Response of nevus of Ota to Q-switched alexandrite laser according to treatment interval

In order to determine the appropriate treatment interval, 267 patients who underwent 3 sessions of treatment with Q-switched alexandrite laser were divided into 4 groups according to treatment interval, and their clinical responses were compared. Among them, 187 were asked about the process of pigment fading. Moreover, light and transmission electron microscopy were performed. It was noted that the clinical response of the 5 - 6 month interval group was significantly better than that of the 3 - 4 month group, but showed no significant difference from that of the 7 - 8 or ≥ 9 month group. 80.21% of investigated patients stated that marked pigment fading could no longer be observed 7 months after irradiation. 4 months after irradiation, the degenerated melanosomes and cell debris were still scattered among collagen fibers, scavenged gradually by macrophage. In conclusion, an appropriate treatment interval is 5 - 6 months.     

Phase of φω interference due to unitarity corrections to the amplitude of φω mixing

The phase of φω interference in the reaction e ⁺ e ^? → π⁺π^?π⁰ near the energy of the φ(1020) peak is calculated within an approach that is virtually independent of the model for φω mixing. A comparison with the phase measured recently (with a poor precision) shows that the deviation of the measured result from the expected value of 180° is associated largely with the effect of the right shoulder of the ω(782) peak in the region of the φ(1020) peak. The ω width at the energy equal to the φ mass is within the interval 120–200 MeV. The effect of the φω-state-induced unitarity corrections to the φ and ω coupling constants on the phase of ρπ interference is considered in detail.     

Applications of μSR to the study of fullerenes

A review is given of the current status of SR results on muonium states in the pure fullerenes C₆₀ and C₇₀ as well as on the alkali doped series of C₆₀. In particular the results of studies of the hyperfine interaction of the muonated radicals are discussed in order to determine their electronic distribution and the rotational ordering and dynamics of the fullerenes. Unique information on the alkali doped C₆₀ species is obtained from studies of the endohedral muonium species.     

Influence of Self-Interaction ofσ Meson to the Equation of State of Nuclear Matter

In the relativistic σ-ωmodel, the influence of the parameters in self-interaction of a meson to the equation of state of normal nuclear matter, especially, to incompressibility, effective mass, and coupling constants, is studied in detail. We find that these parameters have an intense relationship to the property of nuclear matter. At the same time , we study the relation between the binding energy and pressure of relativestic △-resonance nuclear matter and temperature using using above results in the relativistic σ-ω-π model,and it is interesting to compare it to our prior work. In all these studies, the vacuum fluctuation on nucleon, △-isobar, and σmeson is considered.     

Partial α-decay half-lives of ground to ground and ground to excited states of Thorium family

Partial half-lives and Q-values of allowed α-decay for Thorium family are evaluated by using the WKB approximation. In order to calculate the partial half-lives, transition probabilities from ground to ground and ground to excited states of daughter nuclei are obtained. The α-decay potential barrier includes deformed volume, surface, and Coulomb parts in the deformed liquid drop model (DLDM), deformed Woods-Saxon nuclear potential and centrifugal term. The quadrupole and the hexadecapole deformations are considered in the calculations. Calculated half-lives are compared to the results of other theoretical models as well as experimental data. Comparison of the present study and other theoretical methods with experimental data indicated that the predicted half-lives using current approach are well agreed with the experimental data than results of UMADAC and CPPMDN theoretical models. Moreover, the evaluated half-lives correspond well with the Geiger-Nuttall empirical formula.     

Application of moiré technique to the measurement of the atmospheric turbulence parameters related to the angle of arrival fluctuations

There are several methods for measuring ground-level atmospheric turbulence parameters, such as the refractive index profile and its fluctuations, correlations of the fluctuations in space and time, and the atmospheric refractive-index structure constant. These methods are based mainly on the measurement of fluctuations in intensity and location of an image formed by light propagating in the turbulent atmosphere or the fluctuations in impinging points of narrow light beams traversing the ground-level atmosphere. Exploiting the moiré technique, we suggest a high-precision approach for determining fluctuaions in the angle of arrival. When a low-frequency grating (carrier grating) is installed at a suitable distance from a telescope, its image, practically, forms on the focal plane of the telescope objective. Superimposing a physical grating (probe grating) of the same pitch as the image grating on the image forms the moiré pattern. The atmospheric turbulence distorts the image grating. Processing the fluctuations of successive moiré fringes can yield the mentioned parameters across a rather large cross section of the atmosphere with high accuracy, because of the moiré technique's magnifying character and access to a large volume of data, and does so in a comparatively simple and reliable manner.     

Ultrahigh pressure equation of state of tantalum to 310 GPa

ABSTRACT

The isothermal compression of transition metal tantalum (Ta) was studied in a diamond anvil cell by X-ray diffraction utilizing rhenium (Re) and gold (Au) as internal X-ray pressure standards. The Re pressure marker was employed during non-hydrostatic compression to pressures up to 310?GPa while the Au pressure marker was used during quasi-hydrostatic compression in a neon pressure-transmitting medium to 80?GPa. Two ultra-high pressure experiments were conducted on Ta and Re mixtures utilizing focused-ion beam machined toroidal diamond anvils with central flats varying from 8 microns to 16 microns in diameter. The Ta metal was observed to be stable in the body-centered-cubic phase to a volume compression V/V₀?=?0.581. The measured equations of state (EOS) of Ta using two different calibrations of the Re pressure marker are compared with the ambient temperature isotherm derived from shock compression data. We provide a detailed analysis of EOS fit parameters for Ta under quasi-hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic conditions.     

Generalization of Schwinger-Zwanziger Dyon to?Quaternion

Postulating the existence of magnetic monopole in electromagnetism and Heavisidian monopoles in gravitational interactions, a unified theory of gravi-electromagnetism has been developed on generalizing the Schwinger-Zwanziger formulation of dyon to quaternion in simple and consistent manner. Starting with the four Lorentz like forces on different charges, we have generalized the Schwinger-Zwanziger quantization parameters in order to obtain the angular momentum for unified fields of dyons and gravito-dyons (i.e. Gravi-electromagnetism). Taking the unified charge as quaternion, we have reformulated manifestly covariant and consistent theory for the dynamics of four charges namely electric, magnetic, gravitational and Heavisidian associated with gravi electromagnetism.     

Non-spectator Contributions to Lifetime of ∧b

In this work, we study the contributions of non-spectator effects to the lifetimes of ∧b and B-mesons comparatively. Based on the well-established theoretical framework about the effective weak Lagrangian, we derive the formulation of the non-spectator effects at the quark level. Especially, for ∧b we have considered two pictures: the three-valence-quark picture and the quark-diquark picture. In the two pictures, the interference contributions to the total width are different, in this work, we investigate the interference effects in detail As a preliminary estimate on the lifetimes, we evaluate the hadronic matrix elements appearing in the final formulas of the lifetimes by means of a simple phenomenological model for both pictures. Our results show that the contributions of the non-spectator effects can reduce the ratio of lifetime of ∧b to that of B-mesons by 5-7％. It is noted that in the quark-diquark picture the ratio can be further reduced if excited states of the diquark system are taken into account. We conclude that the measured ratio τ(∧b)/τ(B^o)-0.79 [The Data Group, Phys. Rev. D66 (2002) 010001] can be partly understood by the non-spectator effects, although the problem on the discrepancy between theoretical prediction and experimental measurement is not fullv solved.     

Non-spectator Contributions to Lifetime of Λb

In this work, we study the contributions of non-spectator effects to the lifetimes of Λb and B-mesons comparatively. Based on the well-established theoretical framework about the effective weak Lagrangian, we derive the formulation of the non-spectator effects at the quark level. Especially, for Λb we have considered two pictures: the three-valence-quark picture and the quark-diquark picture. In the two pictures, the interference contributions to the total width are different, in this work, we investigate the interference effects in detail. As a preliminary estimate on the lifetimes, we evaluate the hadronic matrix elements appearing in the final formulas of the lifetimes by means of a simple phenomenological model for both pictures. Our results show that the contributions of the non-spectator effects can reduce the ratio of lifetime of Λb to that of B-mesons by 5 ～ 7%. It is noted that in the quark-diquark picture the ratio can be further reduced if excited states of the diquark system are taken into account. We conclude that the measured ratio τ(Λb)/τ(B0)(≈)0.79 [The Data Group, Phys. Rev. D66 (2002) 010001] can be partly understood by the non-spectator effects, although the problem on the discrepancy between theoretical prediction and experimental measurement is not fully solved.     

Perturbative QCD analysis of B to π and B to ρ transitions

We calculate the form factors and of and V, , and of transition matrix elements by using the factorization formalism of perturbative QCD in the region . In the limit of , , and , the results show that and are of monopole type, V, and of dipole type, and of a combination of monopole and dipole types with dipole type dominating. Received: 20 April 1998 / Published online: 5 October 1998     

Applications of Raman Spectroscopy to Inorganic Chemistry

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Supplement to anti-proton scheme of β-disintegration

The author's previous paper [2]on the possibility of extending the known scheme of -disintegration by four other anti-proton variants is rendered more exact by distinguishing between the neutrino and the anti-neutrino.     

Response of Alanine Dosemeter to Heavy Ions

The amino acid L-α-alanine has been investigated for use as a radiation detector in low and high LET radiation fields[1]. The radiatioa detector is cheap and easy to handle. The radiation inducing free radicals are stable at normal laboratory conditions for doses below 10^4 Gy over a long period of time, which makes the detector useful for intercomparison and documentation purposes. The dosimetric features of alanine-based electron spin resonance (ESR) detectors in high energy electron beams used in radiotherapy were considered[2]. The 5 mm long alanine detectors were found to be the most suitable for carrying out in vivo dosimetry on patients undergoing electron beam radiotherapy. However, data concerning dosimetry of the alanine dosemeter to heavy charged particles are lacking, especially in China.     

Application of a multilayer feedforward network to voiced-unvoiced-silence classifications of speech

A procedure has been developed for making voiced,unvoiced,and silence classifications of speech by using a multilayer feedforward net-work.Speech signals were analyzed sequentially and a feature vector wasobtained for each segment.The feature vector served as input to a3-layer feedforward network in which voiced,unvoiced,and silence classifi-cation was made.The network had a 6-12-3 node architecture and wastrained using the generalized delta rule for back propagation of error.The performance of the network was evaluated using speech samples from3 male and 3 female speakers.A speaker-dependent classification rate of94.7% and speaker-independent classification rate of 94.3% wereobtained.It is concluded that the voiced,unvoiced,and silence classifica-tion of speech can be effectively accomplished using a multilayerfeedforward network.     

Modification of Tao–Mason equation of state to ionic liquids

In our previous paper, we extended the Tao and Mason equation of state (TM EOS) to refrigerant fluids, using the speed of sound data. Here, we predict the equation of state for ionic liquids (ILs). The considered ILs are [Bmim][PF₆], [C₂mim][NtF₂], [C₃mim][NtF₂], [C₆mim][NtF₂], [C₇mim][NtF₂], [C₂mim][EtOSO₃], [Bmim][MeSO₄], [Bmim][OcSO₄], and [C₄mim][dca]. The equation of state consists of three temperature-dependent parameters: the second virial coefficient, a constant for scaling the softness of repulsive force, and an effective hard-sphere diameter equivalent to the van der Waals co-volume. The second virial coefficients of ILs are scare and there is no accurate potential energy function to allow their theoretical calculation. In this work, the second virial coefficient have been calculated using corresponding states correlation based on temperature and density at normal boiling point. The other two parameters of the equation of state can be calculated using a scaling rule. Analysis of our predicted results shows that the Tao?CMason equation of state is capable of accurately predicting the density of ILs at any temperature and pressure. The overall average absolute deviation densities for 1,633 data points are 2.05%. Also, the density of ILs obtained from the TM EOS has been compared with those calculated from vdW?CCS?C?? and Peng?CRobinson (PR) equation of state. Our results are in favor of the preference of the TM EOS over the two other equations of state. The overall average absolute deviation for 1,633 data points calculated by vdW?CCS?C?? and PR equation of state are 6.63% and 12.19%, respectively.     

Does synchronization of networks of chaotic maps lead to control?

We consider networks of chaotic maps with different network topologies. In each case, they are coupled in such a way as to generate synchronized chaotic solutions. By using the methods of control of chaos we are controlling a single map into a predetermined trajectory. We analyze the reaction of the network to such a control. Specifically we show that a line of one-dimensional logistic maps that are unidirectionally coupled can be controlled from the first oscillator whereas a ring of diffusively coupled maps cannot be controlled for more than 5 maps. We show that rings with more elements can be controlled if every third map is controlled. The dependence of unidirectionally coupled maps on noise is studied. The noise level leads to a finite synchronization lengths for which maps can be controlled by a single location. A two-dimensional lattice is also studied.     

The contribution of order to the phase stability of β-Cu-Zn-Al

We report the lower stability temperatures, T(β), of the body centred cubic (bcc) β phase for several alloys along the line of compositions Cu(0.76-0.5x)-Zn(x)-Al(0.24-0.5x), corresponding to a constant electron to atom ratio e/a = 1.48. The results have been obtained by means of differential scanning calorimetry measurements at various heating rates. The influence of atomic ordering on the stability of the bcc structure was evaluated using a mixed approach involving Monte Carlo simulations and the cluster variation method. It was found that the chemical short- and long-range ordering contributes to the free energy of the alloy by an amount of around 200k(B).     

Application of step-scan FTIR to the research of quantum cascade lasers

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has moreadvantages over many other techniques for high resolu-tion studies in the mid-infrared and far-infrared spectralranges. In addition to the high frequency resolution, itexhibits a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), high through-put, and broad band range. There are two ways forthe spectrometer to implement the scan process, i.e.,the rapid-scan (continuous-scan) mode and the step-scan mode. Although many relatively simple rapid-scanFTIRs h…