Electro-optomechanical cooperative cooling of nanomechanical oscillator beyond resolved sideband regime

We propose a ground-state cooling scheme for a nanomechanical oscillator(NMO)that interacts with an optical cavity via radiation pressure at one side and with a superconducting microwave cavity via a capacitor at the other side.By driving these two cavities on their respective red sidebands with extra laser and microwave fields,the NMO’s dual cooling channel is created through electro-optomechanical cooperation.Differing from the conventional optomechanical system with a single optical cavity wherein ground-state cooling is limited in the resolved sideband,the proposed scheme allows the optical cavity to function in an unresolved sideband regime under the cooperation of a microwave cavity with a high quality factor,or vice versa.In a weak coupling regime we demonstrate that the NMO can be cooled to near its ground-state from a finite temperature with a cooling rate that is significantly faster than that of the single-cavity optomechanical system.The heating process can be completely suppressed by the cooperation of the dual cooling channel by appropriately selecting the system’s parameters.With a decreasing thermal phonon number,the numerical results of final mechanical occupancy gradually approach the analytical cooling limit.     

Study of nanoscratching of polymers by using molecular dynamics simulations

Molecular dynamic simulations are performed to study the nanoscratching behavior of polymers.The effects of scratching depth,scratching velocity and indenter/polymer interaction strength are investigated.It is found that polymer material in the scratching zone around the indenter can be removed in a ductile manner as the local temperature in the scratching zone exceeds glass transition temperature Tg.The recovery of polymer can be more significant when the temperature approaches or exceeds Tg.The tangential force,normal force and friction coefficient increase as the scratching depth increases.A larger scratching velocity leads to more material deformation and higher pile-up.The tangential force and normal force are larger for a larger scratching velocity whereas the friction coefficient is almost independent of the scratching velocities studied.It is also found that stronger indenter/polymer interaction strength results in a larger tangential force and friction coefficient.     

Dynamic stability of parametrically-excited linear resonant beams under periodic axial force

The parametric dynamic stability of resonant beams with various parameters under periodic axial force is studied.It is assumed that the theoretical formulations are based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory.The governing equations of motion are derived by using the Rayleigh-Ritz method and transformed into Mathieu equations,which are formed to determine the stability criterion and stability regions for parametricallyexcited linear resonant beams.An improved stability criterion is obtained using periodic Lyapunov functions.The boundary points on the stable regions are determined by using a small parameter perturbation method.Numerical results and discussion are presented to highlight the effects of beam length,axial force and damped coefficient on the stability criterion and stability regions.While some stability rules are easy to anticipate,we draw some conclusions:with the increase of damped coefficient,stable regions arise;with the decrease of beam length,the conditions of the damped coefficient arise instead.These conclusions can provide a reference for the robust design of parametricallyexcited linear resonant sensors.     

Research on Intracavity Laser Cooling of Solid

A theoretical study of intra-cavity laser cooling by anti-Stokes luminescence in a rare-earth doped glass is performed. Compared with cooling in an external cavity by multipassing the radiation, intra-cavity cooling has the advantage of high pumping power and high-absorbed power. However, one must ensure that the cavity can still form a laser by locating the material in the cavity. A model is developed to evaluate the enhancement factor and the absorbed power. The results show that for a low optical density, especially when the sample length is less than 2ram, the intracavity configuration is a very efficient method for laser cooling. The diode laser, which may become the best candidate for our model, is briefly discussed.     

Optomechanical force gradient sensing with levitated nanosphere pair

Guided by recent progress in ground state cooling and ultraweak force sensing in the optomechanical systems with optically levitated particles,we propose a novel quantum sensing protocol that can detect the gradient of a force field directly with extremely high sensitivity.The system consists of a pair of nanospheres levitated in the high vacuum environment with optical tweezers and an optical resonator.By positioning the two spheres suitably relative to the cavity,only the collective breathing mode of the sphere pair couples to the cavity field.This optomechanical coupling will transfer the information of force difference acting on the two sensors to cavity photons,which can then be detected directly at the output of the cavity.Given the optimal control of various technical noise sources,the sensitivity could reach 10^-15N m^-1/√HZ with a high spatial resolution of micron scale on a state-of-the-art experimental setup.The potential application of this protocol in searching for short range“new force”is analyzed.Compared with conventional searching protocols with a single levitated sphere,the method proposed here can increase the signal-to-noise ratio by more than one magnitude in a large searching parameter space.     

Controlling multiple optomechanically induced transparency in the distant cavity-optomechanical system

We theoretically investigate a two-cavity optomechanical system in which each optical cavity couples to a mechanical resonator via radiation pressure force,and the two optical cavities couple to each other via a distant waveguide.Our study shows that the multiple optomechanically induced transparency can be observed from the output field at the probe frequency.The number and width of the transparent windows can be tuned by the classical driving power Pl.We also analyze the distance of the two outermost transparency windows,which shows a linear relation with the parameters Pl andλ.Our approach is feasible for controlling multipartite induced transparency,which represents a valuable step towards quantum networks with photonic and phononic circuits.     

Lower Exciton Number Strong Light Matter Interaction in Plasmonic Tweezers

The plasmonic nanocavity is an excellent platform for the study of light matter interaction within a sub-diffraction volume under ambient conditions.We design a structure of plasmonic tweezers,which can trap molecular Jaggregates and also serve as a plasmonic cavity with which to investigate strong light matter interaction.The optical response of the cavity is calculated via finite-difference time-domain methods,and the optical force is evaluated based on the Maxwell stress tensor method.With the help of the coupled oscillator model and virtual exciton theory,we investigate the strong coupling progress at the lower level of excitons,finding that a Rabi splitting of 230 meV can be obtained in a single exciton system.We further analyze the relationship between optical force and model volume in the coupling system.The proposed method offers a way to locate molecular J-aggregates in plasmonic tweezers for investigating optical force performance and strong light matter interaction.     

Optical switching based on the manipulation of microparticles in a colloidal liquid using strong scattering force

This paper demonstrates the realization of an optical switch by optically manipulating a large number of polystyrene spheres contained in a capillary.The strong scattering force exerted on polystyrene spheres with a large diameter of 4.3 μm is employed to realize the switching operation.A transparent window is opened for the signal light when the polystyrene spheres originally located at the beam centre are driven out of the beam region by the strong scattering force induced by the control light.The switching dynamics under different incident powers is investigated and compared with that observed in the optical switch based on the formation of optical matter.It is found that a large extinction ratio of ～ 30 dB and fast switching-on and switching-off times can be achieved in this type of switch.     

Impacts of operational parameters on nonlinear polarization rotation-based passively mode-locked fiber laser

The operational parameters including the polarization controlling and the pump power in a nonlinear polarization rotation-based passively mode-locked fiber laser are studied in this paper.The carrier rate equations of the activated erbium-doped fiber are first employed together with the nonlinear Shro¨dinger equations to reveal the relation between the operational parameters and the output state of the passively mode-locked fiber laser.The numerical and experimental results demonstrate that the output state of the mode-locked laser varies with the polarization controlling and the pump power.The periodicity of the polarization controlling is observed.With given pump power,there exists a set of polarization controlling under which the ultra-short pulse can be generated.With given polarization controlling,the mode-locked state can be maintained generally except for some particular values of pump power.Three shapes of the output optical spectra from the fiber cavity can be identified when the pump power changes.The results in this paper provide a comprehensive insight into the operation of the nonlinear polarization rotation-based passively mode-locked fiber laser.     

Two Kinds of Cavity Geometry for Enhanced Laser Cooling of Solids

We present a comparison between intracavity cooling and external cavity cooling for optical refrigeration. The results show that the intracavity scheme is preferred at low optical densities （〈 0.008）, while the external cavity scheme is preferred at higher optical densities （〉 0.01）. We can choose the proper scheme for different eases in experiments. Moreover, under the same conditions, taking Yb^3＋-doped ZBLAN （ZrF4-BaF2-LaF3-AlFa-NaF） film as an example, the cooling processes of the two scheme are obtained. The calculated results show that intracavity cooling will achieve a larger temperature drop for a thin film sample. Finally, the diode laser may become a candidate for the intraeavity model briefly discussed.     

An efficient Jacobian scaling method for time-domain optical mammography

<正>Time-domain diffuse optical tomography can efficiently reconstruct optical parameters which can be further applied in diagnosing early breast cancer.Nevertheless,the performances of reconstructed imaging are badly influenced by different Jacobian magnitudes of absorption coefficient and reduced scattering coefficient.With the introudction of a relative data type based on generalized pulse spectrum technique, an efficient Jacobian scaling method is proposed.The interrelated simulated validation is also revealed for the enhancing performances.     

Friction Properties of Bio-mimetic Nano-fibrillar Arrays

Nano-fibrillar arrays are fabricated using polystyrene materials. The average diameter of each fiber is about 300 nm. Experiments show that such a fibrillar surface possesses a relatively hydrophobie feature with a water contact angle of 142°. Nanoscale friction properties are mainly focused on. It is found that the friction force of polystyrene nano-fibrillar surfaces is obviously enhanced in contrast to polystyrene smooth surfaces. The apparent coefficient of friction increases with the applied load, but is independent of the scanning speed. An interesting observation is that the friction force increases almost linearly with the real contact area, which abides by the fundamental Bowden-Tabor law of nano-seale friction.     

Direct numerical simulation on relevance of fluctuating velocities and drag reduction in turbulent channel flow with spanwise space-dependent electromagnetic force

Based on the Fourier–Chebyshev spectral method, the control of turbulent channel flow by space-dependent electromagnetic force and the mechanism of drag reduction are investigated with direct numerical simulation(DNS) methods for different Reynolds numbers. A formula is derived to express the relation between fluctuating velocities and the friction drag coefficient. With the application of electromagnetic force, the in-depth relations among the fluctuating velocities near the wall, Reynolds stress, and the effect of drag reduction for different Reynolds numbers are discussed. The results indicate that the maximum drag reductions can be obtained with an optimal combination of parameters for each case of different Reynolds numbers. The fluctuating velocities along the streamwise and normal directions are suppressed significantly,while the fluctuating velocity along the spanwise direction is enhanced dramatically due to the spanwise electromagnetic force. However, the values of Reynolds stress depend on the fluctuating velocities along the streamwise and normal directions rather than that along the spanwise direction. Therefore, the significant effect of drag reduction is obtained. Moreover,the maximum drag reduction is weakened due to the decay of control effect for fluctuating velocities as the Reynolds number increases.     

Sound absorption characteristics of a thin plate with PZT and shunt circuit I. Theoretical analysis

The feasibility of sound absorbing by a vibrating plate with piezoelectric material and shunt circuits is theoretically investigated. Based on an equivalent compliance of a piezoelectric wafer shunted with RL circuits, the governing equations for the fiexural vibration of the plate with the piezoelectric wafer are derived using Lagrange＇s approach. The equations take into account not only the mass, stiffness and structural damping of the plate and the wafer, but also the electrical resistance and electrical inductance of the RL circuits. By using the governing equations derived, the surface impedance and sound absorption coefficient of the plate backed with a cavity are given. Numerical results show that the sound absorption coefficient of the plate near its first mode can be significantly improved by adjusting the RL parameters.     

Parametric study of the clustering transition in vibration driven granular gas system

A parametric study of the clustering transition of a vibration-driven granular gas system is performed by simulation.The parameters studied include the global volume fraction of the system, the size of the system, the friction coefficient, and the restitution coefficient among particles and among particle–walls. The periodic boundary and fixed boundary of sidewalls are also checked in the simulation. The simulation results provide us the necessary "heating" time for the system to reach steady state, and the friction term needed to be included in the "cooling" time. A gas-cluster phase diagram obtained through Kolmogorov–Smirnov(K–S) test analysis using similar experimental parameters is given. The influence of the parameters to the transition is then investigated in simulations. This simulation investigation helps us gain understanding which otherwise cannot be obtained by experiment alone, and makes suggestions on the determination of parameters to be chosen in experiments.     

A method to change frictional characteristics based on ultrasonic micro driving technique

In order to reduce friction force and eliminate stick-slip phenomenon of a mechanic system at a low velocity, a method based on the ultrasonic micro driving technique to change the frictional characteristics is proposed. Exciting clockwise and anticlockwise microscopic elliptical motion of driving points on the ultrasonic actuator's two longitudinal bolt-clamped vibrators will generate ultrasonic lubrication action; furthermore, the friction can be actively controlled by adjusting the vibrators' vibrating amplitude. An experimental installation for friction control is designed using aerostatic guide, force sensors and a low speed moment motor. Fuzzy control theory is applied into this system. The experiments indicate the friction force has been reduced largely and the motion of the experimental system is stable. The friction coefficient is only about 0.0053 when the total mass of the ultrasonic actuator and load is 3.8 kg and the motor's driving velocity is 0.5 mm/s.     

Quantum frequency up-conversion with a cavity

The quantum state transfer from subharmonic frequency to harmonic frequency based on asymmetrically pumped second harmonic generation in a cavity is investigated theoretically.The performance of noise-free frequency up-conversion is evaluated by the signal transfer coefficient and the conversion efficiency,in which both the quadrature fluctuation and the average photon number are taken into consideration.It is shown that the quantum property can be preserved during frequency up-conversion via operating the cavity far below the threshold.The dependences of the transfer coefficient and the conversion efficiency on pump parameter,analysing frequency,and cavity extra loss are also discussed.     

Precise force measurement method by a Y-shaped cavity dual-frequency laser

A novel precise force measurement based on a Y-shaped cavity dual-frequency laser is proposed.The principle of force measurement with this method is analyzed,and the analytic relation expression between the input force and the change in the output beat frequency is derived.Experiments using a 632.8-nm Y-shaped cavity He-Ne dual-frequency laser are then performed;they demonstrate that the force measurement is proportional to a high degree over almost five decades of input signal range.The maximum scale factor is observed as 5.02×109 Hz/N,with beat frequency instability equivalent resolution of 10-5 N.By optimizing the optical and geometrical parameters of the laser sensor,a force measurement resolution of 10-6 N could be expected.     

Temperature dependence of the photothermal laser cooling efficiency for a micro-cantilever

The relationship between the photothermal cooling efficiency of a micro-cantilever’s mechanical mode and the environmental temperature is studied. The micro-cantilever and a polished fiber end form a low finesse Fabry–Perot(FP)cavity. Experimental results in a temperature range from 77 K to 298 K show that temperature has an obvious influence on photothermal cooling efficiency. The photothermal cooling efficiency, ηph, at 100 K is 10 times that at 298 K. This accords well with the theoretical analysis that the high photothermal cooling efficiency can be achieved when photothermal response time, τph, and mechanical resonant frequency, ω0, are close to the optimal photothermal cooling condition ω0τph = 1. Our study provides an important approach for high effective photothermal cooling and high-sensitivity measurement for force microscopy.     

Conditions for formation and trapping of the two-ion Coulomb cluster in the dissipative optical superlattice

Conditions have been studied under which a polychromatic optical superlattice can form and trap the Coulomb cluster of two strongly interacting ions.In our previous work(Krasnov I V and Kamenshchikov L P 2014 Opt.Comm.312 192)this new all-optical method of obtaining and confining the Coulomb clusters was demonstrated by numerical simulations for special values of the optical superlattice parameters and in the case of Yb ions.In the present paper the conditions are explicitly formulated,under which the long-lived two-ion cluster in the superlattice cell is formed.The peculiarity of these conditions is the renormalization of the ion–ion Coulomb interaction.Notably,the renormalized Coulomb force is determined by the effective charge which depends on the light field parameters and can strongly differ from the "bare"ion charge.This result can be accounted for by the combined manifestation of the quantum fluctuations of optical forces,nonlinear dependence of these forces on the velocity,and non-Maxwellian(Tsallis type) velocity distribution of the ions in the optical superlattice.Explicit analytical formulas are also obtained for the parameters of the optical two-ion cluster.