双谱段全景电晕探测光学系统

为扩大电晕系统探测范围、提高实时探测能力,采用折反射全景结构建立了一种新型双谱段("日盲"紫外/可见光)电晕探测系统.介绍了双谱段折反射全景电晕探测系统工作原理,并根据系统要求确定了镜组结构及子系统光学参量.在分析折反射全景系统像差特性的基础上,研究了折、反射子光学系统间像差补偿及照度均匀性改善方法.完成了视场角为360°×(45°～90°)、相对孔径1∶2的双谱段全景电晕探测光学系统设计.分析结果表明:"日盲"紫外全景系统各视场能量集中度100%弥散圆直径均小于紫外ICCD像元尺寸30μm;可见光紫外全景系统各视场MTF0.5@83lp/mm.像面照度均匀性优于99.8%;满足了大视场,大相对孔径及高均匀性像面照度等电晕探测需求.     

星载均匀像面低畸变广角气溶胶探测仪的研制

为满足空间遥感的迫切需求,设计并研制了一个星载均匀像面低畸变广角气溶胶探测仪样机.该仪器通过利用光阑像差产生的有效像差渐晕提高像面照度的均匀性,解决了广角系统中像面照度不均匀的问题.合理选择结构型式校正了畸变,并且采用全球面光学系统,易于加工和检测.广角气溶胶探测仪的中心波长为670 nm,带宽20 nm,全视场72°,相对孔径1/3.6,焦距20mm.实验结果表明:研制的星载广角气溶胶探测仪镜头其入瞳大小5.6 mm,边缘视场的相对照度达到95.6％,在36 lp/mm处,轴上视场的调制传递函数值大于0.61,轴外视场的调制传递函数值高于0.58,最大畸变量为-1.95％,完全满足设计指标要求,体积小,适合空间遥感应用.     

星载均匀像面低畸变广角气溶胶探测仪的研制

为满足空间遥感的迫切需求,设计并研制了一个星载均匀像面低畸变广角气溶胶探测仪样机.该仪器通过利用光阑像差产生的有效像差渐晕提高像面照度的均匀性,解决了广角系统中像面照度不均匀的问题.合理选择结构型式校正了畸变,并且采用全球面光学系统,易于加工和检测.广角气溶胶探测仪的中心波长为670 nm,带宽20 nm,全视场72°,相对孔径1/3.6,焦距20 mm.实验结果表明:研制的星载广角气溶胶探测仪镜头其入瞳大小5.6 mm,边缘视场的相对照度达到95.6%,在36 lp/mm处,轴上视场的调制传递函数值大于0.61,轴外视场的调制传递函数值高于0.58,最大畸变量为-1.95%,完全满足设计指标要求,体积小,适合空间遥感应用.     

星载超广角气溶胶探测仪均匀像面性光学设计

为满足空间遥感的迫切需求,设计了星载低畸变超广角气溶胶探测仪系统.系统中多光谱成像仪的光谱范围为0.860~0.965 μm,全视场角为94°,相对孔径为1∶4,采用反远距结构,系统后工作距离为42 mm.根据反远距结构的像差特点,提出了合理选用易于加工的二次曲面校正畸变,并利用光阑像差产生的有效像差渐晕改善像面照度分布设计方法.运用光学设计软件CODE V和ZEMAX对气溶胶探测仪光学系统进行了光线追迹和优化并对设计结果进行了分析.结果表明,最大畸变为-1.6%,像面上边缘视场的照度大于中心视场照度的46%,光学系统在奈奎斯特频率38.5 lp/mm处的光学传递函数均达到0.59以上,完全满足设计指标要求;体积小,适合空间遥感应用;同时证明了设计方法是可行的.     

大视场紫外告警相机光学系统研究与设计

为了提高紫外探测器系统的信噪比,确保紫外告警相机的低虚警率,分析与研究了大视场紫外光学系统的结构型式,采用反远距、准像方远心光路,实现了大视场光学系统的像差校正,使系统具有优良的成像质量及均匀的像面照度.设计了波段范围为0.254~0.272μm、视场角为110°、相对孔径为1/3的光学系统.系统成像质量良好,畸变小,像面照度均匀.成像质量分析结果表明:全视场最大弥散斑半径小于53.7μm,轴上、轴外视场像面照度均匀性小于15%,0.85视场的相对畸变小于20%,满足紫外告警相机的使用要求.     

高分辨PAL成像系统的设计研究

基于全景环形透镜的成像技术是全景成像中的一种最具潜力的成像方式,具有高分辨率的长焦距全景环形透镜成像系统光学结构较复杂,结构设计是首要解决的问题.本文根据全景环形透镜成像系统的光路结构及成像特性,详细讨论了全景环形透镜和转像透镜组两部分的设计方法,分别设计了单块全景环形透镜和复杂化全景环形透镜,并对它们的像差特性做了对比,分析了它们之间的光路衔接条件和像差补偿方案.该设计采用小尺寸CCD离轴扫描接收环形像,同时分析了这种扫描机构的可行性.系统要求在300m处需分辨250mm大小的物体,通过计算合理地选择了系统焦距和CCD型号并制定了一套技术指标.最终设计出了焦距8mm,F/#3.2,侧向视场40°~100°的高分辨全景环形透镜成像系统,系统由三胶合结构的全景环形透镜和8片6组的转像透镜组构成,所有表面均为球面.该系统全视场的调制传递函数在80lp/mm处均高于0.5,最大视场像面的相对照度高于0.95,全视场f-θ畸变在±3%以内,该设计很好地满足了使用要求.     

星载多角度偏振成像仪光学系统设计

星载多角度偏振成像仪是一种超广角画幅式低畸变成像的偏振传感器。介绍了多角度偏振成像仪的基本工作原理,从保证偏振测量精度和大视场成像质量要求出发,分析了光学系统的设计难点及光学系统的结构型式,最终采用了反远距型像方远心光路结构。根据光路结构的像差特点,采用非球面镜校正畸变及像散,改善像面照度的均匀性,依据这样的思路,运用光学设计软件对多角度偏振成像仪的光学系统进行了光线追迹和优化,其工作光谱范围为420~930 nm,全视场角为118.74°,焦距为4.833 mm,相对孔径为1:4,并对设计系统进行了像质评价,结果表明,光学系统的传递函数在全视场大于0.5@22.22 lp/mm,最大畸变为0.9669%,像面相对照度均匀性高于97%,经过光学系统的加工制造装调,成像质量满足实际任务要求。     

星载宽波段临边臭氧廓线探测仪光学设计

星载宽波段临边臭氧廓线探测仪是一种新型空间光学遥感器,根据宽波段、大动态范围、小型化的要求,提出了利用随波段衰减滤光片调节入射信号的强度,实现宽波段大动态范围临边成像光谱同时探测的新方法。采用离轴抛物面望远镜和离轴非球面光谱成像系统,设计了一个棱镜色散型宽波段临边臭氧廓线探测仪光学系统,工作波段290~1000 nm、视场1.4°×0.032°、焦距80 mm,相对孔径1/6。利用光学设计软件ZEMAX-EE进行了优化设计和性能评价,结果表明,成像点弥散斑半径的均方根值最大为6.2 mm,小于探测器像元尺寸的1/2,在290 nm处,光谱分辨率0.9 nm,在1000 nm处,光谱分辨率22 nm,均满足设计指标要求。临边臭氧廓线探测仪全系统不同波长的光学传递函数在特征频率7.4 lp/mm处大于0.82,设计结果满足成像质量要求,且具有体积小、质量轻的特点,适合空间遥感应用。     

电离层遥感远紫外成像光谱仪光学系统设计

基于Czerny-Turner分光结构的成像光谱仪光学系统,介绍了一种用于电离层观测的远紫外成像光谱仪光学系统设计方法。分析了该结构的像差来源,提出了使用发散光照明光路的消像差方法,计算了像差校正条件。设计了工作在120～180nm波长范围内的远紫外成像光谱仪光学系统,视场角为6.0°×0.1°,焦距为121.8mm,F数为6.2。利用调制传递函数(MTF)和成像仿真分析的方法对该系统的主要性能参数进行了评价,验证了设计的成像光谱仪的光谱分辨力优于1.0nm,空间分辨力优于0.1°,完全满足电离层观测的应用要求。与同类设计相比,该系统不含非球面光学元件,加工装调简单且易于工程实现。     

用于深空探测的宽谱段大视场小型光学系统设计

设计了一种宽谱段、大视场、轻小型成像光学系统.系统焦距为35mm,相对孔径为1∶7.5,工作谱段为0.4~0.9μm,全视场为2ω=60°,采用复杂化双高斯结构,透镜面形均采用球面设计,实现系统总长115mm,在70lp/mm处,最低光学传递函数大于0.45.利用负畸变法、像差渐晕法改善广角系统像面照度均匀性,使像面边缘视场照度达到中心视场的80%.像面照度不均匀性为8%,系统热光学性能良好,在0~40℃范围内均有较好的像质,满足深空探测需求.     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.