石墨烯与hBN周期性堆叠的调制器增强近场热辐射

本文在近场辐射传热装置的发射端与接收端之间引入一种基于石墨烯(Graphene)和六方氮化硼(hexagonal boron nitride,简记为h BN)薄膜交替堆叠的多层结构的调制器，与石墨烯覆盖的单层hBN结构(G-hBN-G)相比可以在不改变发射端和接收端参数的情况下增强近场热辐射，经计算在N(调制器中hBN薄膜层数)=16时近场辐射热流增强了2.4×104W/m2。石墨烯覆盖的多层hBN结构与G-hBN-G结构的近场辐射热流随着调制器厚度的增加均逐渐减小。本研究的结果有助于控制近场辐射的热传递，理解石墨烯覆盖的多层hBN结构的调制器对3-物体体系近场热辐射的调控特性，为有关热辐射产品的研发和制造提供理论基础。     

石墨烯增强半导体态二氧化钒近场热辐射

本文基于涨落耗散定理和并矢格林函数求解麦克斯韦方程来研究两个半无限大平板的近场热辐射净热流,提出了两个半无限大块状二氧化钒组成的V/V结构、石墨烯覆盖两个半无限大块状二氧化钒组成的GV/GV结构和石墨烯覆盖VO2薄膜组成的GV0/GV0结构,深入研究了这三种结构中二氧化钒与石墨烯间的近场热辐射,并分析了真空间距、二氧化钒薄膜厚度和石墨烯化学势等物理参量变化对近场热辐射的影响.研究表明:三种结构的近场热辐射均随间距增大而减小;在真空间距为10 nm时,由石墨烯覆盖的GV/GV结构的近场辐射热流比无石墨烯覆盖的V/V结构增强35倍,耦合效果最好的是GV0/GV0结构,该结构的近场辐射热流比GV/GV结构增强8.6倍;在GV0/GV0结构中,当二氧化钒薄膜厚度为30 nm时,石墨烯化学势从0.1 eV增加到0.6 eV辐射热流会减小3.3倍.本文系统研究了二氧化钒与石墨烯间相互耦合的近场热辐射,对相关结构的近场热辐射实验和实际应用具有理论指导意义.     

石墨烯/AZO/SiC复合结构的近场辐射换热特性

由于倏逝波贡献,近场辐射换热可以远超黑体辐射定律给出的极限换热热流,对近场辐射换热的调控在近场热光伏及热管理方面有重要的应用前景。石墨烯是一种有潜力的可用于近场辐射换热调控的功能材料。本文研究了由石墨烯、铝掺杂氧化锌(aluminum-doped zinc-oxide,AZO)及SiC构成的多层复合薄膜的近场辐射换热特性。研究发现:"AZO薄膜+SiC基底"结构的频谱辐射热流在SiC的SPhP频域出现谷值,而"SiC薄膜+AZO基底"结构同时在两种表面极化激元的共振频率处出现峰值;覆盖单层石墨烯薄膜对"AZO薄膜+SiC基底"结构的近场辐射换热基本没有影响;而"石墨烯/SiC薄膜/AZO基底"结构却可以同时支持三种表面极化激元,并在调控石墨烯化学势到适当值时,可以有效增强近场换热。本研究有助于理解石墨烯对近场辐射换热的调控特性。     

基于VO2和石墨烯实现hBN声子极化激元和自发发射率的主动调谐

鉴于极化激元对介电环境异常敏感的特性,本文中提出了双曲材料六方氮化硼(hBN)和石墨烯与相变材料二氧化钒(VO₂)组成的异质结构,用来研究hBN声子极化激元(PhPs)的主动可调谐性.研究结果表明,通过控制hBN/VO₂异质结构中VO₂相变可实现对hBN PhPs的主动调谐,获得主动可调谐的自发发射(SE)率.当在hBN/VO₂异质结构中添加石墨烯时,会在hBN双曲线带内耦合产生双曲等离子体-声子极化激元(HPPPs),而在双曲线带外产生表面等离子体-声子极化激元(SPPPs),通过控制VO₂相态和调节石墨烯化学势亦可实现石墨烯/hBN/VO₂异质结构的耦合色散及SE率的主动调谐.该研究为使用诸如相变材料和石墨烯等功能材料调谐各向异性光学材料与光的相互作用机制提供了理论指导.     

近场热光伏和热辐射电池系统中熵的应用

近场辐射换热能够极大地提高热光伏和热辐射电池系统的输出电功率,因此研究近场热光伏和热辐射电池系统的转换效率具有重要意义。本文通过计算近场效应影响下的辐射热流和熵流,给出了近场热光伏和热辐射电池系统的最大理论转换效率,并与实际转换效率对比。结果发现在近场热光伏和热辐射电池系统中,纳米线、纳米孔两种微结构和双曲线材料相比平板和电介质,不仅有更强的辐射热流,而且有更高的理论效率。但是在实际过程中,由于近场热光伏和热辐射电池系统中光谱辐射热流的峰值频率小于电池能带间隙所对应的频率,所以其实际效率低于最大理论效率。本工作为近场热光伏和热辐射电池系统的转换效率提供了一个理论极限。     

石墨烯-六方氮化硼异质结构近场热辐射研究

近些年来,人们在发现近场辐射传热不同于传统换热的机制后,进行了大量的理论研究和实验验证.尤其是新型材料如石墨烯以及各种超材料可以由人工制得后,近场热辐射可以得到更多的电磁调控.本文将石墨烯覆盖在半无限大六方氮化硼上,分析了石墨烯等离极化激元与六方氮化硼声子极化激元耦合产生共振的效果对近场热辐射传热的影响,结果表明覆盖石墨烯之后,六方氮化硼之间的近场热辐射有明显增强。     

薄膜和半无限大介质间的近场辐射换热研究

研究了硼掺杂硅(记为Si-19)薄膜和半无限大物体(Si-19和SiC)在100 nm真空间距下的近场辐射换热随薄膜厚度的变化。研究结果表明,当半无限大物体和薄膜为相同的Si-19材料时,由于表面波激发并相互耦合,使得近场辐射换热随薄膜的厚度变化比较复杂。当半无限大物体为SiC材料时,由于表面波的耦合遭到破坏以及辐射体的高发射率频率区和吸收体的高吸收率频率区不匹配,导致表面波的激发对不同材料间的近场辐射换热的增强程度降低,因此在相同计算区域内热流密度随厚度的增加单调增加,没有出现极值点。     

用于热光伏系统的近场辐射光谱控制表面结构

为提升近场热光伏发电系统的能源转换效率和发电功率,设计了Ⅲ-Ⅴ族半导体表面的矩形光栅结构,以实现从热发射器到热光伏电池的近场辐射热流选择性调制.使用在近红外波段具有表面等离子体激元特性的掺杂氧化锌作为热发射器,在GaSb热光伏电池表面添加亚微米二维光栅结构,在近场间距下形成与表面波耦合的陷光效应,由此有选择性地增强了电池能带内的光谱辐射热流.有别于以往类似研究中常用的等效近似方法,开展了时域有限差分方法模拟,能够严格考虑周期性结构细节,结合以涨落耗散理论为基础的Langevin方法,直接计算了复杂结构参与的近场辐射传热问题,以此揭示表面结构影响近场辐射传热的物理机理.结果显示使用带表面结构的薄膜GaSb电池,可使辐射热流的光谱峰值达到同温度远场黑体辐射源情况下的2.84倍,且热流增益区集中在波长略短于电池能带的窄波段区间,适应高效率、高功率热光伏系统对辐射传热设计的要求.     

基于表面等离子激元波导透射性能的环形滤波器设计

当前对表面等离子体激元(SPP)耦合性能及其传播的研究已成为这一领域急需改进的课题。为了进一步使SPP纳米器件成为可能,利用SPP波导结构设计了一种表面等离子体激元环形滤波器,建立了SPP波导结构传输模型和金属光栅SPP传输模型。透射率仿真分析表明,透射率会随着金属薄膜厚度的变化而变化,当金属薄膜厚度降低时,透射带宽会明显变窄,且透射的峰值也会降低。滤波器结构仿真结果表明,滤波器具有很强的消光效果,在具有有效谐振频率的同时可以更好地实现阻碍非谐振频率。该研究对纳米等离子激元器件的实际应用具有一定的理论和实际意义。     

基于气相沉积等离激元纳米粒子/三维石墨烯-镍泡沫复合结构的高灵敏度表面增强拉曼检测

本文提出一种基于气相沉积银纳米粒子和三维石墨烯-镍泡沫的复合等离激元结构.该结构是利用气相纳米团簇束流技术将高密度的银纳米粒子直接沉积于三维石墨烯-镍泡沫的表面制备而成.与传统银纳米结构相比,复合三维等离激元纳米结构具有"热点"数量多,局域场更强的特点,可作为基于表面增强拉曼技术的高灵敏度化学传感器.拉曼测试实验结果表明,该三维纳米结构在表面增强拉曼检测中可获得灵敏度高,重复性好的探针拉曼信号.通过进一步的理论模拟,发现该三维等离激元结构中增强的拉曼信号主要归因于纳米粒子与纳米粒子之间以及纳米粒子与石墨烯-镍泡沫衬底之间的多重近场耦合效应.     

Thermoacoustic theory of graphene films considering heat transfer of substrate materials

Based on thermoacoustic theory, a coupled thermal-mechanical model for graphene films is established, and the analytical solutions for thermal-acoustic radiation from a graphene thin film are obtained. The sound pressure of the graphene film generator on different substrates is measured, and the measurement data is compared with the theoretical results. The frequency response from the experimental results is consistent with the theoretical ones, while the measured values are slightly lower than the theoretical ones. Therefore, the accuracy of the proposed theoretical model is verified. It is shown that thermal-acoustic radiation from a graphene thin film reveals a wide frequency response. The sound pressure level increases with the frequency in the low frequency range, while the sound pressure varies smoothly with frequency in the high frequency range. Thus it can be used as excellent thermal generator. When the thermal effusivity of the substrate is smaller, then the sound pressure of grapheme films will be higher.Furthermore, the sound pressure decreases with the increase of heat capacity per unit area of grapheme films. Results will contribute to the mechanism of graphene films generator and its applications in the design of loudspeaker and other related areas.     

考虑基底热传导的石墨烯薄膜热声理论

主要基于热声效应对石墨烯薄膜发声进行理论研究。首先建立了石墨烯薄膜耦合热振动模型,推导出了石墨烯薄膜发声器的声压表达式。在此基础上,进行了不同基底石墨烯薄膜发声器的声压测试,并将测试值与理论计算结果对比,二者随频率变化趋势基本吻合,测试值略低于理论值,验证了推导出的声压表达式的正确性。研究表明石墨烯薄膜发声器有很宽的频域响应,在低频段声压级随频率增大而增大,在高频段响应平稳,具有作为优秀的热致发声器的潜力。基底材料蓄热系数越小,石墨烯薄膜的声压值越大;声压级随薄膜热容量的增大而减小。研究结果对于石墨烯的发声机制探索及其在扬声器设计等方面的应用具有指导意义。      

Thermal heat radiation,near-field energy density and near-field radiative heat transfer of coated materials

We investigate the thermal radiation and thermal near-field energy density of a metal-coated semi-infinite body for different substrates. We show that the surface polariton coupling within the metal coating leads to an enhancement of the TM-mode part of the thermal near-field energy density when a polar substrate is used. In this case the result obtained for a free standing metal film is retrieved. In contrast, in the case of a metal substrate there is no enhancement in the TM-mode part, as can also be explained within the framework of surface plasmon coupling within the coating. Finally, we discuss the influence of the enhanced thermal energy density on the near-field radiative heat transfer between a simple semi-infinite and a coated semi-infinite body for different material combinations.     

Contribution of terahertz waves to near-field radiative heat transfer between graphene-based hyperbolic metamaterials

Hyperbolic metamaterials alternately stacked by graphene and silicon(Si) are proposed and theoretically studied to investigate the contribution of terahertz(THz) waves to near-field radiative transfer. The results show that the heat transfer coefficient can be enhanced several times in a certain THz frequency range compared with that between graphene-covered Si bulks because of the presence of a continuum of hyperbolic modes. Moreover, the radiative heat transfer can also be enhanced remarkably for the proposed structure even in the whole THz range. The hyperbolic dispersion of the graphenebased hyperbolic metamaterial can be tuned by varying the chemical potential or the thickness of Si, with the tunability of optical conductivity and the chemical potential of graphene fixed. We also demonstrate that the radiative heat transfer can be actively controlled in the THz frequency range.     

An overview of micro/nanoscaled thermal radiation and its applications

With the rapid development of micro/nanoscaled technologies, we are confronted with more and more challenges related to small-scale thermal radiation. Thorough understanding and handling of micro/nanoscaled radiative heat transfer is vital for many fields of modern science and technology. For example, proper utilization of near-field thermal radiation phenomenon greatly improves light-electric conversion efficiency. This review introduces theoretical and experimental investigation on near-field thermal radiation, especially progress in application and control of micro/nanoscaled radiative heat transfer, which addresses problems in developing renewable and sustainable energy techniques.     

Role of fluctuational electrodynamics in near-field radiative heat transfer

The objective of this paper is to discuss the role of fluctuational electrodynamics in the context of a generalized radiative heat transfer problem. Near-field effects, including the interference phenomenon and radiation tunneling, are important for applications to nanostructures. The classical theory of radiative transfer cannot be readily applied as the feature size approaches the dominant wavelength of radiative emission. At all length scales, however, propagation of radiative energy is properly represented by the electromagnetic wave approach, which requires the solution of the Maxwell equations. Fluctuational electrodynamics provides a model for thermal emission when solving a near-field radiation heat transfer problem, and the fluctuation-dissipation theorem provides the bridge between the strength of the fluctuations of the charges inside a body and its local temperature. This paper provides a complete and systematic derivation of the near-field radiative heat flux starting from the Maxwell equations. An illustrative example of near-field versus far-field radiation heat transfer is presented, and the length scale for transition from near- to far-field regime is discussed; the results show that this length scale can be as large as three times than predicted from Wien's law.     

Superlubricity enabled dry transfer of non-encapsulated graphene

Transferring high-quality exfoliated graphene flakes onto different substrates while keeping the graphene free of polymer residues is of great importance, but at the same time very challenging. Currently, the only feasible way is the so-called all-dry "pick-and-lift" method, in which a hexagonal boron nitride(hBN) flake is employed to serve as a stamp to pick up graphene from one substrate and to lift it down onto another substrate. The transferred graphene samples, however,are always covered or encapsulated by hBN flakes, which leads to difficulties in further characterizations. Here, we report an improved "pick-and-lift" method, which allows ultra-clean graphene flakes to be transferred onto a variety of substrates without hBN coverage. Basically, by exploiting the superlubricity at the graphene/hBN stack interface, we are able to remove the top-layer hBN stamp by applying a tangential force and expose the underneath graphene.     

金属衬底上石墨烯的红外近场光学

对石墨烯/铜体系开展了系统性的近场光学实验研究,成功观测到了区别于铜衬底的、来自石墨烯的近场光学响应信号,发现在表面台阶几何参数相同的铜衬底上的不同石墨烯样品表现出了截然不同的近场光学响应.