光纤中拉曼散射回波超高灵敏度探测技术研究

与布里渊散射不同,石英光纤中斯托克斯拉曼散射与光纤所受应力无关,只是绝对温度的函数,而且其拉曼频移为1.395×1013 Hz, 比布里渊散射易于提取,作为分布式光纤温度传感器的传感信号有一定的优势,但斯托克斯拉曼散射信号比布里渊弱,其峰值功率在APD中产生的光电流在nA级,低于APD的噪声电流,经光电转换后信号的信噪比小于1,傅里叶变换以及小波变换都无法有效地处理这类信号。通过对斯托克斯拉曼散射信号进行特征分析后,采用累加与小波降噪的综合方法提取该信号,实现在APD噪声电流以下的超灵敏度探测,达到每度0.104 nA的温度灵敏度,低于本系统所有APD噪声电流2.3 nA的1个数量级。     

基于宽带光源和自外差检测的布里渊光时域反射温度传感系统

为简化系统结构、减小相干瑞利噪声对系统性能的影响,提出了一种采用宽带光源的瑞利和布里渊散射自外差检测布里渊光时域反射温度传感系统.分析了瑞利和布里渊自外差检测原理,研究了布里渊频移和自外差信号功率与光纤温度和应变的关系.设计并搭建采用宽带光源的自外差检测布里渊光时域反射温度传感系统,获得了常温下沿光纤分布的自外差信号功率谱及不同温度时加温段光纤的功率谱,验证了布里渊频移和自外差信号相对功率变化随温度的线性增加关系.通过实验数据获得的布里渊频移和相对功率变化的温度系数分别为1.07±0.01MHz/℃和(0.37±0.09)%/℃.本文的研究结果为基于瑞利和布里渊自外差检测布里渊光时域反射传感系统的温度和应变同时测量提供了理论和实验依据.     

一个新型的基于全光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪BOTDR系统

报道了新型的分布式传感测量布里渊光时域反射(BOTDR)系统.布里渊散射频移和强度均依赖于温度和应变,因此,BOTDR利用光纤中的自发布里渊散射作为测量信号可以实现分布式温度和应变测量.在BOTDR中,光源采用窄谱半导体激光器,并由声光调制器调制成脉冲光,经掺铒光纤放大器放大后,注入测试光纤以产生自发布里渊散射.利用双通Mach-Zehnder干涉仪分离光纤背向散射中的自发布里渊散射与瑞利散射信号,实现了自发布里渊散射的直接检测.实验结果表明基于全光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪BOTDR方案是可行的.     

在单模光纤中放大的反斯托克斯拉曼背向自发散射的温度效应

在单模光纤中,输入的激光功率大于阈值时．出现放大的反斯托克斯拉曼背向自发散射现象。实验发现：放大的反斯托克斯拉曼背向自发散射具有温度效应．与反斯托克斯拉曼背向自发散射一样,放大的拉曼散射光的光子通量受到光纤温度的调制。反斯托克斯拉曼背向白发散射的放大效应抑制了单模光纤中的相干噪声,改善了系统的信噪比。实验还发现．放大的反斯托克斯扎曼背向自发散射空域曲线上放大的端点位置随激发功率的增高前移并具有一定的规律性。放大的反斯托克斯拉曼背向自发散射的温度效应作为一种新的测温原理,已应用于远程30km分布光纤温度传感器系统。     

A new method to eliminate the influence of the backward defect infection and the position-dependent of the coefficient on distributed Brillouin fiber sensor

Two theoretical problems associated with the measurement of temperature or strain from the normalized power of Brillouin signal in a distributed fiber sensor are studied. One problem is the position-dependent of the coefficient relating the Brillouin power to the local temperature or strain. The other problem is the backward infection of the defect (local temperature or strain change). These two problems will degrade the measurement accuracy of a distributed Brillouin fiber sensor by changing the distribution of pump power. To eliminate these two problems, new reference functions are proposed to normalize the Brillouin signal. Simulation results by using fourth-order Runge-Kutta algorithm show that these new reference functions can eliminate the influence of these two problems on distributed Brillouin fiber sensor.     

基于布里渊后向散射的海水温度与盐度同步测量研究

基于布里渊散射信号的检测可实现对海水温度等参量的监测.由于海水的布里渊频移量是关于温度和盐度的二元函数,故无法仅通过布里渊散射频移量的检测实现对海水温度和盐度两个独立变量的精确测定.研究表明布里渊信号的功率也是关于温度和盐度的二元函数,所以文章提出通过测量布里渊频移量和接收布里渊信号功率大小,通过两个二元函数反演出海水的温度与盐度数值,实现对海水温度和盐度两个独立变量的同步测量.     

光纤移频分布式布里渊光纤传感技术

提出了一种利用布里渊光纤环形腔移频技术实现分布式光纤布里渊传感的方法.该方法基于布里渊光时域分析法原理,将一束单纵模运转激光器输出的激光分为两束|一束光入射布里渊光纤环形腔中产生窄线宽的受激布里渊散射光作为斯托克斯光,另一束光经过低频相位调制后作为泵浦光|斯托克斯光和泵浦光分别相向入射进入传感光纤,通过测量布里渊谱得到光纤温度或应变.利用该方法可将十几GHz的微波频率转化为兆赫信号频率进行探测处理,仅需一台激光器,因此系统结构简单、成本低,还可减小激光器频率波动对测量准确度的影响.实验验证了该方法的可行性.     

Simultaneous strain and temperature measurements with polarization-maintaining fibers and their error analysis by use of a distributed Brillouin loss system

Simultaneous temperature and strain measurement with a distributed Brillouin loss system is proposed by use of the parameters Brillouin frequency, power, and bandwidth, for PANDA, bow-tie, and tiger polarization-maintaining fibers for the first time to our knowledge. The expressions for simultaneous temperature and strain sensing and the maximum errors and rms values of temperature and strain measurements are derived with three combinations of the parameters: (1) power and Brillouin frequency, (2) bandwidth and Brillouin frequency, and (3) bandwidth and Brillouin power. Our experiments demonstrate that simultaneous temperature and strain sensing at 20-cm spatial resolution for Brillouin frequency combined with bandwidth the strain/temperature resolutions are 39 microepsilon/2 degrees C (PANDA), 126 microepsilon/3 degrees C (bow tie), and 598 microepsilon/16 degrees C (tiger); for the Brillouin frequency combined with power the strain/temperature resolutions are 153 microepsilon/8 degrees C (PANDA) and 237 microepsilon/4 degrees C (bow tie); and for the bandwidth combined with power the strain/temperature resolutions are 135 microepsilon/38 degrees C (PANDA) and 195 microepsilon/38 degrees C (bow tie).     

Dependence of the brillouin frequency shift on strain and temperature in a photonic crystal fiber

The dependence of the Brillouin frequency shift on strain in a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) was measured at a wavelength of 1320 nm for the first time to the authors' knowledge. Together with measurements of the dependence of the Brillouin frequency shift on temperature in the PCF, we demonstrate the feasibility of the highly precise simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain by use of the PCF in a distributed Brillouin sensing system with a spatial resolution of 15 cm.     

基于累加平均的分布式光纤拉曼测温系统

分布式光纤拉曼温度传感(DTS)系统是一套基于光纤中的拉曼散射效应来实现分布式温度监控的系统,利用光纤中拉曼散射光的强度与光纤的温度状态有关的原理对温度进行实时监测。设计了一套9 km的光纤拉曼测温系统,利用数据采集卡对斯托克斯和反斯托克斯光进行采集,在电脑端对温度进行累加平均处理,将微弱的信号从系统的噪声中提取出来,提高其信噪比。在累加平均16 000次的情况下测温精度达到了±2℃。     

基于双向拉曼放大的布里渊光时域分析系统

报道了一种基于双向拉曼放大的布里渊光时域分析系统(Brillouin optical time domain analyzer,BOTDA).利用双向拉曼抽运对信号光进行拉曼放大以补偿光纤损耗及布里渊抽运波的消耗,从而使光纤后端的测量分辨率得到改善,测量分辨率在整段传感光纤趋于一致,同时避免了调制不稳定性引起的频谱扩展,克服了传统BOTDA存在的信号强度指数下降的弊端,使传感精度得到进一步提高.实验实现了50 km传感距离, 温度分辨率达0.6 ℃,空间分辨率为50 m.实验测量并分析了基于双向拉曼放大的BOTDA信噪比和光功率分布特性. 关键词： 分布式光纤传感 受激拉曼放大 布里渊增益 布里渊光时域分析     

Dual-source distributed optical fiber sensor for simultaneous temperature and strain measurements

A dual-source distributed optical fiber sensor system with combined Raman and Brillouin scatterings is designed for simultaneous temperature and strain measurements. The optimal Raman and Brillouin signals can be separately obtained by adjusting the powers of the two sources using an optical switch. The temperature and strain can be determined by processing the optimal Raman and Brillouin signals. The experimental result shows that 1.7 ?C temperature resolution and 60-με strain resolution can be achieved at a 24.7-km distance.     

提高布里渊光时域反射应变仪测量空间分辨力的等效脉冲光拟合法

由于探测光脉冲宽度受到限制,布里渊光时域反射仪(BOTDR)在对光纤上的应变进行分布式测量时,空间分辨力只能达到1 m。针对布里渊光时域反射仪单次采样接收背向布里渊散射信号(BBS)需要一定的时间,提出了基于等效脉冲光的多洛仑兹拟合法以提高其应变测量的空间分辨力。该方法将探测光脉冲在布里渊光时域反射仪完成单次采样所需的时间上进行积分,将积分函数作为等效脉冲光的表达式,再根据等效脉冲光的形状将布里渊光时域反射仪接收到的背向布里渊散射谱(BBS)细分,并对它进行多洛仑兹迭代拟合,准确求得每个细分布里渊散射谱的中心频率,进而利用光纤中布里渊频移与应变的对应关系,得到光纤中与细分布里渊散射谱对应的细分光纤单元上的应变情况。实验结果表明,利用这种方法,可使布里渊光时域反射仪应变测量的空间分辨力提高至0.05 m。     

布里渊散射光纤传感器的交叉敏感问题

基于布里渊散射的全分布式光纤传感器的布里渊频移同时受应变和温度的影响,无法由单一的布里渊频移解析应变或温度的信息,这种交叉敏感问题制约了传感器的实用化。介绍了目前解决交叉敏感问题的主要方法及工作原理。研究了大有效面积非零色散位移光纤(LEAF)的布里渊散射谱与应变和温度的关系,实验发现布里渊谱具有三个布里渊峰,三个峰的布里渊频移与应变和温度成线性关系,第一个峰和第三个峰的布里渊峰峰值功率的差值与温度无关,但与应变成线性关系。最后基于实验结果提出了一种解决交叉敏感问题的方案,获得了大约130με的应变测量精度和8℃的温度测量精度。     

Effect of the finite extinction ratio of an electro-optic modulator on the performance of distributed probe-pump Brillouin sensor systems

The effect of the finite extinction ratio of an electro-optic modulator (EOM) on the Brillouin frequency measurement of a distributed Brillouin-based fiber optic sensor is studied. An EOM with a finite extinction ratio limits the application of Brillouin optical time domain analysis in a distributed Brillouin-based fiber optic sensor. This results in confusion in specifying the location of the strained region and in error in detecting the Brillouin frequency and hence in strain and temperature measurement.     

拉曼放大布里渊光时域分析系统非局域效应

应用包含探测光、布里渊泵浦光及拉曼泵浦光相互作用理论模型,数值分析了基于拉曼放大的长距离布里渊光时域分析仪非局域化特性。结果表明:非局域化随探测光及拉曼泵浦功率增加而恶化;通过频分复用(将具有不同布里渊频移的光纤拼接)及时分复用技术(同时对布里渊泵浦及探测光进行脉冲调制),可有效缩短布里渊泵浦与探测光的作用距离,达到较理想的抑制非局域效应结果。     

布里渊动态光栅原理及其在光纤传感中的应用

自从2007年布里渊动态光栅被首次提出用于实现光存储以来,该技术得到了国际上的广泛关注和研究.布里渊动态光栅本质上是由相干声波场激发的折射率光栅,一般情况下两束抽运光(频率差等于光纤的布里渊频移)以相同的偏振态从光纤两端注入到光纤中,通过受激布里渊散射效应激发出相干声波场,即形成布里渊动态光栅.光纤布里渊动态光栅因具有全光产生、参数灵活可控的优点,已被广泛研究应用于光纤传感、光纤特性表征、光存储、全光信号处理、微波光子学和高精度光谱分析等.本文分析布里渊动态光栅产生和探测原理,重点探讨在高性能分布式光纤传感上的应用,这些应用包括高灵敏度温度和应变分布式传感、温度和应变同时解调、分布式横向压力传感、分布式静压力(气压或液压)传感、高空间分辨率分布式传感和高精度光谱分析.     

Femtosecond phase-and-polarization control for background-free coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy

Phase-and-polarization coherent control is applied to control the nonlinear response of a quantum system. We use it to obtain high-resolution background-free single-pulse coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectra. The ability to control both the spectral phase and the spectral polarization enables measurement of a specific off-diagonal susceptibility tensor element while exploiting the different spectral response of the resonant Raman signal and the nonresonant background to achieve maximal background suppression.     

Sweep-free brillouin optical time domain analysis using two individual laser sources

We propose a sweep-free measurement technique for distributed Brillouin frequency shift in optical fibers applicable to distributed strain/temperature monitoring systems, using two sets of pump-probe lights generated by two individual laser sources. This technique utilizes the Brillouin gain ratio measured at both the upper and lower side slopes of two different Brillouin spectra induced by two pump lights with different wavelengths. The proposed method offers high-speed measurement due to the combination of the frequency-sweep-free operation and the polarization-insensitive measurement scheme without polarization scramblers. A measurement accuracy of 17.3 ??? with a spatial resolution of 5m over 2.6 km sensing length and a capability of kHz sampling rate are experimentally demonstrated.     

基于受激布里渊散射的宽带宽和高精度的微波频率瞬时测量

提出了一种基于受激布里渊散射效应的瞬时频率测量方法.未知信号经过强度调制作为泵浦光,矢量网络分析仪产生的信号经过相位调制作为扫描信号光,当泵浦光和扫描信号光之间满足相位匹配条件时,受激布里渊散射效应发生并实现相位调制到强度调制的转换,未知信号的频率被测量.实验验证可以测量0.5 GHz-27 GHz的微波信号的频率,最大误差小于20 MHz.