A novel fiber Bragg grating high-temperature sensor

A novel fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor for the measurement of high temperature is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The interrogation system of the sensor system is simple, low cost but effective. The sensor head is comprised of one FBG and two metal rods. The lengths of the rods are different from each other. The coefficients of thermal expansion of the rods are also different from each other. The FBG will be strained by the sensor head when the temperature to be measured changes. The temperature is measured basis of the wavelength shifts of the FBG induced by strain. A dynamic range of 0–800 °C and a resolution of 1 °C have been obtained by the sensor system. The experiment results agree with theoretical analyses.     

A multi-parameter optical fiber sensor with interrogation and discrimination capabilities

A multi-parameter and multi-function, but low-cost, optical fiber grating sensor with self-interrogation and self-discrimination capabilities is presented theoretically and experimentally. The sensor bases on three fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) and one fiber long period grating (LPG). Strain, vibration, pressure, ordinary temperature (−10 to 100 °C) and high temperature (100–800 °C) can be measured by the sensor. When high temperature (100–800 °C) is measured, the LPG is used as a high temperture sensor head and FBG₁ is used as an interrogation element. Alternatively, when one of the other four measurands is measured, FBG₁ (or FBG₂) is used as a sensor head and LPG is used as an interrogation element. When two of the other four measurands are measured simultaneously, FBG₁ and FBG₂ are used as sensor heads and LPG is used as a shared interrogation element. FBG₃ is used as a reference element to eliminate the errors resulted from light source fluctuation and the cross-sensitivity between measurand and environmental temperature. The measurands can be interrogated according to the signals of the photodiodes (PDs), which are related to the relative wavelength shift of the LPG and the FBGs. Experimental results agree well with theoretical analyses. The interrogation scheme is immune to light source fluctuation and the cross-sensitivity between measurands and enviromental temperature, and also the dynamic range is large.     

长周期光纤光栅温度和应力传感特性研究

本文报道了长周期光纤光栅(LPG)温度和应力传感特性的实验研究结果,测得LPG的温度和应力灵敏系数均高于光纤布喇格光栅(FBG)灵敏系数的典型值,在11～80℃和0～100gf的温度和应力测量范围内,温度和应力响应曲线具有较好的线性.基于同一LPG不同透射波长具有不同温度和应力灵敏度的特性,实现了温度和应力的单光栅同时测量.     

A cheap and practical FBG temperature sensor utilizing a long-period grating in a photonic crystal fiber

A whole temperature sensor in one package utilizing a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) made in a conventional single-mode fiber and which uses a long-period grating (LPG) made in a photonic crystal fiber is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The function of the interrogation is that the wavelength change of the FBG with environmental temperature is transferred to the intensity of the output via the LPG. Utilizing the temperature-insensitivity of the LPG in the PCF, the interrogation is stable and enables a cheap and practical temperature measurement system with a wide dynamic range.     

基于光纤布拉格光栅与长周期光栅并联的集成光学传感器

为了提高光纤传感器的性能和进一步缩小传感器的尺寸,通过实验制备出一种基于光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)与长周期光栅(LPG)并联的新型集成光学传感器。该传感器中的FBG和LPG是利用飞秒激光直写技术直接在普通单模光纤中刻写的。FBG和LPG是并联关系,因此很大程度地缩小了传感器的长度。外界的温度和折射率的变化会引起FBG和LPG的谐振峰波长位置发生变化,据此对该集成传感器进行温度和折射率测量。实验结果表明:FBG谐振峰对折射率和温度的灵敏度分别为0 nm/RIU和12.98 pm/℃,而LPG在1 555 nm附近谐振峰对折射率和温度的灵敏度为196.46 nm/RIU和10.93 pm/℃。因此,根据双参数传感矩阵,该传感器可以对温度和外界折射率进行同时传感。     

Numerical analysis of plasmon polarition refractive index fiber sensors with hollow core and a long period grating

The main principle of this design is based on the efficient energy transfer between the waveguide mode (WM) and the co-directional SPP provided by a properly designed fiber long period grating (LPG). This LPG is imprinted into a waveguide fiber layer of a specially designed hollow core optical fiber. The simulations are based on the finite element method (FEM) algorithm in electromagnetics and coupled mode theory for gratings. Compared to the previous proposed structure using a fiber Bragg grating (FBG), this novel kind of sensor can greatly enhance the refractive index sensitivity, e.g., from 5.93 nm/RIU (with FBG) to 817 nm/RIU (with LPG) at the sensing refractive index of 1.40. The other advantage is that the working conditions can be performed for the well-developed telecom wavelength windows 1500-1600 nm.     

利用双周期光纤光栅实现应变和温度同时测量

提出了一种新颖双周期光纤光栅传感器。在同一段氢载光纤上先后写入长周期光纤光栅、短周期布拉格光纤光栅 ,利用长周期光栅和布拉格光栅对应变和温度敏感性的差异 ,可实现应变和温度的同时测量。实验中采用这种灵敏结构的双周期光栅 ,在 0～ 170 0 με和 2 0℃～ 12 0℃范围内 ,测量精度可达到± 16 με和± 0 8℃。     

Simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature with a long-period fiber grating inscribed Sagnac interferometer

A Sagnac interferometer with a long-period fiber grating (LPG) inscribed in the polarization-maintaining fiber (PMF) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature. Due to the different responses of the LPG and the Sagnac interferometer to strain and temperature, simultaneous measurement can be achieved by monitoring the wavelength shifts and the intensity changes of a resonance dip of the sensor setup. The experimental results show that the achieved sensitivities to strain and temperature are 6.4 × 10^− 3 dB/με and 0.65 nm/°C, respectively.     

基于激光器激射特性的新型应变传感系统

报道了一种基于掺铒光纤激光器瞬态特性的新型应变传感系统.用光纤环反射镜和光纤Bragg光栅(FBG)构成Fabry-Perot线型腔.腔内插入一个长周期光纤光栅(LPG)，其透射谱的中心波长为1574.4nm.FBG的带宽为0.23nm，不受力时其反射波长为1557.98nm，位于LPG的透射谱左沿；当FBG受力时激射波长向长波方向移动，激光通过LPG时透射损耗增大，腔损耗的增加将使激光激射延迟时间增加.因此，应变的大小可以通过激光产生的延迟时间来测量.这种新型应变传感器的分辨率和灵敏度由抽运光脉冲的高、 关键词： 应变传感 光纤激光器 时域测量 光纤Bragg光栅     

Output characteristics of a simple FP-LD/FBG module

We propose a simple laser diode module that consists of a Fabry–Perot laser diode (FP-LD) and a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) for a compact, stable and low-cost wavelength division multiplexing light source. The spectral bandwidth of the laser output from the FP-LD/FBG module was measured to be 0.024 nm. The side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) was 44.42 dB at the injected electric current of 14 mA and at 25 °C. Both the BER characteristics and the eye diagram were measured, and they confirmed that the present laser diode module could be used as an alternative configuration for a low-cost light source.     

阵列波导光栅解调的准分布式光纤光栅传感器

从理论上和实验上研究了一种操作简单、响应速度快,价格低廉和高分辨率的基于阵列波导光栅(AWG)的准分布式光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)传感器.该传感系统采用了阵列波导光栅双通道强度解调技术对光纤光栅的布拉格波长和温度进行精确的解调.实验结果表明,该系统对宽带宽光纤光栅的布拉格波长和温度解调均具有高线性度,考虑系统稳定性及光纤布拉格光栅之间的串扰影响,波长测量精度仍可达2 pm,温度测量精度优于0.2℃.     

Dynamic analysis and temperature measurements of concrete cantilever beam using fibre Bragg gratings

We analyzed the action of fire, causing degradation in a concrete cantilever beam using dynamic testing. The structure was fitted with two fibre Bragg gratings (FBG) sensors. One of them measured vibration and the other measured the temperature inside of the cantilever beam, while the beam was exposed to fire. A high-temperature probe based on a simple packaging system, which isolates the sensing FBG from any mechanical action, was developed. A low-cost fibre Bragg grating interrogation system, including easy assembly and maintenance, was used for the measurements. The temperature in the cantilever beam increased until 150 °C and a reduction in the strength of concrete was observed through modal analysis. Results reveal a considerable reduction in strength occurs even with exposures to moderate temperatures (less than 90 °C).     

Dynamic strain measurement using two wavelength-matched fiber Bragg grating sensors interrogated by a cascaded long-period fiber grating

In this work, we describe a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing system using two wavelength-matched FBG sensors for static and dynamic strain measurement. A cascaded long-period fiber grating (CLPG)-based demodulation technique has been used to interrogate the two wavelength-matched FBG sensors. Experimental results of static strain measurement show that the proposed system has a strain resolution of 1 με. This system has also been used for dynamic strain measurement. An eddy current displacement meter-based system has been used as a comparison measurement. Experimental results of dynamic strain measurement have proved that the FBG sensing system has a good performance in the measurement of dynamic strain. The results of static and dynamic strain measurement indicate that the sensing system using two wavelength-matched FBG sensors is superior to the single FBG sensor system.     

光纤光栅传感器的应用

在光纤传感领域，光纤光栅传感技术是十多年来发展最为迅速的技术之一，传感系统本身和应用领域均有了很大发展．文章介绍了光纤光栅的结构、性能以及传感的原理，回顾了光纤光栅传感器在地球动力学、航天器及船舶航运、民用工程结构、电力工业、医学、和化学传感中的应用．     

Strain and temperature discrimination technique by use of A FBG written in erbium doped fiber

We propose and demonstrate strain and temperature discrimination technique using a single fiber Bragg grating (FBG) written in the core of an erbium doped fiber. We observed that amplified spontaneous emission power varying linearly from the erbium doped fiber with temperature which determines temperature changes and strain is estimated by subtracting the wavelength shift due to temperature change, from the measured shift corresponding to the dip in the transmission spectrum of the FBG. A simple and compact FBG sensor is presented with improved rms errors of 21.2 μ? and 1 °C over ranges of 0–800 μ? and 40–95 °C, respectively. The sensor is shown to have strain and temperature sensitivity of 0.8 pm/μ? and 12 pm/°C.     

Simultaneous strain and temperature measurement based on a photonic crystal fiber modal-interference interacting with a long period fiber grating

An alternative all-fiber sensor for simultaneous strain and temperature measurement based on a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) spliced between single-mode fibers cascaded with a long period grating (LPG) is proposed. By collapsing the air holes at two splicing regions along the PCF, a simple but effective modal-interference (MI) is occurred between the core and cladding modes of the PCF. Due to the different responses on the changes of strain and temperature on the MI and the cascaded LPG, the strain and temperature can be measured simultaneously. Experimental results show that the sensing resolution of 9.1 με in strain measurement is experimentally achieved over a range of 2640 με, while the temperature sensing resolution is 0.27 °C within a range of 30-100 °C.     

Novel bending sensor based on a meniscus shaped beam with LPG

A novel bending sensor based on a long period fiber grating (LPG) is presented. A LPG was glued into a V-shaped groove, which lies on the lower surface of a meniscus shaped beam. It is found that the transmission optical power of the LPG changed linearly with the variation of the bending of the beam. The bending applied on the beam can be measured by detecting the intensity variation of the LPG's resonant dip wavelength. Under a relative large bending measured range from 0 to 7.5 m^?1, the sensitivity of 3.003 dB m^?1 and curvature resolution of 0.001 m^?1 have been achieved for the proposed bending sensor.     

Underwater Acoustic Sensor with Fiber Bragg Grating

A new type of underwater acoustic sensor is proposed with an optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG). Because of the photoelasticity with respect to the refractive index and the elasticity of the fiber, the sound pressure in water modulates the Bragg reflection wavelength and, in turn, the intensity of the laser light transmitted through the FBG fiber. Good linearity between the detected signal and the sound pressure is obtained in the range from 81 dB to 140 dB re 1 μPa. Since the upper and lower limits of the acoustic signal level for operation of the sensor are limited by the driving circuit and the transduction of the sound in water, the sensor is expected to operate with much larger dynamic range both at higher and lower pressure levels. Operation of the sensor is very stable with the insertion of optical isolators into the system, although without the isolators the output signal fluctuates at low frequency due to the Fabry-Perot interference effect between the FBG and the various facets.     

Simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature using dual-period grapefruit microstructured fiber grating

By cascading the long period fiber grating (LPFG) and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) in grapefruit microstructured fiber, a novel dual-period fiber grating sensor is proposed. The refractive index and temperature are measured simultaneously by using the different sensitivity of FBG and LPFG. The relationship between dual-period fiber grating transmission spectrum and refractive index, resonant wavelengths and temperature are analyzed theoretically, respectively. The simulation results show that the accuracy of the sensor in measuring refractive index and temperature is estimated to be 2319.6 nm/RIU in a range from 1.33 to 1.36 and 0.017 nm/°C from 0 °C to 100 °C, respectively. Thus, the sensor has high refractive index sensitivity, and can provide the theoretical foundation for the optical fiber biosensor.     

Design of fiber Bragg grating-based Fabry–Perot sensor for simultaneous measurement of humidity and temperature

A new sensor for simultaneous measurement of humidity and temperature is proposed. The sensor consists of Fabry–Perot cavity formed by two identical uniform fiber Bragg gratings. To make the cavity serves as humidity sensor, moisture sensitive polymer, which is polyimide, is coated on the FBG and on the cavity with different thickness. When the sensor is exposed to the relative humidity change, the polyimide will expand and stretch the fiber and induces strain on the FBG and on the cavity. The induced strain alters the grating period, cavity length and effective refractive index of fiber. The simulation results show that the humidity sensitivity and thermal sensitivity are 1.92 pm/%RH and 8.87 pm/°C, respectively, for polyimide coating thickness of 10 μm on the FBG and 15 μm on the cavity.