X波段脉冲电子顺磁共振谱仪的矩形腔与微型平面腔的设计

为了满足脉冲式电子顺磁共振谱仪的需要,设计并制作了连续波谐振腔和脉冲谐振腔. 连续波谐振腔采用矩形谐振腔的设计,而脉冲谐振腔采用了微型平面腔的设计. 在设计阶段,使用Ansoft-HFSS三维电磁仿真软件对2种谐振腔进行模拟计算. 微型平面腔的加工采用了微纳加工技术. 制作完成的谐振腔的参数指标由网络分析仪测定. 实验测得2种谐振腔的参数指标符合理论模拟值,并满足脉冲式电子顺磁共振谱仪的要求.     

DNP-EPR多功能谱仪中微波桥的设计与实现

在自主研制的动态核极化（Dynamic Nuclear Polarization,DNP）分子影像装置的基础上,提出了一种集DNP和电子顺磁共振（Electron Paramagnetic Resonance,EPR）于一体的多功能谱仪,并对其中的关键部件之一--微波桥进行了设计.微波桥的引入,实现了DNP微波发射机的集成化,以及在DNP谱仪基础上的EPR功能扩展.通过结构设计、电路仿真及系统测试,完成了高频谱纯度、高动态范围的微波发射机以及低噪声系数的微波检测系统的设计与制作.并通过DNP增强实验以及连续波EPR实验对微波桥的性能进行了验证.     

EPR谱图模拟软件EasySpin的图形用户界面设计

EasySpin是一款较为流行的电子顺磁共振（EPR）谱图模拟和拟合软件,LabVIEW是一种图形化编程语言开发环境．本文介绍了一款使用LabVIEW为EasySpin设计的图形用户界面LV-EasySpin．LV-EasySpin提供了一种直观的操作方法来实现连续波EPR多组分波谱的可视化模拟和拟合．本文辅以各种模式下的实例进行说明,阐述了LV-EasySpin的设计思路与实现方案,最终希望具有简洁、易操作界面的LV-EasySpin可以降低用户使用EasySpin分析EPR谱图的难度．     

中国电子顺磁共振(EPR)发展50年回顾

自从1945年前苏联科学家Zavoisky在固体中观察到电子顺磁共振（EPR）这一奇妙的物理现象以来,电子顺磁共振波谱学已经经历了60多年漫长的发展历程. 在世界上,20世纪50、60年代是EPR的基本理论、实验技术和实验方法迅速发展的时期,同时对我国产生了很大的影响. 从60年代开始至今,EPR波谱学在我国已有50多年的发展,其间大约可以分为3个阶段： (一) 20世纪60~80年代初是EPR波谱设备研制和技术发展的初始阶段;(二) 20世纪80年代到21世纪初主要是EPR实验技术进一步发展和实验方法及其在化学、物理学、生物学、医学等学科中的应用研究阶段;(三) 21世纪以来,开始了新的实验技术和开展更加广泛深入的应用研究,特别是开始脉冲EPR波谱学的应用和相关设备的研制.     

利用双模压缩真空态实现量子态的远程传输

借助于双模压缩真空态在EPR纠缠态表象中的表示，研究了用双模压缩真空态作为量子通道 实现任意的单模和双模量子态的远程传输. 关键词： 量子隐形传态 EPR纠缠态 压缩真空态     

由NOPA产生高质量明亮压缩光及明亮EPR光束

通过非简并光学参量放大器获得了明亮双模正交压缩光及明亮EPR光束.实验测得明亮耦合模的正交振幅压缩为57±02dB;信号模与闲置模的正交振幅和(正交位相差)的起伏低于散粒噪声极限54±02dB(54±02dB),EPR关联的乘积为0332±0003. 关键词： 明亮双模正交压缩光 明亮EPR光束 非简并光学参量放大器     

ER-200D-SRC型EPR谱仪微机系统的改造

详细叙述了德国BRUKER分析仪器公司ER-200D-SRC型EPR谱仪与IBM PC/386微机联机的软硬件系统,该系统综合了仪器的自动磁场扫描控制,数据采集累加和数据分析处理及数据绘图、打印等各项功能。其硬件由IBMPC/386微机及二大接口模块组成。一块为商品化的12位A/D、D/A接口卡,另一块为自行设计的以INTEL-8255可编程通用接口电路为主体的数字量输入输出控制接口卡,可分别独立地插入PC机的扩展槽中,其软件采用C语言编写,具有菜单式、结构化、模块化、汉字工作提示、实验数据实时屏幕绘图、实验参数实时显示等特点,用户界面良好,该系统恢复并提高了原谱仪的整体性能,具有一定的推广价值。     

EPR在体测量专用调制磁场驱动装置

利用电子顺磁共振（electron paramagnetic resonance,EPR）在体测量人牙齿可以实现无损伤地快速评估人体辐射剂量,具有实际应用价值.本文针对EPR在体测量牙齿剂量的应用特点,研制了专用调制磁场驱动装置,包括功率放大器、调制磁场激励线圈、调制频率设定模块、感应型调制幅度显示模块等.功率放大器采用脉冲功率放大方式取代传统的线性放大方式,用多N-MOSFET管H桥电路,功率容量大、效率高、结构简单,且调制频率设定自如.实验结果表明：（1）此装置可在大于9 cm磁极间距的中心样品位置产生调制幅度为0~0.9 mT的调制磁场,调制频率为10~100 kHz;（2）用该装置与EPR在体测量谱仪配合使用,可以明显观测到1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）样品谱线调制增宽过程以及辐射诱发的整体牙齿中的自由基信号,验证了该装置的高调制效率和实用性.     

基于圆柱谐振腔的高功率微波脉冲压缩系统

提出了一种新型的基于圆柱谐振腔的高功率级波脉冲压缩系统,介绍了该系统的结构形式,给出了部分关键器件的数值模拟结果,对系统的功率容量及品质因数进行了初步分析.对于高功率微波(HPM)脉冲压缩系统来说,系统的功率容量与最终获取的HPM功率大小密切相关,谐振腔的固有品质因数与系统效率密不可分,工程实践表明,相对于基于矩形谐振腔的脉冲压缩系统,本文设计的基于圆柱谐振腔的脉冲压缩系统功率容量可提高一个量级,谐振腔的固有品质因数可提高5倍以上. 关键词： 高功率微波 脉冲压缩 谐振腔 功率容量     

EPR纠缠光束时域量子关联的实验验证

我们利用平衡零拍探测系统和数据采集系统直接测量了EPR纠缠光束信号光场与闲置光场正交分量之间的时域量子起伏,验证了其量子关联.通过对EPR纠缠光束中的一束光场进行延迟,验证了信号光与闲置光不同步时将导致量子关联减弱乃至消失.我们的实验结果为开展连续变量量子密钥分发、非高斯态的实验制备和纠缠纯化奠定了实验基础.     

Longitudinally detected EPR: improved instrumentation and new pulse schemes.

A new setup for longitudinal detection (LOD) of EPR signals based on a commercial pulse EPR spectrometer equipped with an ENDOR probehead is presented. The design is suited for pulse LOD EPR and amplitude-modulated cw LOD EPR experiments. The sensitivity is substantially increased compared with earlier designs. Two new pulse schemes that take full advantage of the special properties of the setup are invented. In transient-nutation longitudinally detected EPR (TN-LOD EPR), the nutation of magnetization during a microwave pulse is used to measure the EPR signal. In pulse-train excited longitudinally detected EPR (PT-LOD EPR), a train of microwave pulses that periodically inverts the magnetization is applied. First experimental results on radicals and metal complexes at room temperature are presented.     

An X-band time domain electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer

A computer-controlled X-band time domain electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer, with a time resolution of the order of 0.5μsec, has been constructed with many of the crucial microwave components designed and fabricated by the Microwave Engineering Group of TIFR. The spectrometer operates either in a microwave power pulsed mode for determination of spin-lattice relaxation times by the saturation recovery technique or in the kinetic mode for determination of the time dependence of EPR signal after laser excitation. It has an automatic frequency control, an automatic phase control and, most importantly, a field-frequency lock which ensures good stability of the EPR line positions enabling signal averaging for extended periods. The constructional details of the spectrometer and its performance in both the modes are described here by reporting results on certain typical systems.     

Pulsed EPR spectrometer with injection-locked UCSB free-electron laser

We describe the first free-electron laser (FEL)-based pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) system designed to study spin dynamics and structure changes of proteins in aqueous solution with nano-second of time resolution. This novel approach opens up the possibility for high-power sub-THz and THz pulsed EPR spectroscopy.     

A Dynamic Nuclear Polarization spectrometer at 95 GHz/144 MHz with EPR and NMR excitation and detection capabilities

A spectrometer specifically designed for systematic studies of the spin dynamics underlying Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) in solids at low temperatures is described. The spectrometer functions as a fully operational NMR spectrometer (144 MHz) and pulse EPR spectrometer (95 GHz) with a microwave (MW) power of up to 300 mW at the sample position, generating a MW B(1) field as high as 800 KHz. The combined NMR/EPR probe comprises of an open-structure horn-reflector configuration that functions as a low Q EPR cavity and an RF coil that can accommodate a 30-50 μl sample tube. The performance of the spectrometer is demonstrated through some basic pulsed EPR experiments, such as echo-detected EPR, saturation recovery and nutation measurements, that enable quantification of the actual intensity of MW irradiation at the position of the sample. In addition, DNP enhanced NMR signals of samples containing TEMPO and trityl are followed as a function of the MW frequency. Buildup curves of the nuclear polarization are recorded as a function of the microwave irradiation time period at different temperatures and for different MW powers.     

The continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance experiment revisited

When the modulation frequency used in continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance (cw EPR) spectroscopy exceeds the linewidth, modulation sidebands appear in the spectrum. It is shown theoretically and experimentally that these sidebands are actually multiple photon transitions, sigma(+)+kxpi, where one microwave (mw) sigma(+) photon is absorbed from the mw radiation field and an arbitrary number k of radio frequency (rf) pi photons are absorbed from or emitted to the modulation rf field. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that both the derivative shape of the lines in standard cw EPR spectra and the distortions due to overmodulation are caused by the unresolved sideband pattern of these lines. The single-photon transition does not even give a contribution to the first-harmonic cw EPR signal. Multiple photon transitions are described semiclassically in a toggling frame and their existence is proven using second quantization. With the toggling frame approach and perturbation theory an effective Hamiltonian for an arbitrary sideband transition is derived. Based on the effective Hamiltonians an expression for the steady-state density operator in the singly rotating frame is derived, completely describing all sidebands in all modulation frequency harmonics of the cw EPR signal. The relative intensities of the sidebands are found to depend in a very sensitive way on the actual rf amplitude and the saturation of single sidebands is shown to depend strongly on the effective field amplitude of the multiple photon transitions. By comparison with the analogous solutions for frequency-modulation EPR it is shown that the field-modulation and the frequency-modulation technique are not equivalent. The experimental data fully verify the theoretical predictions with respect to intensities and lineshapes.     

Pulsed EPR imaging of nitroxides in mice

Nitroxides, unlike trityl radicals, have shorter T₂s which until now were not detectable in vivo by a time-domain pulsed Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectrometer at 300 MHz since their phase memory times were shorter than the spectrometer recovery times. In the current version of the time-domain EPR spectrometer with improved spectrometer recovery times, the feasibility of detecting signals from nitroxide radicals was tested. Among the nitroxides evaluated, deuterated ¹⁵N-Tempone (¹⁵N-PDT) was found to have the longest T₂. The signal intensity profile as a function of concentration of these agents was evaluated and a biphasic behavior was observed; beyond a nitroxide concentration of 1.5 mM, signal intensity was found to decrease as a result of self-broadening. Imaging experiments were carried out with ¹⁵N-PDT in solutions equilibrated with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 21% oxygen using the single point imaging (SPI) modality in EPR. The image intensity in these tubes was found to depend on the oxygen concentration which in turn influences the T₂ of ¹⁵N-PDT. In vivo experiments were demonstrated with ¹⁵N-PDT in anesthetized mice where the distribution and metabolism of ¹⁵N-PDT could be monitored. This study, for the first time shows the capability to image a cell-permeable nitroxide in mice using pulsed EPR in the SPI modality.     

An advanced EPR stopped-flow apparatus based on a dielectric ring resonator

A novel EPR stopped-flow accessory is described which allows time-dependent cw-EPR measurements of rate constants of reactions involving paramagnetic species after rapid mixing of two liquid reagents. The EPR stopped-flow design represents a state-of-the-art, computer controlled fluid driving system, a miniresonant EPR structure with an integrated small ball mixer, and a stopping valve. The X-band EPR detection system is an improved version of that reported by Sienkiewicz et al. [Rev. Sci. Instr. 65 (1994) 68], and utilizes a resonator with two stacked ceramic dielectric rings separated by a variable spacer. The resonator with the mode TE(H)011 is tailored particularly for conditions of fast flowing and rapidly stopped aqueous solutions, and for a high time resolution. The short distance between the ball mixer and the small EPR active volume (1.8 microl) yields a measured dead time of 330 micros. A compact assembly of all parts results in minimization of disturbing microphonics. The computer controlled driving system from BioLogic with two independent stepping motors was optimized for EPR stopped-flow with a hard-stop valve. Performance tests on the EPR spectrometer ESP 300E from BRUKER using redox reactions of nitroxide radicals revealed the EPR stopped-flow accessory as an advanced, versatile, and reliable instrument with high reproducibility.