降噪阵列参数对次声降噪系统性能的影响分析

次声降噪系统对提高次声监测能力具有重要作用,为分析次声降噪系统阵列结构参数变化对其降噪性能的影响规律,构建玫瑰型(rosette)管道滤波器降噪系统声电等效模型,进而利用风噪声模型和仿真数据对该模型的单进气口传递函数和系统降噪性能进行了定量分析,总结了不同阵列结构参数对该系统降噪性能的影响规律,最后对国际监测系统(International Monitoring System,IMS)玫瑰型管道滤波器的降噪性能进行了评估。仿真实验及分析结果表明:(1)进气口数量约取96,阵列尺寸约18 m,一、二级管内径取10~20 mm,一、二级合成腔体积不得超过1 L,系统能获得较好的降噪性能;(2)IMS玫瑰型管道滤波器符合最佳阵列参数设置要求;(3)满足最佳阵列参数设置的玫瑰型管道滤波器可大幅度地提高信噪比。该分析结果可为已有次声降噪系统提供性能评估,可对新的次声降噪系统设计提供参考。     

次声管道降噪滤波器优化设计

提出了基于声学响应模型与群差分进化算法的次声管道降噪滤波器优化设计方法,在理想条件和工程实践两种情景下设计了管道滤波器的结构参数并仿真分析了降噪性能表现。结果表明:（1）理想条件下的设计结果在约0.1～0.8 Hz的频带内取得了5 dB以上的降噪性能提升,最大提升达到12 dB。（2）工程实践情景的设计结果在各种环境风速中最大可以取得约3dB的性能提升。（3）大风速条件的优化设计可应用于环境风速未知或变化较大的场景。分析结果表明所提设计方法可以有效设计管道滤波器,优化设计的管道滤波器在降噪性能上优于传统管道滤波器。      

新疆实验次声台阵设计

次声测量与数据是次声各项研究的基础,而次声台阵是现代次声测量的主要形式,为此设计并建立了两个无人值守式实验次声四元台阵。描述了次声台阵的结构,对台站的仪器构成进行了说明,重点对其降噪管和通信系统进行了描述。降噪管为十字玫瑰花瓣型降噪管,给出了其降风噪性能。台站通信系统基于VPN进行架构,实现了数据的实时自动传输和FTP传输功能。实测结果表明实验台阵的噪声主要是由微气压、山背波和台阵附近的随机干扰噪声构成。台阵记录到了大量当量较小的区域地表采矿、采石微差爆破次声信号,也记录到了2013年2月15日俄罗斯陨石大爆炸事件相关的清晰的次声信号。分析结果表明,该次声台阵具有良好的性能,具有一定的推广价值。     

机车驾驶室中自适应有源降噪系统的研究

根据机车驾驶室中噪声特征的分析结果，提出了采用FIR滤波器的自适应有源降噪(ANNC)系统。为消除机车驾驶室中严重的背景噪声干扰影响，应用伪随机相关法对驾驶室中的噪声脉冲响应进行测量。通过数字仿真研究，对基于IMS算法的ANNC系统的关键参数进行了寻优。最后，在实际声场中建立了实时双通道ANNC系统并进行了相关的实验验证。仿真与实验的结果证明了本文提出的AANC系统的可行性和有效性。     

空间选择性降噪法提取血流超声多普勒信号

医学超声多普勒系统的高通滤波器在消除血管壁搏动带来的回波干扰时,也滤除了低速血流信息。为提取完整的血流超声多普勒信号,提出一种基于空间选择性降噪的方法。根据血管壁超声多普勒信号在小波尺度空间上的相关性,采用空间选择性降噪技术对管壁信号进行初步估计;然后用小波阈值滤波法消除管壁信号中残留的血流信号;最后从混合信号中减去管壁信号得到血流信号。对计算机仿真超声多普勒信号和人体颈总动脉超声多普勒信号应用本方法,实验结果表明:空间选择性降噪法能在较大的管壁／血流功率比范围内提取完整的血流信号,其平均相对误差比高通滤波器的结果降低了约45％。该方法有望成为超声多普勒系统中滤除管壁信号的一种有效方法。     

扩散噪声下协方差矩阵重构的语音分离与降噪

针对传统多通道语音分离算法在扩散噪声下性能下降的问题,提出了一种用于语音分离及降噪的空间协方差模型及参数估计方法。该方法将扩散噪声视为独立声源,利用由导向矢量重构的空间协方差矩阵建模目标声源的空间特性,并通过空间协方差分析方法估计用于语音分离的多通道维纳滤波器。同时,还提出了一种联合该方法的后置滤波器参数框架,为输出信号降噪和失真的折中提供了更多选择。在扩散噪声下的单目标和多目标实验中,所提方法的语音提取和分离性能都优于对比算法,联合参数的后置滤波器可提供更为符合人们要求的降噪语音,验证了所提模型与参数估计方法的有效性。      

一种光纤SPR传感器光谱降噪的新方法

根据光纤SPR传感器光谱的特点和实验系统的实时性监测要求,提出了一种新的降噪方法--移动小波提升算法.该方法脱离傅里叶变换,将复杂滤波过程分解为若干可逆简单过程,处理快而准,无须额外内存.在共振波长为557.70 nm的理论光谱上加一定强度的高斯白噪声,得到了仿真光谱模型.分别用基于Haar,CDF(3.1),DD(4,2)和5/3小波的移动小波提升算法对此模型进行降噪,得到共振波长分别为556.45,564.06,557.27和557.91 nm.最后一种算法相对误差最小,仅0.037 7%.这比用经证实降噪效果较好的symletll小波降噪法得到的0.043 03%更低.不同时刻采集同一检测系统的多组光谱,其共振波长标准偏差为4.186 7 nm,经新算法降噪后降为1.560 8 nm,也优于symlet11小波降噪法的2.725 3 nm,研究表明,用移动小波提升算法降噪有效抑制了系统噪声,减小了噪声对检测共振波长的影响,保证了光纤SPR传感器的检测精度.     

基于无限脉冲响应滤波器的自适应滤波E型有源噪声控制算法

相对于有限脉冲响应(FIR)滤波器,无限脉冲响应(ⅡR)滤波器由于其本身自有的零-极点结构,能以较低的阶数即可与系统模型匹配。因此在有源噪声控制(ANC)中,使用ⅡR滤波器可以大大节省计算量并能提高系统效率。自适应滤波U型最小均方差(FULMS)算法是目前常用的基于ⅡR滤波器的有源噪声控制算法,但该算法却不能保证全局收敛,这大大限制了该算法在有源噪声控制中的应用。本文提出一种新的基于ⅡR滤波器的自适应有源噪声控制算法——滤波E型最小均方差算法,该算法计算量相对于FULMS算法仅略有增加,但具有良好的全局收敛性,仿真结果表明该算法具有良好的降噪效果。     

基于分布式光纤传感阵列的管网泄漏监测系统研究

复杂液压管网的泄漏检测是液压系统面临的难点之一.采用LabVIEW与FoxPro数据库结合的方法,开发了阵列式光纤传感管网泄漏监测系统软件.该软件控制NI公司数据采集卡PXI-6133采集经调制后的光纤传感器干涉信号,再对获得的信号进行降噪处理,根据降噪后的波形是否出现零点频率判断管道是否泄漏并进行报警;该系统还可实时...     

基于有限元-抛物方程混合模型的气泡幕降噪效果研究

针对以往气泡幕降噪效果研究中气泡幕模型设置过于理想,无法真实反映气泡幕降噪效果空间不均匀性的问题,该文采用有限元-抛物方程混合模型对包含气泡幕的水下打桩噪声场进行了仿真模拟,分析了应用气泡幕时打桩噪声的传播特性,并重点研究了气泡幕的厚度、占空比以及布放位置等不同参数下气泡幕的降噪效果。结果表明,增加气泡幕的厚度可有限提高气泡幕的降噪量,气泡幕的占空比应保持在0.5%～1%,气泡半径较大的气泡幕在较低频率有更好的降噪效果,此外应合理调整气泡幕的布放位置以应对打桩噪声的多途传播特性。该文方法和分析研究结果对打桩施工时气泡幕的参数设置具有指导意义和一定应用参考价值。     

In situ calibration of atmospheric-infrasound sensors including the effects of wind-noise-reduction pipe systems

A worldwide network of more than 40 infrasound monitoring stations has been established as part of the effort to ensure compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Each station has four to eight individual infrasound elements in a kilometer-scale array for detection and bearing determination of acoustic events. The frequency range of interest covers a three-decade range-roughly from 0.01 to 10 Hz. A typical infrasound array element consists of a receiving transducer connected to a multiple-inlet pipe network to average spatially over the short-wavelength turbulence-associated "wind noise." Although the frequency response of the transducer itself may be known, the wind-noise reduction system modifies that response. In order to understand the system's impact on detection and identification of acoustical events, the overall frequency response must be determined. This paper describes a technique for measuring the absolute magnitude and phase of the frequency response of an infrasound element including the wind-noise-reduction piping by comparison calibration using ambient noise and a reference-microphone system. Measured coherence between the reference and the infrasound element and the consistency between the magnitude and the phase provide quality checks on the process.     

An optical fiber infrasound sensor: a new lower limit on atmospheric pressure noise between 1 and 10 Hz

A new distributed sensor for detecting pressure variations caused by distant sources has been developed. The instrument reduces noise due to air turbulence in the infrasound band by averaging pressure along a line by means of monitoring strain in a long tubular diaphragm with an optical fiber interferometer. Above 1 Hz, the optical fiber infrasound sensor (OFIS) is less noisy than sensors relying on mechanical filters. Records collected from an 89-m-long OFS indicate a new low noise limit in the band from 1 to 10 Hz. Because the OFIS integrates pressure variations at light-speed rather than the speed of sound, phase delays of the acoustical signals caused by the sensor are negligible. Very long fiber-optic sensors are feasible and hold the promise of better wind-noise reduction than can be achieved with acoustical-mechanical systems.     

Time-domain noise reduction based on an orthogonal decomposition for desired signal extraction

This paper addresses the problem of noise reduction in the time domain where the clean speech sample at every time instant is estimated by filtering a vector of the noisy speech signal. Such a clean speech estimate consists of both the filtered speech and residual noise (filtered noise) as the noisy vector is the sum of the clean speech and noise vectors. Traditionally, the filtered speech is treated as the desired signal after noise reduction. This paper proposes to decompose the clean speech vector into two orthogonal components: one is correlated and the other is uncorrelated with the current clean speech sample. While the correlated component helps estimate the clean speech, it is shown that the uncorrelated component interferes with the estimation, just as the additive noise. Based on this orthogonal decomposition, the paper presents a way to define the error signal and cost functions and addresses the issue of how to design different optimal noise reduction filters by optimizing these cost functions. Specifically, it discusses how to design the maximum SNR filter, the Wiener filter, the minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) filter, the tradeoff filter, and the linearly constrained minimum variance (LCMV) filter. It demonstrates that the maximum SNR, Wiener, MVDR, and tradeoff filters are identical up to a scaling factor. It also shows from the orthogonal decomposition that many performance measures can be defined, which seem to be more appropriate than the traditional ones for the evaluation of the noise reduction filters.     

Design of a Composite Wavelet Matched Filter Using Breeder Genetic Algorithm

We outline a method to design a composite wavelet matched filter using the breeder genetic algorithm. The composite filter consists of a linear combination of wavelet and matched filters. Breeder genetic algorithm has been used to find the optimal weighting coefficients for the wavelet and the matched filters that constitute the composite filter. For the breeder genetic algorithm, the geometric mean has been used as the crossover operator and the creep has been used as the mutation operator. The performance of the filter is tested in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise. The performance of the composite wavelet matched filter has also been compared with that of the phase only filter and the classical matched filter. The designed filter can be used in an optical correlator to separate two classes of input images for fingerprint-based user identification in security systems.     

基于小波包分解和FK分析的次声信号参数估计

频率波数分析法是一种估计信号慢度和方位角的台阵数据处理方法,在地震波信号处理中得到广泛应用,但将频率波数分析法应用于次声信号的时候,分辨率不高,易受噪声的影响,伪峰较明显。因此,本文提出了一种基于小波包分解和FK分析的次声信号参数估计方法,该方法借助小波包分解对信号整个频带的分辨能力,有效提高了算法的分辨率,降低了噪声的影响,有效压制了伪峰,并利用高斯调制正弦信号模拟次声信号,对比分析了方位角的均值、方差和均方根误差,验证了算法的性能,最后利用IS45台站接收的实际次声数据对算法进行对比分析,进一步验证了算法的有效性。     

奇异值分解滤波器在超声造影成像的应用及性能分析*

信噪比和造影-组织残留比是衡量造影性能的主要指标,现有提升方法多从频域入手,存在两个缺陷:噪声、组织残留与造影剂信号存在频带重叠时(如二次谐波),频域滤波性能受限;虽然非线性基波、次谐波等方法可解决频带重叠问题,但面对前端电路非对称性及信号饱和导致的组织残留,仍难在频域进行滤除。奇异值分解滤波器是一种非频域方法,可将接收信号分解成若干空时域子空间,通过对子空间进行保留及重组,可提取微泡且滤除噪声与组织残留。该文研究了该类滤波器在造影成像的应用,并采用性能分析实验论证了其可行性与优越性。     

Optimal design of FIR beamformer with frequency invariant patterns

Two approaches to the optimal design of FIR beamformers with frequency invariant patterns using second-order cone programming (SOCP) are proposed. The first approach is a two-step method, which is implemented via separately optimal array pattern synthesis and optimal FIR filters design. The array weights for each frequency bin within the working frequency band are designed to insure that the array patterns approximate the reference ones. And the FIR filter corresponding to each sensor is designed to insure that the frequency responses approximate the array weights. The second approach is a direct method, in which the beam response is expressed as a linear function of FIR filter tap weights and the filters are designed by jointly optimizing the spatial and frequency responses to achieve the desired array patterns. All the optimal design problems (array pattern synthesis, FIR filter design and joint optimization) are formulated as the SOCP, which can be solved efficiently using the well-developed interior-point methods. Results of computer simulations and lake experiment for a twelve-element semicircular array confirm satisfactory performance of the two approaches proposed in this paper.     

Volume holographic imaging element with background noise reduction function for eye-gaze detection under white light illumination

Volume holographic optical element (VHOE) for imaging under white light illumination is integrated with imaging elements and background noise reduction filter. An integrated VHOE and the band pass filter which is optimized to the VHOE can develop the optical setup for a wearable eye-gaze detection system. An integrated VHOE is fabricated in photopolymer and then the effects of noise reduction filters as a function of the direction of the incident plane wave into an image sensor are evaluated. Experimental results show that the background noise reduction filter should be designed to reduce the incident light with wide direction of the transmitted light.