缅甸翡翠中铁元素的激光诱导击穿光谱定量检测

采用激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术定量分析缅甸翡翠中Fe元素的浓度。选择Fe元素的275.57 nm光谱线作为定量分析谱线,选取Si元素的288.17 nm光谱线作为内标谱线,选取12个缅甸翡翠样品作为研究对象,以其中9个样品绘制了传统定标法和内定标法的Fe元素定标曲线,并将定标曲线用于3个检验样品的Fe含量的实际预测。实验结果表明,采用传统定标方法时,定标样品光谱强度的相对标准偏差(RSD)在1.4%～8.3%之间,所建立的Fe元素浓度含量定标曲线的拟合相关系数R2为0.979,使用该方法建立的定标曲线对3个检验样品中Fe元素含量进行测定,最大相对误差为10.6%;而采用内定标法时,定标样品光谱强度的比值(I_Fe/I_Si)的相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.9%～5.7%之间,Fe的拟合相关系数R2达到0.989,样品中Fe元素的测定相对误差均可降低到7%以下。结果证明,利用内定标法定量分析翡翠中Fe的含量比传统定标法相对误差更小,采用LIBS技术结合内定标法更适于缅甸翡翠样品中Fe元素定量分析。     

用激光诱导击穿光谱技术定量分析土壤中Ba和Sr

利用激光诱导击穿光谱(laser induced breakdown spectroscopy,LIBS)技术检测土壤标准样品中Ba和Sr的含量,用光纤光谱仪探测等离子体冷却过程中的发射谱线,选取BaⅡ455.41nm和SrⅠ460.73nm特征谱线为分析线。为了减小误差,采用Lorenizian函数进行光谱轮廓曲线拟合对数据预处理,提取光谱净强度值。选择多元素谱线强度和作为内标,根据分析线与内标线强度值之比建立定标曲线,Ba和Sr含量与其强度比的线性系数分别达到0.990 0和0.990 6,采用这种强度比定标法对Ba和Sr的含量进行反演,测定Ba和Sr含量值与标准值的相对偏差分别为5.7%和5.1%。     

钢铁中钒、钛元素的激光诱导击穿光谱定量检测

采用激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术测量钢铁中钒、钛元素的含量。选取V Ⅰ 440.85 nm和Ti Ⅰ 334.19 nm作为定量分析谱线、基体元素谱线Fe Ⅰ 438.35 nm作为内标谱线,分别建立了基本定标法和内定标法的钢铁样品中V和Ti含量的光谱分析定标曲线,并将它们用于检验样品的定量分析。研究表明,V和Ti基本定标曲线的拟合相关系数R2分别为0.987 5和0.990 9,对检验样品中V和Ti元素的测定相对误差最大分别为11.1%和4.0%;而采用内定标法时,V和Ti的拟合相关系数R2分别达到0.995 2和0.992 1,对检测样品中V和Ti元素的测定相对误差均可降低到4.0%以下。结果证明,采用内定标的激光诱导击穿光谱分析方法更适于钢铁样品中钒、钛含量的测定。     

激光诱导击穿光谱结合神经网络测定土壤中的Cr和Ba

提出了一种基于人工神经网络的激光诱导击穿光谱技术实现元素成分高准确度定量分析的方法.采用基于动量和自适应学习速率梯度下降算法的反向传播神经网络,结合激光诱导击穿光谱技术的方法测定土壤中Cr和Ba元素的含量,得到了Cr和Ba的含量以及多次重复预测的相对标准偏差,并与采用传统的内标法得到的检测结果相比较.研究结果表明:基于动量和自适应学习速率梯度下降算法的反向传播神经网络分析方法,与激光诱导击穿光谱技术相结合能更好地实现对土壤样品中Cr和Ba元素的定量检测.相对内标法,神经网络分析方法与激光诱导击穿光谱技术相结合可以很明显地提高检测准确度和精密度,对采用激光诱导击穿光谱技术定量检测土壤重金属污染具有很好的应用价值.     

激光诱导击穿光谱结合神经网络测定土壤中的Cr和Ba

提出了一种基于人工神经网络的激光诱导击穿光谱技术实现元素成分高准确度定量分析的方法.采用基于动量和自适应学习速率梯度下降算法的反向传播神经网络,结合激光诱导击穿光谱技术的方法测定土壤中Cr和Ba元素的含量,得到了Cr和Ba的含量以及多次重复预测的相对标准偏差,并与采用传统的内标法得到的检测结果相比较.研究结果表明:基于动量和自适应学习速率梯度下降算法的反向传播神经网络分析方法,与激光诱导击穿光谱技术相结合能更好地实现对土壤样品中Cr和Ba元素的定量检测.相对内标法,神经网络分析方法与激光诱导击穿光谱技术相结合可以很明显地提高检测准确度和精密度,对采用激光诱导击穿光谱技术定量检测土壤重金属污染具有很好的应用价值.     

激光诱导击穿光谱结合偏最小二乘法定量分析脐橙中Cd含量

基于激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术对赣南脐橙中Cd元素进行定量分析. 利用LIBS获取样品中Cd元素的特征谱线信息, 并结合原子吸收分光光度计测量样品中Cd元素的真实含量.采用五点平滑法和中心化法对样品光谱数据进行预处理, 基于偏最小二乘法(PLS)对其中的39个样品建立Cd元素的定量分析模型, 在该模型的基础上预测另外13个样品的Cd含量, 并对PLS模型进行对比验证. PLS模型中拟合曲线的相关系数为0.9806, 12个样品的验证结果的相对误差为10.94%.研究结果表明, 激光诱导击穿光谱技术能够准确的检测农产品中重金属含量, 为农产品的安全检测提供技术方法. 关键词： 激光诱导击穿光谱 Cd 定量分析 偏最小二乘法     

基于内标法的钢铁中硫和磷激光诱导击穿光谱定量分析

利用激光诱导击穿光谱技术对铬钢样品中的硫、磷元素进行了定量分析.采用1 064nm Nd∶YAG固体激光器,在空气中激发样品,产生的光谱信号通过中阶梯光栅分光后进入EMCCD检测器,对波长在220~800nm范围的光谱信号进行检测.研究了光谱强度与延时时间以及激光能量之间的关系.在优化的实验参数下采用谱线强度比内标法定量分析三种铬钢样品中的硫、磷元素含量.实验结果表明,各元素定量结果的相对标准偏差最大值为2.6%,相对误差为-8.3%~12.5%.三种铬钢样品中硫含量分别为0.011%、0.0079%和0.0048%,磷含量分别为0.015%、0.014%和0.009%.激光诱导击穿光谱技术有望实现冶金工业的实时、在线和快速检测.     

土壤中微量元素锰的激光诱导击穿光谱定量分析

采用激光诱导击穿光谱技术分析安徽怀远农亢农场土壤样品中微量元素Mn的含量分布情况。实验中选取403.1 nm作为Mn元素的分析线为,土壤中基体元素Fe作为内标元素,选取的分析线为407.2 nm。选取10个土壤样品分别用传统定标方法和内标法建立定标曲线,并对4个待测样品浓度进行预测。实验结果表明,传统定标方法建立的定标曲线的拟合相关系数r为0.954,检测限为93 mg·kg-1,待测样品的测量相对误差最大为5.72%;而采用内标法建立的定标曲线的拟合相关系数r为0.983,测量的相对误差减小到4.1%,检测限为71 mg·kg-1。说明采用LIBS技术对土壤中微量元素Mn检测的可行性,同时,内标法一定程度上可提高测量的精确性。     

农田土壤中钾元素含量的激光诱导击穿光谱测量方法

农田土壤中钾元素的实时测量具有重要的意义。利用由1 064 nm激光器、高分辨率光谱仪组成的激光诱导击穿光谱系统,研究了土壤总钾含量的LIBS测量方法。文章对钾元素含量在8.74～34.56 g·kg-1之间的农田土壤样品进行分析,比较了404.40,404.72,766.49和769.90 nm的钾原子特征谱线,并选取766.49 nm为本研究的分析谱线。分析了激光器稳定性、随机噪声造成的谱线强度误差,并以农田土壤中含量相对稳定的硅元素为参照元素,建立K和Si光谱强度比值与土壤中K元素含量关系的内定标模型。定标曲线拟合相关系数为0.935,定标模型对预测集样品的预测标准偏差为9.26%。     

激光诱导击穿光谱定量分析玉石中的Mg,Fe和Ca

基于对样品进行的激光诱导击穿光谱和X射线荧光光谱分析测试建立了天然玉石中主要元素Mg,Ca和微量元素Fe的定标曲线。实验采用纳秒级的Nd∶YAG激光器(波长:1 064nm)为光源,在延迟时间为3μs,激光脉冲累积数量为110,单个脉冲能量为100mJ,脉冲重复频率为10Hz的实验条件下,采用激光诱导击穿光谱技术装置对天然南阳独山玉石样品中的元素进行等离子体激发测试,得到波长在300~1 000nm的等离子光谱图。通过将得到的光谱图中特征峰与美国国家标准与技术研究院数据库进行对比,发现测试样品中含有Mg,Fe和Ca等元素,以X射线荧光光谱分析技术对四种南阳独山玉标准样品中测量出的Mg,Fe和Ca元素氧化物含量作为标准数据,选取含量比较高的Al元素作为内标元素,采用内标法对玉石光谱图中Mg,Fe和Ca元素特征峰值进行线性拟合,从而得出Mg,Fe和Ca三种元素的定标曲线,求出待测样品中这3种元素氧化物的含量,结果表明这三种元素氧化物的含量与中国珠宝宝石收藏鉴赏全集资料中所给出的元素氧化物含量的百分比范围MgO(0.28%~1.73%),Fe2O3(0~0.8%),CaO(18%~20%)相符合,相比于常用的方法,激光诱导击穿光谱技术可以快速地对待测样品进行检测,样品预处理简单且对样品损害较小。进一步验证了激光诱导击穿光谱技术对于玉石应用的可行性。     

Playing with Numbers, with Fermions and Bosons

We construct nonlinear maps which realize the fermionization of bosons and the bosonization of fermions with the view of obtaining states coding naturally integers in standard or in binary basis. Specifically, with reference to spin systems, we derive raising and lowering bosonic operators in terms of standard fermionic operators and vice versa. The crucial role of multiboson operators in the whole construction is emphasized. Dedicated to Giuseppe Castagnoli for his 65th birthday.     

Diffusion Studies with Synchrotron Radiation and with Neutron Scattering

With scattering methods we are able to detect the elementary diffusion jump. This is a report on investigations with methods working in the time domain, i.e., nuclear resonant scattering of synchrotron radiation and neutron spin echo. The accent of this paper is on diffusion in ordered alloys. We finish with an outlook on what will be possible with the upcoming potential of future synchrotron sources. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Drum silencer with shallow cavity filled with helium

The motivation of this study is twofold: (a) to produce a flow-through silencer with zero pressure loss for pressure-critical applications, and (b) to tackle low frequency noise with limited sideway space using cavities filled with helium. The work represents a further development of our recently conceived device of a drum-like silencer with conventional air cavity [Huang, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 112, 2014-2025 (2002); Choy and Huang, ibid. 112, 2026-2035 (2002)]. Theoretical predictions are validated by experimental data. The new silencer consists of two highly tensioned membranes lining part of a duct, and each membrane is backed by a cavity filled with helium. For a typical configuration of a duct with height h, membrane length L = 7h, cavity depth h = 0.2h, and tension T = 0.52rho0c0(2)h2, where rho0 and c0 are the ambient density and speed of sound in air, respectively, the transmission loss has a continuous stop band of TL > 6.35 dB for frequency 0.03c0/h to 0.064c0/h, which is much better than traditional duct lining. In addition to the mechanisms at work for drum silencers with air cavity, the low density of helium reduces the masslike reactance of the cavity on the second in vacuo mode of membrane vibration. The reduction greatly enhances the membrane response at this mode, which is found to be critical for achieving a broadband performance in the low-frequency regime.     

伽利略望远镜与柱面镜组合式长焦综合测量系统

为了实现定距离、较大视场范围某低速点的快速方位角及高程测量要求,采用点型光源、伽利略望远镜与柱面镜组合式长焦光学系统及双正交线阵CCD,搭建了一种复合柱面镜长焦光学测量系统.该组合式长焦光学系统无一次成像面,系统光学长度短,系统前组为伽利略型望远镜型式,接近无焦.在一定测量范围内,选择合适的前组角放大倍率和前组口径等参量,使得在不同位置的点所成线像均与双线阵CCD正交.有针对性地优化光学系统设计、选择合适的系统评价函数并对系统装调及测量原理进行准确度分析.结果表明,该系统在测量距离为10m,视场范围1.5°×1.5°内时,方位角测量误差在±2.5″以内,且系统长度较短,公差较宽松.该系统解决了光源合作目标尺寸严格受限的问题,探测器尺寸较大且成本较低.     

Living with lambda

This talk presents a brief overview of recent results pertaining to the cosmological constant ‘A’. I summarize the observational situation focussing on observations of high redshift Type Ia supernovae which suggest A > 0. Observations of small angular anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background complement Type Ia supernovae observations and both CMB and Sn can be combined to place strong constraints on the value of A. The presence of a small A-term increases the age of the universe and slows down the formation of large scale structure. I also review recent theoretical attempts to generate a small A-term at the current epoch and a model independent approach for determining the cosmic equation of state.     

Thermomechanical behavior of SBR reinforced with nanotubes functionalized with polyvinylpyridine

The mechanical and thermal behavior of composites consisting on a styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) matrix with a sulphur/accelerator system and multiwalled carbon nanotubes functionalized with poly-4-vinylpyridine (MWCNT-PVP) as reinforcement, were studied. The materials were tested with stress-strain tensile tests, DMTA and DSC for thermal properties. A strong increase in the plastic behavior with slight decrease of its elastic Modulus and Tg led to unexpected results.     

Einstein-Maxwell space-times with symmetries and with non-null electromagnetic fields

General properties of solutions (g, F) of the Einstein-Maxwell field equations are discussed, whereg is a metric tensor andF is a non-null Maxwell field. In particular the case is discussed whereg admits a Killing vector fieldv with special emphasis on the case wherev is not admitted byF, i.e., the electromagnetic field does not have a symmetry of the metric tensor. An example is given of a solution (g, F) in whichg admits a hypersurface orthogonal Killing vector not admitted byF.