快中子脉冲堆快响应功率保护系统研制

快响应功率保护系统的主要功能是对爆发脉冲时的快中子脉冲堆实施快速超功率定值保护。在快中子脉冲堆爆发脉冲时，堆系统处于超瞬发临界状况，反应堆功率迅速上升。当堆系统功率超过与快响应功率保护系统设定保护阈值相对应的功率时，快响应功率保护系统输出保护电平信号和触点信号至报警和安全保护系统，使主传动快退，反应堆自动解体，从而保证反应堆能及时从超临界状态转为次临界状态，防止反应堆因积分功率过高可能出现的毁损事故发生。     

中国实验快堆（CEFR）的可行性研究简介

简述了中国实验快堆的技术原则，设计特点和工程技术方案。该堆采用铀钚氧化物燃料，奥氏体３１６不锈钢为燃料包壳，堆芯结构材料和钠冷池式结构。同时，在堆芯 设置了非能动的余热排出系统。该设计方案在技术上是合适的，可行的，在安全上是有保障的。     

气冷快堆概述

正一、前言与工作原理气冷快堆,英文名称为Gas Cooled Fast Reactor,简称为GFR,是一种高温气体冷却快谱反应堆。顾名思义,气冷快堆采用气体作为堆芯冷却剂。由于气体工质密度一般相对较低,对中子的慢化能力较弱,在不显著添加其他慢化剂的情况下,中子能谱为快谱。气体工质的慢化能力一般也弱于金属冷却剂,因此气冷快堆的中子能量要高于金属快堆,也就是说气冷快堆的中子能谱更"硬"。     

我国核能的现状和前景

国民经济的发展及人口的增长，使我国对能源的需求与日俱增．本文从资源、技术、经济及环境影响出发，论述了我国煤、石油、天然气、水能、太阳能、风能和核能的发展现状和前景，认为开发核能是解决我国能源、环境和交通问题的根本出路． 当前，压水堆是我国核电的主要堆型．在目前及今后一段时期，核电是我国利用核能的主要方向．到下世纪，能增殖核燃料的快堆将成为我国的主要堆型．我国的快堆开发，要走金属型核燃料快堆的道路．快堆使人类有充裕的时间，去迎接聚变堆时代的到来．     

我国快堆技术发展和核能可持续应用

 一、前言
快中子堆(简称快堆)是主要以平均中子能量0.08～0.1MeV 的快中子引起裂变链式反应的反应堆。快中子堆的主要特点是,在堆运行时,新产生的易裂变核燃料,如钚,能多于消耗掉的易裂变核燃料钚或235U,即增殖比大于1,易裂变核燃料得到增殖,因此又称为快中子增殖反应堆。运行中真正消耗的是天然铀中不易裂变,且丰度占99.2%以上的238U。快堆的乏燃料(即运行后出堆的燃料)经后处理,所得钚返回堆内再烧,多余的钚则用于装载新的快堆。如此封闭并无限次循环则对铀资源的利用率可从单单发展压水堆的1%左右提高到60%～70%。     

快中子堆

正一、引言快中子堆(简称快堆)是主要以平均中子能量0.08～0.1 MeV的快中子引起裂变链式反应的反应堆。快中子堆的主要特点是,在堆运行时,新产生的易裂变核燃料(如钚)多于消耗掉的易裂变核燃料钚,即增殖比大于1,易裂变核燃料得到增殖,因此又称为快中子增殖反应堆。运行中真正消耗的是天然铀中不易裂变且丰度占99.2%以上的铀-238。快堆的乏燃料经后处理,钚返回堆内再烧,多余的     

快堆中子学计算程序NECP-SARAX的改进与验证

NECP-SARAX是西安交通大学NECP团队开发的用于快中子反应堆的中子学程序系统。为准确处理快中子反应堆中中等质量核素散射共振以及非弹性散射导致的复杂的中子慢化效应,SARAX程序最初采用连续能量的蒙特卡罗方法计算中子能谱从而获得堆芯计算使用的有效多群截面。由于蒙特卡罗程序计算效率低,且在低能量段统计偏差较大,提出采用基于点截面的超细群方法计算中子慢化能谱,避免了蒙特卡罗方法产生参数时存在的缺陷。堆芯计算采用多群中子输运,通过优化简化几何建模,改进了程序的实用性。采用多种微扰方法计算堆芯各种反应性系数,提出了基于中子输运微扰理论的虚拟密度方法以计算堆内组件变形导致的反应性变化。在进行堆芯瞬态计算时,采用了点堆和改进准静态两种方法,可用于一般快堆和快谱ADS的典型事故分析。OECD发布的一系列快堆基准题测试表明,SARAX程序在快堆计算中具有良好的精度,达到了与国外著名快堆程序相当的水平。有效增殖因子与连续能量的蒙卡计算结果相比偏差在300 pcm以内。同时,由于引入了虚拟密度理论和三维时空动力学模型,程序功能更加完善,可以更好地满足快堆工程设计的需求。     

惯性约束聚变－裂变混合堆及其包层中子学设计

对惯性约束混合堆的功率循环,氚钚生产的燃料循环和混合堆作为聚变能源的前期应用的可能性作了简要的介绍。对快裂包层和抑制裂变包层作了初步的中子学研究设计,指出了其优缺点和应用的前景。     

铅冷快堆M2LFR-1000堆芯燃料管理方案设计

堆芯燃料管理是反应堆设计中极为重要而且复杂的工作,直接影响着堆芯的经济性。目前国内外对于压水堆等传统热堆已有了较为丰富和成熟的燃料管理计算方法,但对于快堆,由于其中子能谱硬,与传统热堆相比有着不同的控制方式和功率分布,快堆的堆芯燃料管理缺乏系统研究。针对中国科学技术大学自主研发的强迫循环冷却的铅基快堆M2LFR-1000,应用SRAC/COREBN软件包进行堆芯燃耗计算,根据燃耗深度提取核素核子密度,计算伪平衡循环参数进行燃料管理预估,然后进行首循环装料、过渡循环和平衡循环燃料管理方案设计。结果表明:对M2LFR-1000堆芯外区燃料换料组件Pu的富集度进行优化,可以延长换料周期到540 d,提高平均卸料燃耗深度;伪平衡循环结果与平衡循环基本一致,伪平衡循环可以用于燃料管理预估。     

CdSe/CdS/ZnS 量子点体系中的超快载流子动力学

利用飞秒泵浦探测技术对CdSe/CdS/ZnS量子点体系中的超快载流子动力学过程进行了研究. 通过选择不同波长的泵浦光分别激发样品壳层和核层,研究了载流子在壳层和核层中的超快动力学过程. 实验结果表明,载流子在CdS壳层导带中弛豫过程非常迅速(约130 fs),时间明显短于载流子在CdSe核层导带中的弛豫时间(约400 fs). 实验中也发现在CdS壳层和CdSe核层的分界面存在一定量的缺陷态.     

Radiative heat exchange of spherical particles with plates of a metal and an insulator

Radiative heat exchange of a stationary spherical particle with a plate has been investigated in terms of fluctuation electrodynamics. The cases of metal and insulator materials (gold and silicon dioxide) of particles and plates have been numerically analyzed. Several theoretical models of thermal conductance have been compared and the results have been juxtaposed with the available experimental data.     

气体在平行平板间微槽内的二维层流换热

在已求得贴壁层内气体粘度和导热系数变化的基础上,求解了微槽内气体完全发展的二维层流换热．得到两表面等热流、且ｑ１＝ｑ２＝ｑ以及一表面等热流、另一表面绝热条件下的温度分布和对流换热系数．     

Overheating or overcooling of electrons in a metal because of the effect of an interface with an insulator

It has been shown that the temperatures of electrons and phonons are different at a heat flow through a metal-insulator interface. This effect leads to an additional contribution to the Kapitza thermal resistance because electrons transferring heat in the metal do not transfer it through the interface, but are rather involved in heat transfer only at a certain distance from it. Consequently, heat transfer near the interface is less efficient. The effect is independent of the insulator adjacent to the metal. An exact solution has been obtained in a linear approximation. The results explain the qualitative difference of predictions of previously accepted models from experimental data in the case of large transmission coefficients of phonons through the interface.     

Heat Transfer in a Semitransparent Medium

The problem of 1D radiative-conductive heat transfer in a homogeneous isotropic gray medium near a planar diffuse nontransparent surface and in between parallel plates with different temperatures has been solved analytically. Nonconvective measurements of the thermal resistance of parallel-plane polyethylene foam specimens versus the number of layers (i.e., thickness) have been taken, both without and with thin screens made of aluminum foil. The applicability of the suggested theoretical approach and experimental technique for the measurement of radiative heat transfer and heat transfer by conduction in light heat-protective materials has been demonstrated.

     

Dual material insulator SOI-LDMOSFET: A novel device for self-heating effect improvement

The silicon-on-insulator (SOI) power devices show good electrical performance but they suffer from inherent self-heating effect (SHE), which limits their operation at high current levels. The SHE effect is because of low thermal conductivity of the buried oxide layer. In this paper we propose a novel silicon on insulator lateral double diffused MOSFET (SOI-LDMOSFET) where the buried insulator layer under the active region consists of two materials in order to decrease the SHE. The proposed structure is called dual material buried insulator SOI-LDMOSFET (DM-SOI). Using two-dimensional and two-carrier device simulation, we demonstrate that the heat dissipation and the SHE can be improved in a conventional SOI-LDMOSFET by replacement of the buried oxide with dual material buried insulator (silicon nitride and silicon oxide) beneath the active region. The heat generated in the active silicon layer can be flowed through the buried silicon nitride layer to the silicon substrate easily due to high thermal conductivity of silicon nitride. Furthermore, the channel temperature is reduced, negative drain current slope is mitigated and electron and hole mobility is increased during high-temperature operation. The simulated results show that silicon nitride is a suitable alternative to silicon dioxide as a buried insulator in SOI structures, and has better performance in high temperature.     

方腔尺寸对封闭方腔内多块孤立平板自然对流换热影响的数值分析

１引言封闭方腔内多块孤立平板自然对流换热是许多电子设备散热的近似模拟，因此，了解封闭方腔内多块孤立平板的自然对流换热规律，对于电子设备的热设计具有重要的意义。国内外许多学者针对这方面的问题进行了较为广泛的研究［１－５］，许多学者研究了封闭方腔内一块或...     

HL-2M装置常规偏滤器与雪花减偏滤器热工水力分析对比

采用SOLPS程序模拟预测HL-2M装置常规和雪花减偏滤器靶板上的热通量。当流入边缘等离子体区域的热功率约为10MW时,利用CFX/ANSYS软件分析这两类偏滤器各结构、冷却水温度分布及形变和热应力分布情况。结果表明:等离子体总功率相同,雪花减偏滤器靶板上的最高温度比常规偏滤器低169℃;雪花减偏滤器结构所承受的最大热应力和形变比常规偏滤器低约3/7。不改变热负载剖面分布,按一定比例提升热流密度或延长放电时间,雪花减偏滤器体现出比常规偏滤器靶板温升低、冷却水温均衡等优点。因此,雪花减偏滤器能处理更多流进偏滤器区域的热能,有效地降低偏滤器工程设计要求。     

Anomalous heat conduction and anomalous diffusion in one-dimensional systems

We establish a connection between anomalous heat conduction and anomalous diffusion in one-dimensional systems. It is shown that if the mean square of the displacement of the particle is =2Dt(alpha)(01) implies anomalous heat conduction with a divergent thermal conductivity (beta>0). More interestingly, subdiffusion (alpha<1) implies anomalous heat conduction with a convergent thermal conductivity (beta<0), and, consequently, the system is a thermal insulator in the thermodynamic limit. Existing numerical data support our results.     

热力法开采地层天然气水合物的热动力评价

本文在推导热力作用下水合物地层温度分布基础上,发展了评价热力法开采天然气水合物的热效率(用于水合物分解的热量与输入总的热量之比)和能量效率(即输出能量与输入能量之比)的模型.模型分析表明,水合物地层热物性参数以及水合物饱和度决定了热力法开采的能量效率.在注入蒸汽开采初始条件下,能量效率可以达到7.0.     

Auto-ignition of methane–air mixtures flowing along an array of thin catalytic plates

In this paper, the heterogeneous ignition of a methane–air mixture flowing along an infinite array of catalytic parallel plates has been studied by inclusion of gas expansion effects and the finite heat conduction on the plates. The system of equations considers the full compressible Navier–Stokes equations coupled with the energy equations of the plates. The gas expansion effects which arise from temperature changes have been considered. The heterogeneous kinetics considers the adsorption and desorption reactions for both reactants. The limits of large and small longitudinal thermal conductance of the plate material are analyzed and the critical conditions for ignition are obtained in closed form. The governing equations are solved numerically using finite differences. The results show that ignition is more easily produced as the longitudinal wall thermal conductance increases, and the effects of the gas expansion on the catalytic ignition process are rather small due to the large value of the activation energy of the desorption reaction of adsorbed oxygen atoms.