电光材料调制误差对平行光束干涉投影的影响

为研究电光材料调制误差对干涉条纹质量的影响,建立了电光晶体对干涉条纹的成像模型,分析了晶体折射率、平面度与波前调制的关系及其非理想情况下的条纹成像特征。实验表明,晶体折射率的畸变会使干涉条纹变形,折射率离散化阶数直接造成投影条纹的高次谐波成分,甚至使投影条纹严重失真;在折射率线性增长的情况下,晶体平面度在0.1 μm的范围内也会引起干涉条纹畸变。     

干涉法测量光学材料非线性折射率的方法研究

提出了一种基于楔形平板等厚干涉原理测量光学玻璃非线性折射率变化的方法。在理论分析的基础上,建立了变形的等厚干涉条纹变化△e／e与待测玻璃平片（K9玻璃）折射率变化量△nb之间的数学模型;在选取一定的实验条件下,获得等厚干涉实验测量干涉图样,并利用MATLAB对实验所得的干涉图进行图像数据处理分析计算,恢复出非线性变化光学玻璃材料的折射率变化量△nb该方法的测量精度可达10^-6。     

提高平板玻璃折射率测量实验中干涉条纹清晰度的方法

用分光仪测量平板玻璃折射率时,如果钠光偏离玻璃法线约25°斜入射,则能观察到清晰的干涉条纹.对上述现象分析,发现其原因在于平板玻璃透射光干涉条纹的衬比度低于反射光干涉条纹的对比度.进而,基于上述分析设计了测量平板玻璃折射率的改进方法.     

白光在LiNbO_3∶Fe晶体中写入的任意折射率分布光波导

在理论分析Li NbO3∶Fe晶体中光致折射率变化分布与写入光的强度分布之间关系的基础上,提出了一种在该晶体中写入具有任意折射率分布光波导的新方法.利用由白光经电寻址空间光调制器得到的强度分布不同的片光辐照晶体,分别写入了折射率呈误差函数分布和平方律分布的光波导结构.采用干涉法测量了晶体中的光致折射率变化,并用推导出的折射率变化分布解析表达式很好地拟合了测量数据.实验结果表明,该方法是可行的.利用白光光源结合高分辨率的空间光调制器有望在多种光折变材料中制备出具有任意折射率分布的高质量光波导.     

白光在LiNbO3∶Fe晶体中写入的任意折射率分布光波导

在理论分析LiNbO3∶Fe晶体中光致折射率变化分布与写入光的强度分布之间关系的基础上，提出了一种在该晶体中写入具有任意折射率分布光波导的新方法.利用由白光经电寻址空间光调制器得到的强度分布不同的片光辐照晶体，分别写入了折射率呈误差函数分布和平方律分布的光波导结构.采用干涉法测量了晶体中的光致折射率变化，并用推导出的折射率变化分布解析表达式很好地拟合了测量数据.实验结果表明，该方法是可行的.利用白光光源结合高分辨率的空间光调制器有望在多种光折变材料中制备出具有任意折射率分布的高质量光波导.     

在线型光纤法布里-珀罗折射率传感器及光谱分析方法研究

提出一种在线型光纤法布里-珀罗折射率传感器。传感器由空芯光子晶体光纤两端熔接单模光纤而成。理论分析并实验验证了其折射率传感特性。结果表明,干涉条纹对比度随溶液折射率的增加而减小,与理论模拟一致。提出利用标准差解调方法对干涉谱进行分析,标准差解调方法具有更好的线性度和准确性,可靠性更高,便于编程实现自动化、快速的数据分析和溶液折射率的实时检测。     

汽车贴膜上出现彩色条纹的机理研究

当戴上偏光眼镜看贴有车膜的汽车前挡风玻璃时会看到一系列彩色条纹,通过理论分析和实验验证,发现汽车贴膜能够产生彩色条纹的原因类似于正交偏振光路中各向异性晶体所产生的消光干涉。在车内观察时,自然光以近似布儒斯特角入射到前挡风玻璃后透射出的光为部分偏振光,此时前挡风玻璃相当于起偏器;车膜就是具有双折射特性的各向异性晶体,部分偏振光通过车膜后形成振动方向相互垂直的o光和e光;偏光眼镜相当于检偏器,o光和e光在检偏器透振方向上的分量相互干涉,当光程差为半个波长的奇数倍时形成与该波长相对应颜色的干涉亮条纹。由于太阳光为复色光,所以随着入射角的变化会产生一系列的彩色等倾干涉圆环。在车外观察时,与在车内观察时类似,主要区别是在贴膜与空气的界面处o光和e光发生反射后再先后通过贴膜和前挡风玻璃返回到车前方,这时用偏光眼镜观察时即可看到彩色干涉条纹。有时如果观察角度和位置合适时,即使不佩戴偏光眼镜也能看到较浅的彩色条纹,这主要是因为光2次通过前挡风玻璃,此时的前挡风玻璃既是起偏镜,又是检偏镜。     

低功率近红外光的偏振方向对光致折射率变化影响的实验研究

研究了利用低功率近红外光辐照In:Fe:LiNbO3晶体时写入光束的偏振方向对光致折射率变化(Δn)的影响.分别采用正常偏振(o光)和非常偏振(e光)的近红外细激光束,在In:Fe:LiNbO3晶体中进行了光折变实验.研究表明,两种偏振方向引起晶体的Δn实测曲线相似,但变化规律恰好相反,o光引起的折射率变化量约是e光的3倍左右.近红外光写入下两种偏振光束引起晶体的Δn分布规律都不同于可见光,尤其是e光辐照区域中心晶体的折射率升高.因此,通过选择不同偏振方向的近红外光可以在光折变晶体中制作不同折射率分布的非线性光学器件.     

迈克尔逊干涉仪测透明介质厚度及折射率

提出了使用用迈克尔逊干涉仪,改变光源入射方式及观测方式以获得稳定、清晰等厚干涉现象的方法.探究了在光路中插入的被测透明介质如何对等厚干涉条纹产生影响,并导出了被测介质厚度、折射率及旋转角度与等厚干涉条纹移动量之间的关系.实现对透明介质厚度、折射率进行简练、快速的同时测量.     

用CMOS线阵图像传感器测量透明材料的折射率

将衍射光栅干涉和CMOS线阵图像传感器技术相结合,提出了自动测量透明材料折射率的方法.介绍了用CMOS线阵图像传感器来实现透明材料折射率测量的基本原理和数据采集方法.采用曲线拟合计算条纹移动距离,提高了对干涉条纹移动量测量的准确性,折射率精度可提高到10-5数量级.     

Dependence of space charge field and gain coefficient on the applied electric field in photorefractive materials

Intensity dependent space charge field and gain coefficient in the photorefractive medium due to the two interfering beams have been calculated by solving the material rate equations in presence of externally applied dc electric field. The gain coefficient has been studied with respect to variations in the input intensity, modulation depth, concentration ratio and normalized diffusion field in the absence and presence of the externally applied dc electric field. Space charge field has also been computed by varying the intensity ratio in the presence and absence of the externally applied dc electric field. It has been found that the rate of change of the space charge field with the normalized dc field decreases with the increasing intensity ratio for different values of the normalized diffusion field. It has also been found that the externally applied dc electric field has appreciable effect only when it is larger than the diffusion field.     

Modeling of the acoustic pressure fields and the distribution of the cavitation phenomena in a dual frequency sonic processor

An attempt has been made to model the acoustic pressure field and the spatial distribution of the cavitation phenomena in a dual frequency sonic processor. A methodology has been presented with numerical simulations to optimize the conditions of the dual frequency acoustic field. The simulations presented in this work reveal that with manipulation of the parameters (viz., frequency ratio and the pressure amplitude ratio of the two acoustic waves and the phase difference between the two waves) of the dual frequency acoustic field it is possible to control the mode (stable or transient) and spatial distribution of the cavitation events in the sonic processor. It has been shown that two major shortcomings of the sonic reactor, viz., directional sensitivity of the cavitation events and erosion of the sonicator surface can be overcome by application of a dual frequency acoustic field.     

Enhancement of the relative visibility of the central fringe in the output of a white light interferometric system with a synthetic source

A study of the enhancement of the relative visibility of the central fringe in the output of a white light interferometric system with a synthetic source has been carried out. A theoretical analysis and an experimental investigation of the relative intensities of the central fringe in the output has been given and a comparison with the system discussed in this paper. A conventional two wavelength system has also been included. The results show that the relative intensity of the central fringe of the multiplied output is independent of the intensity ratio of the two wavelength components.     

Simulated and experimental analysis of electrodeposited β' Brass composition with DLA morphology

Electrodeposition of two ions like Copper and Zinc in the alloy of β^' Brass is done in thin gap 2D geometry. The growth follows a Diffusion Limited Aggregation (DLA) like morphology. It is observed that the ratio of the two ions deposited remains almost constant with the distances from cathode. This ratio also depends on the composition of the cathodes. This has been shown experimentally and using a unique two-ion simulation model developed by us. The compositional analysis by EDX of the electrodeposited layers at different separations of 0.5?cm, 1.0?cm and 1.5?cm from the negative electrode shows a uniform ratio of 2.3087 for the two ions of copper and zinc. A two-ion simulation model made by us with different masses for the ions and for the same composition of cathode shows a uniform ratio of 2.3133 for the two ions systems and therefore, support the experimental observation to a high degree of accuracy. The results obtained have been explained theoretically.     

Influence of electron-density variation on the population distributions of excited atoms in a plasma

The effects of electron-density variations on population distributions of excited atomic states in a plasma have been studied. For specified conditions, an analytic expression is derived between excitation and electron temperatures. It has been found that the ratio of the ionization rate of the excited atom to the rate of electron-density variation plays an important role in the temperature difference. When this ratio is of order unity, the temperature difference is significant. However, when this ratio is large or small compared with unity, the two temperatures are nearly equal. These predictions are investigated experimentally.     

Pulsed and monochromatic excitation of semiconductor quantum wells under the conditions of quantum confinement

The reflectance and absorbance of light by quantum wells whose width is comparable to the light wavelength have been calculated. The difference in the refractive indices of the materials of the quantum well and the barriers has been taken into account. Pulsed irradiation with an arbitrary shape of the exciting pulse has been considered, and the existence of two closely spaced discrete excitation levels has been assumed. This pair of levels can correspond to two magnetopolaron states in a quantizing magnetic field directed perpendicular to the plane of the quantum well. The ratio between the magnitudes of nonradiative and radiative dampings of electronic excitations is arbitrary. The final results have been obtained without invoking the approximation in which the Coulomb interaction of electrons and holes is negligible.     

TEMPORAL BEHAVIOR OF PHASE-CONJUGATE OUTPUTS IN A COHERENTLY INDUCED PHASE CONJUGATOR

The temporal behavior of the bidirectional phase-conjugate outputs from a coherently induced phase conjugator has been observed on a Cu-doped barium strontium potassium sodium niobate crystal. In our experiment, the phase-conjugate outputs of two incident beams vary smoothly with time if the beam ratio is large. When the beam ratio is reduced, however, each phase conjugate output will experience a temporal fluctuation. The phase-conjugate output characteristic is found to be dependent on the beam ratio of the two input beams, their positions, their beam-path-length difference and sometimes the input order of the two beams. We present a model of multi-region-interaction to explain the operation of the device and the experimental results in this paper.     

Dynamic study of the gain in two beam coupling in photorefractive materials

Wave equations describing the non-linear two-beam coupling have been solved and expressions for the gain of the two beams in the photorefractive crystals have been derived. In case of the degenerate two-beam coupling, the gain depends upon the crystal thickness, coupling coefficient, absorption coefficient and the input intensity ratio. The effect of these parameters on the gain has been studied in details. In case of non-degenerate two-beam coupling the gain not only depends upon crystal thickness, coupling coefficient, absorption coefficient and the input intensity ratio but also on the response time of the photorefractive medium. This response time is the function of concentration ratio. The influence of oscillation frequency shift, concentration ratio on the gain for the non-degenerate two-beam coupling has also been studied.     

A new multi frequency compact microstrip antenna

A single layer, single feed, multi frequency, compact rectangular microstrip antenna is proposed. Resonant frequency has been reduced drastically by cutting unequal rectangular slots at the edge of the patch along with two tiny circular slots created inside the patch to improve return loss. Antenna size has been reduced by 64% with an increased frequency ratio (the ratio of second or higher resonant frequency to the first resonant frequency).     

Mutual rectification of alternating currents induced by electromagnetic waves in graphene

The problem concerning the mutual influence of two electromagnetic waves of different frequencies with the electric field vectors directed perpendicularly to each other on the charge carriers in graphene on a SiC substrate has been solved. The possibility of generating a direct component in the electric current has been analyzed. It has been shown that the direct current is generated only in the case where the ratio between the frequencies of incident waves is equal to 2. Dependences of the current on the phase shift between the incident waves and on the temperature have been obtained.