ray absorption near edge structure, extended X-ray absorption fine structure, transmission electron microscopy data, and ultraviolet-visible and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, mixed Al-Ce-Zr oxides are quite effective for stabilization of different gold specimens. The samples pre- treated in hydrogen at 150°C are characterized by the presence of gold Au³⁺ cations located on the surface in slightly disordered octahedral oxygen coordination. Metallic gold nanoparticles with a size of about 2 nm and gold clusters were found in the samples treated in hydrogen at 300°C.     

Electrical conductivity and structure of CaO-stabilized zirconia doped with copper and iron

The investigation of the influence of copper and iron oxides on the electrical conductivity, the lattice defects and the structure of calcia-stabilized zirconia has shown that (i) the influence of copper is negligible due to the evaporation of this element at the sintering temperature as a consequence of its high volatility; (ii) the presence of iron in the sample prevents sintering of the calcia-stabilized zirconia; (iii) the addition of iron causes decomposition of the cubic solid solution Ca_xZr_1?xO_2?x into monoclinic ZrO₂, the vacant phase Ca_0.1Zr_0.9O_1.9, calcium ferrite and iron oxides; the solubility limit of iron oxide was found to be ≈1 mol%; (iv) the calcia-stabilized zirconia doped with iron is a mixed conductor at low temperatures; at high temperatures (>1073 K) it is a dominant ionic conductor.     

生物质气为燃料的燃料电池理论电动势计算

在以生物质气体为燃料的固体氧化物燃料电池体系中,通过热力学平衡分析编程计算出700-1200 K时气体中各物种例如H2、CO、CO2和CH4的平衡组成,从而得到以氧化钇稳定氧化锆(YSZ)为电解质的电池理论电动势．碳沉积对电动势有显著影响．通过计算可以推测比较适宜的操作温度和增湿条件．还计算了以掺杂氧化铈为电解质的电池电动势,相比氢气为燃料时,使用生物质气体导致的电动势的下降比使用YSZ为电解质的电池要小的多．     

Study of Fluorescence Quenching in Aluminum-Doped Ceria Nanoparticles: Potential Molecular Probe for Dissolved Oxygen

This work investigates a novel usage of aluminum-doped ceria nanoparticles (ADC-NPs), as the molecular probe in optical fluorescence quenching for sensing the dissolved oxygen (DO). Cerium oxide (ceria) nanoparticles can be considered one of the most unique nanomaterials that are being studied today due to the diffusion and reactivity of oxygen vacancies in ceria, which contributes to its high oxygen storage capability. Aluminum can be considered a promising dopant to increase the oxygen ionic conductivity in ceria nanoparticles which can improve the sensitivity of ceria nanoparticles to DO. The fluorescence intensity of ADC-NPs, synthesized via chemical precipitation, is found to have a strong inverse relationship with the DO concentration in aqueous solutions. Stern-Volmer constant of ADC-NPs at room temperature is determined to be 454.6 M^?1, which indicates that ADC-NPs have a promising sensitivity to dissolved oxygen, compared to many presently used fluorophores. In addition, Stern-Volmer constant is found to have a relatively small dependence on temperature between 25 °C to 50 °C, which shows excellent thermal stability of ADC-NPs sensitivity. Our work suggests that ADC-NPs, at 6 nm, are the smallest diameter DO molecular probes between the currently used optical DO sensors composed of different nanostructures. This investigation can improve the performance of fluorescence-quenching DO sensors for industrial and environmental applications.     

Sn interaction with the CeO2(1 1 1) system: Bimetallic bonding and ceria reduction

A tin layer 0.8 nm thick was deposited onto the CeO₂(1 1 1) surface by molecular beam deposition at a temperature of 520 K. The interaction of tin with cerium oxide (ceria) was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and resonant photoelectron spectroscopy (RPES). The strong tin-ceria interaction led to the formation of a homogeneous bulk Ce-Sn-O mixed oxide system. The bulk compound formation is accompanied by partial Ce⁴⁺ → Ce³⁺ reduction, observed as a giant 4f resonance enhancement of the Ce³⁺ species. CeO₂ and SnO₂ oxides were formed after oxygen treatment at 520 K. The study proved the existence of strong Ce-Sn interaction and charge transfer from Sn to the Ce-O complex that lead to a weakening of the cerium-oxygen bond, and consequently, to the formation of oxygen deficient active sites on the ceria surface. This behavior can be a key for understanding the higher catalytic activity of the SnO_x/CeO_x mixed oxide catalysts as compared with the individual pure oxides.     

Nano-ionic thin films of gadolinia-doped ceria prepared by pulsed laser ablation

Microstructural properties of nano-ionic thin films of gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC) prepared by pulsed laser ablation from sintered targets of gadolinia (5–20 mol%) doped ceria are investigated. The ionic conductivity measurements of the sintered pellets showed a decrease in the activation energy from 1.1 to 0.65 eV for 5 and 30 mol% gadolinia-doped ceria, respectively. The microstructural properties of the GDC films as a function of substrate temperature, oxygen partial pressure, and laser energy show that the films are polycrystalline in the entire range of substrate temperature. The grain size is found to increase with increasing temperature up to 873 K. Further improved crystallinity is noticed for the films grown with oxygen partial pressure of 0.1–0.2 mbar. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveal nanocrystalline grains with textured growth along <111> orientation in these films at low substrate temperature and at lower oxygen partial pressure. TEM study shows a uniform distribution of nanocrystal of 8–10 nm for energies ≤200 mJ/pulse, and nanocrystals embedded in a large crystalline matrix of doped ceria for energies in the range 400–600 mJ/pulse. Raman spectroscopy also confirms the defects in these films. The study also reveals that the substrate temperature and oxygen partial pressure could influence preferred orientation, while the laser energy could significantly influence defect concentration in these films. Invited paper presented at the Third International Conference on Ionic Devices (ICID 2006), Chennai, Tamilnadu, India, Dec. 7–9, 2006.     

Fabrication and analysis of the structural phase transition of ZrO2 nanoparticles using modified facile sol–gel route

The synthesis of zirconia nanoparticles is achieved through a modified facile sol–gel route. The as-prepared gel is analyzed thermally using TGA and DTA techniques to spot the crystallization process of zirconia nanoparticles. The prepared gel is then annealed at different temperatures and the structure was found to change between tetragonal and monoclinic crystal systems. The first stable tetragonal phase is achieved after annealing for 2?h at 400°C. The annealed powders between 600°C and 800°C demonstrate mixed tetragonal/monoclinic phases. Annealing at 1000°C and higher temperatures up to 1200°C resulted in pure monoclinic phase. Cubic phase was not detected within the annealing temperature range in this study. The elemental analysis of the annealed powder confirmed the formation of zirconia nanoparticles with the chemical formula ZrO₂. The FTIR spectra of the annealed samples introduced a variation in the vibrational bands especially around the phase transition temperature. HR-TEM images reported the formation of nano-zirconia crystals with apparently large particle sizes. The optical energy gap of zirconia nanoparticles is investigated and determined.     

Oxygen vacancy pairs on CeO2(110): A DFT + U study

Oxygen vacancy pairs have been suggested to play a role in the reduction of NO molecules on ceria and for the oxidation processes of reducible rare-earth oxides. The formation energy of the oxygen vacancy pairs and the changes in the structural and electronic properties of the ceria (110) surface with oxygen vacancy pairs are investigated using density-functional theory (DFT + U) methodology within the generalized gradient approximation. It is found that the excess electrons localize on the Ce ions neighbouring the vacancies, and the most stable structure for the oxygen vacancy pairs on the ceria (110) surface is at next-nearest-neighbour site.