完全非弹性蹦球倍周期运动的分形特征

一个落在振动台面上的完全非弹性球的运动是倍周期的.倍周期分岔过程受约化振动加速度的控制,倍周期分岔图由疏密相间的区域构成.在密集区内,倍周期分岔过程敏感地依赖于控制参数,呈现出复杂的几何结构.分析了密集区的分形特性,并计算了各密集区的分维数.结果表明密集区的分维数是依次增大的,逐渐趋于一个约为1.8的常数. 关键词： 蹦球 倍周期分岔 分形 颗粒物质     

竖直振动颗粒床中的倍周期运动

实验研究了竖直振动颗粒床中颗粒对容器底部的压力随振动强度的变化情况.发现压力随振动加速度的增加经历倍周期分岔，典型的分岔序列为：2P，4P，混沌，3P，6P，混沌，4P，8P，混沌.观察表明，伴随倍周期分岔现象，在颗粒床底部出现颗粒的聚集态.聚集态内颗粒密堆积在一起并作整体的上下运动.采用完全非弹性蹦球模型分析了颗粒对容器底的冲击力，并给出了倍周期分岔现象的一种解释. 关键词： 颗粒物质 混沌 倍周期分岔 非弹性碰撞     

空气阻力对完全非弹性蹦球动力学行为的影响

一个在振动台面上蹦跳的小球具有复杂的运动形式，如倍周期分岔和混沌．如果球与台面间的碰撞是完全非弹性的，则球的运动是倍周期的，不存在混沌．在分岔相图中，鞍一结不稳定性引入“平台”结构，同时存在倍周期轨道的密集区．这里将研究空气的黏滞阻力对完全非弹性蹦球动力学行为的影响．分析表明，空气阻力很弱时，分岔序列不受影响，但分岔点的数值变大，“平台”和密集区加宽．空气阻力较大时，“平台”与密集区重叠．重叠区内原有产生倍周期运动的机理被破坏，球的运动是混沌的．     

振动颗粒物质中倍周期运动对尺寸分离的影响

实验研究了竖直振动颗粒床中,倍周期运动对尺寸分离的影响.实验中,当振动加速度足够大时,系统中出现稳定的对称对流,进一步增大振动加速度到某个临界值时,还会出现倍周期运动.观察表明,背景颗粒的对流运动对分离过程起主导作用,对流速度决定着分离过程的快慢,而在2倍周期和4倍周期分岔之后,分离时间有所减慢.对引起对流运动的起因进行了分析,以此为基础分析了倍周期运动产生影响的物理机理,并对分离时间进行了定量计算,结果与实验值符合很好. 关键词： 颗粒物质 “巴西果”效应 倍周期分岔 对流     

摩擦力对非弹性蹦球倍周期运动的影响

分析了摩擦力对竖直振动台面上完全非弹性蹦球动力学行为的影响.当控制参数Γ由1逐渐增大时,作用在蹦球上的恒定摩擦力不会改变倍周期分岔的序列,但会使倍周期分岔点的数值变大.与无摩擦力时的情况相比,在飞行时间的分岔图中也存在倍周期分岔密集区,只是被横向拉伸纵向压缩,且具有不同的分形特性.与受振颗粒体系中的倍周期分岔过程做了比较,发现当摩擦力取值为颗粒总重量的20%—30%时两者符合很好.     

窄振动颗粒床中的运动模式

实验研究了竖直振动情况下,窄容器中颗粒的运动模式.发现运动模式与颗粒床厚度及振动加速度有很强的依赖关系.实验表明横向尺寸较小的容器可以抑制对流卷及拱起现象.对于足够厚的颗粒床,即使振动加速度很大,颗粒床下部仍然存在着颗粒聚集态.出现聚集态时,颗粒床对容器底的冲击力是倍周期分岔的.实验表明倍周期分岔点与颗粒床厚度无关.对于较薄的颗粒床,颗粒可以是聚集态或对流卷,视颗粒尺寸而定.如果使用尺寸分布非常窄的球形颗粒,可以观察到颗粒的有序排列.出现同心的圆筒形“壳”结构,每个“壳”上的颗粒是二维六角密排列的. 关键词： 颗粒物质 倍周期分岔 颗粒聚集态 球堆积     

竖直振动颗粒物厚层中冲击力分岔现象

实验研究了竖直振动颗粒物厚层中颗粒对容器底部的压力. 发现这种压力是脉冲式的，并表现出受振动加速度控制的倍周期分岔现象. 在颗粒层底部观察到颗粒密堆积在一起的聚集态. 聚集态内颗粒的自由程较小，并像一个整体一样运动. 关键词： 颗粒物质 混沌 倍周期分岔 非弹性碰撞     

器壁滑动摩擦力对受振颗粒体系中冲击力倍周期分岔过程的影响

颗粒物质由离散的固体颗粒组成, 受到周期性振动时可以表现出复杂的动力学行为. 这些行为往往受众多因素的影响, 如空气阻力和器壁摩擦力等. 针对受振颗粒体系中冲击力的倍周期分岔现象, 通过抽真空或将容器底镂空消除空气阻力, 单独研究器壁滑动摩擦力的影响. 结果表明在仅有器壁摩擦力作用的情况下, 倍周期分岔过程仅受约化振动加速度的控制, 与颗粒的尺寸、颗粒层数及振动频率无关. 将器壁摩擦力处理成一个大小恒定、方向与颗粒和器壁相对速度反向的阻力, 并包含到完全非弹性蹦球模型中, 能够对所观察到的现象给出很好的解释. 通过对倍周期分岔点测量平均值的拟合, 得到器壁滑动摩擦力的大小约为颗粒总重量的10%. 关键词： 颗粒物质 器壁摩擦力 倍周期分岔 冲击力     

非弹性蹦球的动力学研究

对有空气阻尼的非弹性蹦球的动力学行为进行了数值模拟,通过改变控制参数V₀,蹦球的运动表现出倍周期分岔、混沌等非线性现象,采用0-1检测法和最大Lyapunov指数证实了这种现象.     

随机激励下二自由度碰撞振动系统的响应分析

研究了一类二自由度碰撞振动系统在随机噪声激励下的响应问题.展示了这种非光滑系统在倍周期分岔通向混沌的道路中存在的擦边分岔行为.通过定义一种随机响应的度量,讨论了随机噪声对于系统响应的影响,并发现在某些参数条件下,随机噪声对于系统响应的影响是明显的,甚至改变了运动的性质.数值模拟表明此法是研究噪声激励下非光滑系统响应的一种有效方法. 关键词： 非光滑系统 二自由度碰撞振动系统 擦边分岔 倍周期分岔     

铅垂圆轨道上球的运动分析

对球从粗糙斜面滚下后在铅垂圆形轨道上的运动进行了全面、系统的分析,给出了由纯滚动状态转换为又滚又滑状态的条件,推出了确定球离开圆形轨道位置的方程,纠正了某些文献中的错误结果。     

球形闪电及其形成的一种等离子体模型

根据已有文献描述的对球形闪电的观测和研究结果,总结了球形闪电的观测特征,介绍了目前对球形闪电的实验研究和理论研究现状,对球形闪电的结构模型进行了简单概括。还基于云对地的线状闪电,详述了一种形成球形闪电的等离子体模型。在该模型下,在某特定环境下线状闪电等离子体通道的一个区域坍塌成小的区域,形成球形闪电。指出了未来对球形闪电的研究方向。     

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根据已有文献描述的对球形闪电的观测和研究结果,总结了球形闪电的观测特征,介绍了目前对球形闪电的实验研究和理论研究现状,对球形闪电的结构模型进行了简单概括。还基于云对地的线状闪电,详述了一种形成球形闪电的等离子体模型。在该模型下,在某特定环境下线状闪电等离子体通道的一个区域坍塌成小的区域,形成球形闪电。指出了未来对球形闪电的研究方向。     

Dynamics of a viscous ball rolling down on a rigid staircase

We theoretically investigate the motion of a ball rolling down on a periodical staircase. Our research is restricted in the case of completely inelastic collision when the ball falls down on the surface of the stairs. The ball is accelerated when it rolls cross the edge of the stair, while it is decelerated when it rolls on the horizontal surface due to the rolling friction. The competition between them causes two different regimes according to the parameters of the system. One is the steady moving regime in which the ball keeps moving forever, and the other is the still regime in which the ball finally stops after rolling on a finite number of stairs. The diagram of these two regimes is given in the reduced parameter space. The tendency that smaller scale of the staircase can keep moving on smaller inclined angle is found.     

Electric charge of a lightning ball

The electric charge of a lightning ball is found by comparing the electrohydrodynamic stabilities of a charged drop in an electrostatic suspension and a lightning ball floating in a superposition of the gravitational field and the surface electric field. It has been assumed that the electric field strength at the surface is limited by a breakdown value. For a lightning ball radius of 15 cm, its charge is estimated as several microcoulombs. Accordingly, the density of electrostatic energy accumulated in the lightning ball is on the order of one-hundredth of a joule per square centimeter. The density of the material that constitutes the lightning ball has been estimated for the case when the electric field strength at the site of its origination is several times higher than that in fine weather. The density of the lightning ball turns out to differ from that of air by only a few percents.     

对一道典型力学问题的思考

分析了用悬线将一重球悬挂于天花板下,然后拉重球下方的另一悬线,此后两根悬线谁先断裂这一典型力学问题.结果表明,当拉动悬线的速度v小于某一临界速度Vc时,球上方悬线先断裂;当v>Vc时,则情况较为复杂,具体是上方悬线断裂还是下方悬线断裂取决于悬线能承受的极限张力Fm;当v>>Vc时,选取具有合适的Fm值的悬线,可使得球下方的悬线先断裂.     

匀速圆周运动的小球向心力突变后的轨迹

详细讨论了当向心力突然增大后,原来作匀速圆周运动的小球其运动轨迹的变化情况,证明了小球将作螺线运动.     

On a hollow superconducting sphere in a magnetic field

A system consisting of a single-domain ferromagnetic ball surrounded by a spherical superconducting shell and current-carrying wires wound on the shell is considered. The magnetic moment of the superconductor is calculated in terms of the London theory, in particular, for the case when the sum of the magnetic moments of the ball and system of currents is equal to a null vector.     

Features of radiation from a chain of relativistic charged particles rotating about a dielectric ball

The spectral distribution of the intensity of radiation from a chain of 1 N > equidistant relativistic charged particles uniformly rotating about a dielectric ball weakly absorbing radiation, in its equatorial plane is investigated. In the case of a single particle (N = 1) and of a special values of problem parameters (frequency of charge gyration, distance between the charge and the ball surface, dielectric permittivity of the ball material), the radiation at certain harmonics with k ≫ 1 may be more intensive by tens of times than that for a charge uniformly rotating in a continuous and infinite medium (having the same dielectric permittivity as that for the ball material). Numerical results testify that if one replaces a single particle rotating about a ball by a chain of N = mk charges (m = 1;2;3...), then the radiation may be amplified by N ² times due to the constructive interference of electromagnetic waves generated by different charges of the chain. The increase in radiated energy is caused by an additional work of external forces sustaining the uniform rotation of charged particles about a dielectric ball.     

Vibration analysis of a rotating system due to the effect of ball bearing waviness

This research presents an analytical model to investigate vibration due to ball bearing waviness in a rotating system supported by two or more ball bearings, taking account of the centrifugal force and gyroscopic moment of the ball. The waviness of rolling elements is modelled by the sinusoidal function, and it is incorporated into the position vectors of the race curvature center. The Hertzian contact theory is applied to calculate the elastic deflection and non-linear contact force, while the rotor has translational and angular motions. Both the centrifugal force and gyroscopic moment of the ball and the waviness of the rolling elements are included in the kinematic constraints and force equilibrium equations of a ball to derive the non-linear governing equations of the rotor, which are solved by using the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg algorithm to determine the new position of the rotor. The proposed model is validated by the comparison of the results of the prior researchers. This research shows that the centrifugal force and gyroscopic moment of the ball plays the important role in determining the bearing frequencies, i.e., the principal frequencies, their harmonics and the sideband frequencies resulting from the waviness of the rolling elements of ball bearing. It also shows that the bearing vibration frequencies are generated by the waviness interaction not only between the rolling elements of one ball bearing, but also between those of two or more ball bearings constrained by the rotor.