Test bed for measurement of angular parameters of passive infrared sensors

The paper presents a project of a test bed designed to evaluate angular parameters of detection zones of PIR sensors. The test bed is especially suited for measurements of angular width of detection zones of various PIR sensors. Furthermore, it can be used in experimental verification of the design and manufacturing quality of PIR sensor’s optical system.     

Two-dimensional shear wave speed and crawling wave speed recoveries from in vitro prostate data

The crawling wave experiment was developed to capture a shear wave induced moving interference pattern that is created by two harmonic vibration sources oscillating at different but almost the same frequencies. Using the vibration sonoelastography technique, the spectral variance image reveals a moving interference pattern. It has been shown that the speed of the moving interference pattern, i.e., the crawling wave speed, is proportional to the shear wave speed with a nonlinear factor. This factor can generate high-speed artifacts in the crawling wave speed images that do not actually correspond to increased stiffness. In this paper, an inverse algorithm is developed to reconstruct both the crawling wave speed and the shear wave speed using the phases of the crawling wave and the shear wave. The feature for the data is the application to in vitro prostate data, while the features for the algorithm include the following: (1) A directional filter is implemented to obtain a wave moving in only one direction; and (2) an L(1) minimization technique with physics inspired constraints is employed to calculate the phase of the crawling wave and to eliminate jump discontinuities from the phase of the shear wave. The algorithm is tested on in vitro prostate data measured at the Rochester Center for Biomedical Ultrasound and University of Rochester. Each aspect of the algorithm is shown to yield image improvement. The results demonstrate that the shear wave speed images can have less artifacts than the crawling wave images. Examples are presented where the shear wave speed recoveries have excellent agreement with histology results on the size, shape, and location of cancerous tissues in the glands.     

基于热释电红外传感器的多节点定位系统研究与设计

针对热释电红外传感器(PIR)在人体探测领域中越来越广泛的应用,研究设计了一种基于PIR的检测定位系统,可实时完成对人员目标入侵探测区域时的检测与定位,并预推出人员目标的行进轨迹;该系统由多个PIR感知节点组成,每个感知节点通过传感在动、静两种状态下对探测区域进行信息采集;最终融合多节点与不同状态下传感器采集的数据,算出各个传感器的探测角度值,以交叉定位的算法,得到目标的定位坐标;经实验证明,该系统运行稳定,检测灵敏,定位效果很好,拓宽了热释电传感器在定位定向方面的使用范围。     

基于Gm-APD的成像激光雷达目标探测特性

针对采用盖革模式雪崩光电二极管（Gm-APD）作为探测器的成像激光雷达,介绍了其测距原理及3D成像原理,并对如何提高其探测性能的方法进行了分析。以分析Gm-APD触发信号的统计特性为基础,对出现在距离门内不同位置目标的探测概率和虚警概率进行了研究与仿真,结果表明,目标处在距离门最前面时,探测概率受噪声水平影响最小,虚警概率受信号强度影响最大;目标靠近距离门中间位置时,探测概率随噪声水平增大下降缓慢,虚警概率随信号强度增大下降缓慢;目标处在距离门末尾时探测概率受噪声水平影响最大,而虚警概率几乎与回波信号强度无关。     

多通道复合式光学成像系统中运动点目标的自动检测

单纯对单孔径光学成像系统的图像数据进行检测处理,来实现对运动点目标的自动检测和判别是非常困难的.本文根据多通道复合式光学成像系统多个通道视场有重叠的固有特点,建立了应用于该系统的运动点目标自动检测和判别方法.实际系统上测试证明了所设计检测方法有效地提高了运动点目标检测的概率,减少了误判和虚警,检测方法可行有效.     

A novel low-cost and small-size human tracking system with pyroelectric infrared sensor mesh network

This paper presents a low-cost and small-size human tracking system based on pyroelectric infrared (PIR) sensor mesh network. A wireless pyroelectric sensor network is developed using PIRs and PIR cone optics. The layout of PIRs and sensor nodes are well investigated and the real detection range of PIR is analyzed. A simple and effective PIR signal processing method is designed to get the event signal, and an innovative location method based on detecting angle bisectors of PIRs and data fusion is proposed. An improved Kalman filter and a particle filter are used for human tracking respectively. Simulation and Experimental results have shown that the human tracking system can effectively recognize, locate and track a human target with promising accuracy.     

Slowly moving matter-wave gap soliton propagation in weak random optical lattices

We systematically investigate slowly moving matter-wave gap soliton propagation in weak random optical lattices. With the weak randomness, an effective-particle theory is constructed to show that the motion of a gap soliton is similar to a particle moving in random potentials. Based on the effective-particle theory, the effects of the randomness on gap solitons are obtained and the trajectories of gap solitons are well predicted. Moreover, the general laws that describe the movement depending on the weak randomness are obtained. We find that with an increase of the random strength, the ensemble-average velocity reduces slowly and the reflection probability becomes larger. The theoretical results based on the effective-particle theory are confirmed by the numerical simulations based on the Gross-Pitaevskii equation.     

红外序列图像中运动弱小目标检测

为检测红外序列图像中的运动弱小目标,分析了目标在序列图像中的运动特性和概率分布特性,以及目标和噪声在序列中的能量分布特性。提出连续M帧高阶累积方法来增强运动弱目标能量,用假设检验对目标和背景进行分割,通过搜寻序列运动能量中心来实现目标的多帧关联检测。通过仿真实验证明了算法对红外弱小目标检测有效性。     

Slowly moving matter--wave gap soliton propagation in weak random nonlinear potential

We systematically investigate the motion of slowly moving matter--wave gap solitons in a nonlinear potential, produced by the weak random spatial variation of the atomic scattering length. With the weak randomness, we construct an effective-particle theory to study the motion of gap solitons. Based on the effective-particle theory, the effect of the randomness on gap solitons is obtained, and the motion of gap solitons is finally solved. Moreover, the analytic results for the general behaviours of gap soliton motion, such as the ensemble-average speed and the reflection probability depending on the weak randomness are obtained. We find that with the increase of the random strength the ensemble-average speed of gap solitons decreases slowly where the reduction is proportional to the variance of the weak randomness, and the reflection probability becomes larger. The theoretical results are in good agreement with the numerical simulations based on the Gross--Pitaevskii equation.     

Current programs of search for gravitational waves by terrestrial detectors

We discuss the problem of of detection the gravitational radiation which could be produced by relativistic objects in the Universe. After a brief sketch of the detector world net the attention is concentrated on present programs of search for conceivable signals expected in the frame of modern astrophysics. It is concluded that the probability of succeeding with the modern generation of gravitational detectors, sensitive to the metric perturbation on the order of 10⁻²¹, is low. One of the ways to increase the probability is a search for “astro-gravity correlations” where a gravitational detector noise background is analysed referring to the data of gamma-ray and neutrino detectors. Author dedicates this article to Prof. Jiří Bičák’s 60th birthday.     

基于改进遗传算法优化的形态学修正TOP-HAT滤波器设计方法

针对红外序列图像中运动弱小点目标的检测问题,设计了一种基于改进遗传算法优化的修正Top-Hat形态学滤波器算子。其中,优化的修正Top-Hat形态学滤波器可以很好地抑制背景和噪声的影响;改进遗传算法采用新的区间离散化编码和自适应的主次式交叉与变异算子,通过优化搜索全局空间得到的形态学滤波器参量具有较好的滤波性及时效性。并且针对不同信噪比的点目标检测建立了自适应门限。实测数据的处理结果表明:在虚警概率小于5%情况下,优化的修正Top-Hat形态学滤波器算子对信噪比约为2的复杂图像检测概率大于等于70%,与固定结构元素的Top-Hat形态学滤波器相比检测概率提高了近10%,与用经典遗传算法训练的传统Top-Hat形态学滤波器相比检测概率提高了4%。     

Time-resolved and state-selective detection of single freely falling atoms

We report on the detection of single, slowly moving Rubidium atoms using laser-induced fluorescence. The atoms move at 3 m/s while they are detected with a time resolution of 60 μs. The detection scheme employs a near-resonant laser beam that drives a cycling atomic transition, and a highly efficient mirror setup to focus a large fraction of the fluorescence photons to a photomultiplier tube. It counts on average 20 photons per atom.     

The moving boundary node method: A level set-based,finite volume algorithm with applications to cell motility

Eukaryotic cell crawling is a highly complex biophysical and biochemical process, where deformation and motion of a cell are driven by internal, biochemical regulation of a poroelastic cytoskeleton. One challenge to built quantitative models that describe crawling cells is solving the reaction–diffusion–advection dynamics for the biochemical and cytoskeletal components of the cell inside its moving and deforming geometry. Here we develop an algorithm that uses the level set method to move the cell boundary and uses information stored in the distance map to construct a finite volume representation of the cell. Our method preserves Cartesian connectivity of nodes in the finite volume representation while resolving the distorted cell geometry. Derivatives approximated using a Taylor series expansion at finite volume interfaces lead to second order accuracy even on highly distorted quadrilateral elements. A modified, Laplacian-based interpolation scheme is developed that conserves mass while interpolating values onto nodes that join the cell interior as the boundary moves. An implicit time stepping algorithm is used to maintain stability. We use the algorithm to simulate two simple models for cellular crawling. The first model uses depolymerization of the cytoskeleton to drive cell motility and suggests that the shape of a steady crawling cell is strongly dependent on the adhesion between the cell and the substrate. In the second model, we use a model for chemical signalling during chemotaxis to determine the shape of a crawling cell in a constant gradient and to show cellular response upon gradient reversal.     

Sonoelastographic imaging of interference patterns for estimation of shear velocity distribution in biomaterials

The authors have recently demonstrated the shear wave interference patterns created by two coherent vibration sources imaged with the vibration sonoelastography technique. If the two sources vibrate at slightly different frequencies omega and omega+deltaomega, respectively, the interference patterns move at an apparent velocity of (deltaomega/2omega)upsilon(shear), where upsilon(shear) is the shear wave speed. We name the moving interference patterns "crawling waves." In this paper, we extend the techniques to inspect biomaterials with nonuniform stiffness distributions. A relationship between the local crawling wave speed and the local shear wave velocity is derived. In addition, a modified technique is proposed whereby only one shear wave source propagates shear waves into the medium at the frequency omega. The ultrasound probe is externally vibrated at the frequency omega-deltaomega. The resulting field estimated by the ultrasound (US) scanner is proven to be an exact representation of the propagating shear wave field. The authors name the apparent wave motion "holography waves." Real-time video sequences of both types of waves are acquired on various inhomogeneous elastic media. The distribution of the crawling/holographic wave speeds are estimated. The estimated wave speeds correlate with the stiffness distributions.     

心率变异性的异方差特征研究

心率变异性数据具有非平稳和瞬时波动的特点,本文提出了采用自回归条件异方差(ARCH)分析方法分析这种波动.分析方法采用自回归移动平均模型消除序列的趋势和相关性,采用F检验法判断残差序列中是否存在ARCH效应,同时给出接受ARCH效应的概率.对充血性心衰竭病人和正常人的心率波动序列进行分析,两类人群ARCH特征接受概率及其变化率的统计值有较大差异,表明该方法可以区分不同的群体,为心电信息学研究提供了一种新的方法.     

Deterministic implementations of fermionic quantum SWAP and Fredkin gates for spin qubits based on charge detection

We propose a scheme to implement fermionic quantum SWAP and Fredkin gates for spin qubits with the aid of charge detection. The scheme is deterministic without the need of qubit–qubit interaction, and the proposed setups consist of simple polarizing beam splitters, single-spin rotations, and charge detectors. Compared with linear optics quantum computation, this charge-measurement-based qubit scheme greatly enhances the success probability for im- plementing quantum SWAP and Fredkin gates and greatly simplifies the experimental realization of scalable quantum computers with noninteracting electrons.     

Infrared small moving target detection using sparse representation-based image decomposition

Infrared small moving target detection is one of the crucial techniques in infrared search and tracking systems. This paper presents a novel small moving target detection method for infrared image sequence with complicated background. The key points are given as follows: (1) since target detection mainly depends on the incoherence between target and background, the proposed method separate the target from the background according to the morphological feature diversity between target and background; (2) considering the continuity of target motion in time domain, the target trajectory is extracted by the RX filter in random projection. The experiments on various clutter background sequences have validated the detection capability of the proposed method. The experimental results show that the proposed method can robustly provide a higher detection probability and a lower false alarm rate than baseline methods.     

Detection performance improvement of photon counting chirped amplitude modulation lidar with response probability correction

Geiger mode avalanche photodiode detector(Gm-APD) possesses the ultra-high sensitivity. Photon counting chirped amplitude modulation(PCCAM) light detection and ranging(lidar) uses the counting results of the returned signal detected by Gm-APD to mix with the reference signal, which makes PCCAM lidar capable of realizing the ultra-high sensitivity, and this is very important for detecting the remote and weak signal. However, Gm-APD is a nonlinear device, different from traditional linear detectors. Due to the nonlinear response of Gm-APD, the counting results of the returned signal detected by Gm-APD are different from those of both the original modulation signal and the reference signal. This will affect the mixing effect and thus degrade the detection performance of PCCAM lidar. In this paper, we propose a response probability correction method. First, the response probability correction model is established on the basis of Gm-APD Poisson probability response model. Then, the response probability correction model is used to adjust the original modulation signal that is used to drive laser, in order to make the counting results of the returned signal detected by Gm-APD better mix with the local reference signal in the same form. Through this method, the detection performance of PCCAM lidar is enhanced efficiently.     

Time-Bin Phase-Encoding Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution with Four Single-Photon Detectors

Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution(MDI-QKD) eliminates all loopholes on detection.Previous experiments of time-bin phase-encoding MDI-QKD allow a factor of 3/4 loss in the final key for the incapability of identifying two successive detection events by a single photon detector.Here we propose a new scheme to realize the time-bin phase-encoding MDI-QKD.The polarization states are used to generate the time bins and the phase-encoding states.The factor of loss in the final key is eliminated by using four single photon detectors at the measurement site.We show the feasibility of our scheme with a proof-of-principle experimental demonstration.The phase reference frame is rotated extremely slowly with only passive stabilization measures.The quantum bit error rate can reach 0.8% in the Z-basis and 26.2% in the X-basis.     

A generalized power-law detection algorithm for humpback whale vocalizations

Conventional detection of humpback vocalizations is often based on frequency summation of band-limited spectrograms under the assumption that energy (square of the Fourier amplitude) is the appropriate metric. Power-law detectors allow for a higher power of the Fourier amplitude, appropriate when the signal occupies a limited but unknown subset of these frequencies. Shipping noise is non-stationary and colored and problematic for many marine mammal detection algorithms. Modifications to the standard power-law form are introduced to minimize the effects of this noise. These same modifications also allow for a fixed detection threshold, applicable to broadly varying ocean acoustic environments. The detection algorithm is general enough to detect all types of humpback vocalizations. Tests presented in this paper show this algorithm matches human detection performance with an acceptably small probability of false alarms (P(FA) < 6%) for even the noisiest environments. The detector outperforms energy detection techniques, providing a probability of detection P(D) = 95% for P(FA) < 5% for three acoustic deployments, compared to P(FA) > 40% for two energy-based techniques. The generalized power-law detector also can be used for basic parameter estimation and can be adapted for other types of transient sounds.