ICF靶丸中液氢层厚度的确定

 利用靶丸内部的质量守恒，提出了计算惯性约束聚变靶丸内液氢层厚度的函数关系式，从而得到了求解惯性约束聚变靶丸内液氢层厚度的一般模型，并在此基础上对影响液氢层厚度的各类因素如温度、充气密度等进行了讨论。该模型的分析方法同样适用于惯性约束聚变中的燃料气体氘、氚或者氘氚混合物。     

ICF空心微球靶传热的有限元分析

 为分析冷冻靶丸外部温度场，应用ANSYS软件对ICF空心微球靶的热传递进行了有限元分析。建立了单元传热的几何物理模型，靶丸微球呈空间均匀分布，计算区域由三个同心球壳组成，分别为液体层、靶丸壳层以及氦气层，氦气层厚度为球壳层厚度的7倍。模型左右两边界设为绝热边界条件，采用智能自动划分网格,设定参数为3，单元类型为三角形。模拟表明，在靶丸工作温度为24 K的情况下，为保持靶丸气泡受力平衡，自洽得到靶丸内部温度梯度为14.02 K/cm，以此求解出所施加的外部温度场为7.758 K/cm。将计算值与现有的实验结果进行了比较，模拟结果与国外实验值(8.2 K/cm)吻合得较好。     

二元混合燃料在靶丸内壁形成均匀液体层的数学模型

 提出了一个数学模型，描述了二元混合燃料H-D和D-T在ICF低温靶丸内壁形成均匀液体层时，远端场的温度梯度和工作温度间的关系。在靶竖直方向施加一个温度梯度后，模型显示将在气液界面产生一个垂直向上的张力梯度，它将液体从靶丸底部拉到上部，适当的张力梯度抵消了重力对液层的作用，在靶丸的内壁形成了均匀的液体层。通过运用ANSYS软件对靶丸的导热情况进行了有限元分析，模型计算结果与Kim的实验数据吻合得较好，温度梯度的变化趋势也是相似的。     

高压氘氚靶球的制备与拉曼光谱研究

氢同位素的定量分析与监测在能源与环境领域都有着重要的意义。激光拉曼光谱由于其可以无损分析氢同位素分子,已经成为一种重要的方法,在国际热核聚变实验反应堆(ITER)和美国萨凡纳河工厂得到了广泛应用。利用高压充气装置得到了惯性约束聚变(ICF)高压靶丸,并对靶丸内气体进行原位拉曼光谱测量,通过对高压下氘氚混合气体的拉曼光谱进行分析得到了靶丸内气体的成分比例,验证了靶丸充气工艺参数。实验表明,在CCD的积分时间延长到1 min时,氘(DD),氘氚(DT)和氚(TT)的测量精度可以达到1%,同时对不同时刻靶丸内气体组分的拉曼光谱进行测量,实验结果表明在氘氚渗透和氚衰变两者共同作用下,靶丸内总气体压力随时间不断下降,但是气体组成基本不发生变化。     

基于温度梯度的ICF冷冻靶均化技术研究

惯性约束聚变(ICF)冷冻靶中氘氘(D2)、氘氚(DT)等燃料冰层在靶丸中的分布由靶丸所处的温度场决定。在氘氘冷冻靶中,垂直温度梯度引起的气-液界面张力梯度可以抵消重力作用,使氘氘液体在靶丸内均匀分布;然后在氘氘的三相点附近缓慢降温,可以实现燃料冰层的均化。在氘氘冷冻靶均化实验系统上,采用温度梯度结合制冷速率与制冷过程控制的方法,实现了1mm直径、30μm壁厚的辉光放电聚合物(GDP)靶丸中氘氘冰层的均化,对背光阴影图像中亮环位置进行分析表明:氘氘冰层的平均厚度为185.56μm,均匀度为80.2%,模数-功率谱曲线中模数2~100对应的内表面粗糙度为2.26μm。     

冷冻靶校准误差和烧蚀层粗糙度对氘氚层均匀性的影响

 理论分析了氘氚层外表面的温差与其粗糙度间的关系;以法国兆焦激光装置LMJ为原型,利用计算流体力学程序Fluent,分别模拟了靶丸轴向偏离黑腔中心不同尺度和烧蚀层存在不同大小的非均匀厚度对氘氚层温度分布的影响,求得了这两种误差引起氘氚层厚度的非均匀度。结果表明：为了满足点火靶的要求,靶丸轴向偏离腔体中心的尺度须在8.5 μm内,烧蚀层轴向粗糙度则应控制在0.72 μm内。     

靶丸壳层厚度及其分布的白光反射光谱测量技术

为了精密检测靶丸壳层厚度及其分布数据,开展了靶丸壳层厚度及其分布的白光反射光谱测量技术研究。介绍了靶丸壳层的白光反射光谱及其光谱数据处理方法（极值法、峰值拟合法、干涉级次校正法等）的基本原理,搭建了基于白光反射光谱的精密回转轴系测量装置;开展了GDP靶丸壳层厚度及其分布的白光反射光谱测量、数据处理和可靠性验证实验,获得了靶丸壳层厚度圆周分布曲线。结果表明,基于峰值拟合法和干涉级次校正的白光反射光谱技术可实现靶丸壳层厚度及其分布的准确测量,其测量误差小于0.1 μm。     

惯性约束聚变靶丸内杂质气体抽空流洗过程的数值模拟

低温冷冻靶是实现惯性约束聚变(inertial confinement fusion,ICF)的关键部件之一.低温靶靶丸内杂质气体的去除程度和效率对低温靶燃料冰层的在线制备具有重要意义.依据低温靶物理对冰层杂质含量的设计要求,在计算靶丸内杂质气体最大允许分压的基础上,建立了靶丸内气体在微米级充气管内流动的抽空流洗模型.模拟研究了不同微管尺度及结构、温度对靶丸内杂质气体抽空流洗效率的影响规律,获得了靶丸充气微管的最佳管型设计方案.基于最佳管型设计,优化得到了具有最高抽空流洗效率的抽空时间与流洗次数组合策略.     

低温冲击压缩实验中的装置与测试技术

一种改进的低温靶系统,包括低温靶体,超冷气流发生器及其控制器,气泡沸腾状态监控仪和阳极化铝冲击波同轴探测器,已经成功地引入基于二级轻气炮的低温冲击压缩实验.详细地剖析了其中的几种专用部件,讨论了相应的实验方法.最后,为了验证该系统,将液体CO2单质样品一次冲击压缩到22～60GPa(220～600 kbar)得到的Hugoniot数据与早先的实验结果进行比较.结果表明,改进后的低温靶系统结构合理、简单,操作安全,功能较多,成本较低.同时,利用本系统获得的液体CO2样品的冲击压缩数据精度高,重复一致性更好.很容易推广到凝点在300～77K范围内其它简单分子物质的冲击压缩实验.甚至有可能用于液氦(4K)或液氢(20K)温区的冲击压缩实验.     

定向红外光空间分布误差对冷冻靶温度场的影响分析

在惯性约束核聚变中,决定点火成功与否的关键因素在于靶丸内燃料冰层的均匀性,而影响靶丸内燃料冰层均匀性的主要因素为靶丸温度场均匀性.为了提升靶丸温度场均匀性,采用定向红外辅助均化装置实现对靶丸表面温度场的局部调控.在定向红外装置的运行过程中,红外光空间分布误差会影响到靶丸温度场的调控效果.建立了定向红外光线追踪与温度场计算耦合的数值模型,并与实验进行对照分析,确定了数值模型良好的计算精度.采用三维的冷冻靶物理模型,研究了不同形式的定向红外光空间分布误差对靶丸温度场的影响规律.结果表明:光轴偏心对靶丸温度场均匀性的影响最为剧烈,光带间距变化的影响次之,光带宽度的变化对靶丸温度场均匀性的影响最小.在实验中应当尽可能避免南北两侧光带光轴的偏心,从而保证靶丸表面温度均匀性,进而可以保证靶丸内燃料冰层的均匀性.     

Formation of a Wave Structure on the Surface of a Graphene Film

A wavy structure of the surface of graphene nanoparticles on a hydrocarbon substrate has been obtained. It has been shown that the wavy surface is the manifestation of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at the interface between liquid paraffin and graphene suspension with the inhomogeneity length λ = 250 nm. The manifestation of such wavy structures is due primarily to van der Waals forces.

     

Van der waals waves in free-surface liquids

It is shown that, along with gravity waves, surface and internal waves caused by van der Waals forces may exist in a liquid with a horizontal free surface. A dispersion relation is found by using the stepwise approximation for the coefficients of a wave equation derived for these waves. The surface waves are similar to surface gravity waves in dispersion and amplitude distribution but differ in frequency by several orders of magnitude. Another sequence of roots in the spectrum corresponds to internal van der Waals waves that have an upper frequency bound and the dispersion law typical of a multimode waveguide.     

Attractive and repulsive dispersion forces between biomolecules in aqueous solution

It has been shown before [1] that two large molecular systems having low-lying giant dipole vibrations may interact through strong long-range forces. This paper deals with the influence of a polar medium with Debye dispersion on this interaction between the molecules. It is shown that besides the normal van der Waals attraction also repulsion can occur, but this only in a limited range of the molecular eigenfrequencies just above the characteristics relaxation frequency τ^?1 of the medium.     

Optical transitions for 2D electrons at the solid hydrogen-vapor interface

Details of the problem of “vertical” transitions between discrete levels of 2D electrons on the surface of liquid (solid) dielectrics in the presence of a gas over this surface (their own vapors or artificially produced combinations such as solid hydrogen-gaseous helium) are discussed. The structure of the interaction of an electron with a gaseous medium, where the so-called scattering length appears to depend on the gas density, is determined. The role of Van der Waals forces, which attract gas atoms to the dielectric surface, is shown. A notion of quasi-2D electron bound states on gas atoms is introduced. The experimental data concerning the effect of the gas on the frequencies of optical transitions for 2D electrons over the surface of solid hydrogen are discussed using this information.     

Combined torsional buckling of double-walled carbon nanotubes with axial load in the multi-field coupled condition

The present study has theoretically investigated the combined torsional buckling of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) with axial load in the multi-field coupled condition. The effects of torsion, axial load, thermal-electrical change, surrounding elastic medium and the Van der Waals forces are all taken into consideration. The governing equation of buckling for CNTs subjected to thermo-electro-mechanical loadings has been established based on an elastic shell model of continuum mechanics. Reasonable s...     

Equations of state and phase diagrams of hydrogen isotopes

A new form of the semiempirical equation of state proposed for the liquid phase of hydrogen isotopes is based on the assumption that its structure is formed by cells some of which contain hydrogen molecules and others contain hydrogen atoms. The values of parameters in the equations of state of the solid (molecular and atomic) phases as well as of the liquid phase of hydrogen isotopes (protium and deuterium) are determined. Phase diagrams, shock adiabats, isentropes, isotherms, and the electrical conductivity of compressed hydrogen are calculated. Comparison of the results of calculations with available experimental data in a wide pressure range demonstrates satisfactory coincidence.     

Instability and reconstruction of a thin fluid film under inversion conditions

The development of mechanical instability of a neutral fluid film (liquid helium or hydrogen) under inversion conditions (it does not lie on a solid substrate but hangs from a ceiling) is discussed. Critical parameters of such an instability and the character of surface reconstruction under the action of van der Waals forces, bubble pressure, and gravitational forces are determined. The interrelation with the well-known Frenkel problem of a drop on a solid substrate is pointed out. An electrostatic mechanism is proposed for the stimulation of instability of a thin helium film. This mechanism is promising for the problem of superfluid helium leakage.     

热力耦合作用下双层碳纳米管的扭转屈曲

考虑碳纳米管周边弹性介质和层间范德瓦耳斯力的作用,利用连续介质力学的壳体理论,建立了热力耦合作用下碳纳米管屈曲问题的控制方程,给出了相应的临界屈曲扭矩的解析解.数值模拟结果表明,在低温和室温环境下,碳纳米管的临界屈曲载荷随着温度变化量的增加而提高;在高温环境下,碳纳米管的临界屈曲载荷随着温度变化量的增加而降低. 关键词： 碳纳米管 屈曲 热力耦合     

Weighted and unweighted network of amino acids within protein

The information regarding the structure of a single protein is encoded in the network of interacting amino acids considered as nodes. If any two atoms from two different amino acids (nodes) are within higher cut-off distance of London-van der Waals forces, the amino acids are considered to be linked or connected. Several atoms of any amino acids in a protein may be within the above prescribed distance of several atoms of another amino acid resulting in possible multiple links between them. These multiple links are the basis of the weight of the connectivity in a protein network. Each protein has been considered as a weighted and an unweighted network of amino acids. A total of forty nine protein structures that covers the three branches of life on earth has been analyzed and several network properties have been studied. The probability degree and strength distributions of network connectivity have been obtained. It has been observed that the average strength of amino acid node depends on its degree. The results show that the average clustering coefficient of weighted network is less than that of unweighted network. It implies that the topological clustering is generated by edges with low weights. The power-law behavior of clustering coefficients of weighted and unweighted networks as a function of degree indicates that they have signatures of hierarchy. It has also been observed that the network is of assortative type.