Multisite EPR oximetry from multiple quadrature harmonics

Multisite continuous wave (CW) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry using multiple quadrature field modulation harmonics is presented. First, a recently developed digital receiver is used to extract multiple harmonics of field modulated projection data. Second, a forward model is presented that relates the projection data to unknown parameters, including linewidth at each site. Third, a maximum likelihood estimator of unknown parameters is reported using an iterative algorithm capable of jointly processing multiple quadrature harmonics. The data modeling and processing are applicable for parametric lineshapes under nonsaturating conditions. Joint processing of multiple harmonics leads to 2-3-fold acceleration of EPR data acquisition. For demonstration in two spatial dimensions, both simulations and phantom studies on an L-band system are reported.     

Full-band direct-conversion receiver with enhanced port isolation and I/Q phase balance using microwave photonic I/Q mixer

A full-band direct-conversion receiver using a microwave photonic in-phase and quadrature(I/Q) mixer is proposed and experimentally evaluated in terms of radio frequency(RF) range, port isolation, phase imbalance,conversion gain, noise figure, spurious-free dynamic range, and error vector magnitude. The proposed microwave photonic I/Q mixer shows significant advantages in local oscillator leakage and I/Q phase imbalance over entire RF bands, which are recognized as major drawbacks of conventional direct-conversion receivers.     

I/Q intensity-demodulation analog photonic link based on polarization modulator

We experimentally investigate a high-linearity analog photonic link based on polarization-modulation in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) intensity-demodulation. In the proposed system, a light wave with its polarization direction oriented at an angle of 45° with respect to the principal axis of the polarization modulator (PolM) is polarization modulated by a drive signal. In the receiver, the polarization-modulated signal is split into two paths using a 50:50 optical coupler (OC). In each path, a polarization beam splitter (PBS) is connected to the PolM via a polarization controller (PC) to realize the in-phase and quadrature signal, respectively. Thanks to the polarization-modulation to intensity-modulation conversion, the fluctuation of the optical phase noise has no impact on the coherent signals. In addition, the use of a single PolM allows the link avoids the matching requirements of dual modulator schemes. The linearization leads to suppression of the third-order intermodulation (IMD3) by more than 40 dB, compared to the quadrature signal. Experimental results show that the link gain is -11.5 dB, noise figure is 26.5 dB, and the third-order limited spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) is 124 dB in a 1 Hz bandwidth.     

Data-aided channel estimation and frequency domain equalization of minimum-shift keying in optical transmission systems

We demonstrate a digital optical communication system based on minimum shift keying （MSK） signal transmission with coherent detection. 5-Gb/s MSK signal can transmit over a 160-km standard single mode fiber （SSMF） without phase compensation. At the receiver, we use data-aided channel estimation and frequency domain equalization （FDE） techniques in the digital signal processing （DSP） algorithm, then analyze its performance characteristics compared with quadrature phase shift keying （QPSK） format. The simulation results show that the MSK format will be a potential candidate for next-generation access network.     

量子干涉效应对原子共振荧光非经典特性的影响

研究了两个自发辐射路径之间的量子干涉效应对V型三能级原子压缩谱和光子反聚束效应的影响 .结果表明 ,量子干涉可以加强压缩效应和展宽出现压缩的相位角分量的范围 ,但却会减弱反聚束效应.Phase-dependent squeezing spectrum and photon antibunching of resonance fluorescence from a three-level V-type atom driven by a coherent field are investigated. We show that for weak excitation intensities quantum interference can greatly enhance squeezing and change the phase quadrature at which the maximum squeezing occurs. We also notice that the maximum squeezing can appear not only in either the in-phase or the out-of-phase quadrature but also in any phase quadrature, and at which phase quadrature...     

一种光正交频分复用系统的联合相位均衡方法

正交频分复用（OFDM）技术加相干接收与数字信号处理法(DSP)的组合是超长距离光通信的理想模型。光OFDM系统对相位噪声十分敏感,必须对相位噪声进行补偿。提出一种基于正交小波基变换的光OFDM系统的联合相位均衡方案。该方案将块状导频周期性地插入OFDM信号,在接收端利用导频信息首先消除各个子载波的公共相位误差,然后采用自适应均衡方式消除每个子载波自身相位误差。仿真结果表明,对于二进制正交振幅键控(4QAM)调制信号,在采用常规的G.652光纤、100 Gb/s的相干光OFDM系统中,该联合相位补偿方法可使信号在满足传输系统的误码性能要求下,传输距离达到1000 km。     

Analysis of the tuning and operation of reflection resonator EPR spectrometers

This paper investigates basic characteristics of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal obtained from spectrometers employing reflection resonators. General equations are presented which reveal the phase and amplitude dependence on instrumental parameters of both components of the continuous wave (CW) EPR signal (absorption and dispersion). New phase vector diagrams derived from these general equations are presented for the analysis of the EPR response. The dependence of the phase and absolute value of the CW EPR signal on the local oscillator (LO) phase and on resonator offset and coupling is presented and analyzed. The EPR spectrometer tuning procedures for both balanced and unbalanced heterodyne receivers are analyzed in detail using the new phase diagrams. Extraneous signals at the RF input of the microwave receiver (resulting from circulator leakage and reflections in the resonator transmission line) have been taken into account and analyzed. It is shown that a final tuning condition that corresponds to an extremum of the receiver output as a function of the resonator frequency is necessary and sufficient for the acquisition of pure absorption signal. This condition is universal: it applies to all spectrometer configurations in all frequency ranges. High Frequency EPR spectrometer (130 GHz) data are used to generate experimental phase diagrams that illustrate the theoretical concepts presented in the paper. Conditions are presented under which the absorption signal can be measured with complete suppression of the dispersion, independent of the mutual frequency offset between the microwave source and the EPR sample resonator. Equations describing the approximate relationship between changes of the resonator properties (Q-factor and frequency) and paramagnetic susceptibility are derived and analyzed.     

Advantages of digital phase-sensitive detection for upgrading an obsolete CW EPR spectrometer

The replacement of the commonly used analog phase-sensitive detection (PSD) by digital PSD for demodulation of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signals is suggested for upgrading of an out-of-date EPR spectrometer. Connection of the microwave bridge output to a fast analog-digital converter (ADC) eliminates some of the spectrometer’s components: the electronics responsible for analog PSD, ADC for sampling of demodulated signals, and a computer, as well as the usage of some of the spectrometer’s settings. The spectrometer is reduced to a magnet, microwave bridge, and personal computer containing an ADC board. EPR signals digitized for a set of magnetic field positions form a two-dimensional array which is stored in a personal computer. Demodulation and filtering are done numerically to produce a conventional EPR spectrum. In comparison with analog PSD, this numerical approach does not eliminate the out-of-phase component of the signal and the signals at the higher harmonics of the modulation frequency. The details of modernizing the Bruker ER200E SRC EPR spectrometer are discussed to demonstrate these and other advantages of digital demodulation.     

Detection of undistorted continuous wave (CW) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra with non-adiabatic rapid sweep (NARS) of the magnetic field

A continuous wave (CW) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum is typically displayed as the first harmonic response to the application of 100 kHz magnetic field modulation, which is used to enhance sensitivity by reducing the level of 1/f noise. However, magnetic field modulation of any amplitude causes spectral broadening and sacrifices EPR spectral intensity by at least a factor of two. In the work presented here, a CW rapid-scan spectroscopic technique that avoids these compromises and also provides a means of avoiding 1/f noise is developed. This technique, termed non-adiabatic rapid sweep (NARS) EPR, consists of repetitively sweeping the polarizing magnetic field in a linear manner over a spectral fragment with a small coil at a repetition rate that is sufficiently high that receiver noise, microwave phase noise, and environmental microphonics, each of which has 1/f characteristics, are overcome. Nevertheless, the rate of sweep is sufficiently slow that adiabatic responses are avoided and the spin system is always close to thermal equilibrium. The repetitively acquired spectra from the spectral fragment are averaged. Under these conditions, undistorted pure absorption spectra are obtained without broadening or loss of signal intensity. A digital filter such as a moving average is applied to remove high frequency noise, which is approximately equivalent in bandwidth to use of an integrating time constant in conventional field modulation with lock-in detection. Nitroxide spectra at L- and X-band are presented.     

On surface coils and depth pulses

A computer program has been developed which calculates the signal response to a generalised depth pulse both on and off resonance. Results are displayed on a grey scale for any plane which includes the axis of the circular surface coil used to apply the pulse. Use of separate (coaxial) transmitter and receiver coils can be accommodated, and both in-phase and out-of-phase signal components can be displayed. Some methods of improving spatial resolution are demonstrated and the off-resonance performance of several depth pulses is compared. Results of the computer simulations are compared with experimental results on phantoms using a simple surface coil.     

光纤干涉位移传感器相位估计的一种精确方法

应用信号处理有关技术提出了一种光纤干涉位移传感器相位估计的方法,可以解决很大范围的不等幅、周期非均匀、带噪干涉信号条纹的精确计数问题。分析了此方法的适用范围及估计精度。对于１０ｄＢ信噪比的系统来说,位移在０．３ｍｍ以内的测量精度可达到λ／１００。     

Photonic vector signal generation employing a novel optical direct-detection in-phase/quadrature-phase upconversion

This work demonstrates the feasibility of the generation of an RF direct-detection vector signal using optical in-phase/quadrature-phase (I/Q) upconversion. The advantage of the proposed transmitter is that no electrical mixer is needed to generate the RF signal. Therefore, I/Q data of RF signals are processed at baseband at the transmitter, which is independent of the carrier frequency of the generated RF signal. A 10 Gb/s 16 quadrature amplitude modulation signal is experimentally demonstrated. Following transmission over a 50 km single-mode fiber, the power penalty is negligible. Moreover, I/Q imbalance of the proposed transmitter is studied and compensated by digital signal processing, which is both numerically and experimentally verified.     

交调失真影响下星间微波光子链路接收灵敏度优化

高输入信号功率时的交调失真是降低星间微波光子链路接收灵敏度的主要因素。考虑输入N路四相相移键控(QPSK)调制信号的情形,建立了强度调制/直接检测(IM/DD)星间微波光子链路模型。利用傅里叶级数展开、傅里叶变换/逆傅里叶变换和Graf加法定理,推导出了接收信号任意谐波和交调分量的解析表达式,在确定三阶交调失真个数的基础上,得到了接收光功率与信号噪声失真比(SNDR)之间的关系。着重分析了不同调制方式下链路接收灵敏度与信道数和调制系数之间的关系。当调制系数较小时,接收灵敏度对信道数变化不敏感。随着调制系数的增大,接收灵敏度先增大后减小,存在最佳的调制系数可以使链路接收灵敏度最高。     

Subcomponent cues in binaural unmasking

The addition of a signal in the N0Sπ binaural configuration gives rise to fluctuations in interaural phase and amplitude. Sensitivity to these individual cues was measured by applying sinusoidal amplitude modulation (AM) or quasi-frequency modulation (QFM) to a band of noise. Discrimination between interaurally in-phase and out-of-phase modulation was measured using an adaptive task for narrow bands of noise at center frequencies from 250 to 1500 Hz, for modulation rates of 2-40 Hz, and with or without flanking bands of diotic noise. Discrimination thresholds increased steeply for QFM with increasing center frequency, but increased only modestly for AM, and mainly for modulation rates below 10 Hz. Flanking bands of noise increased thresholds for AM, but had no consistent effect for QFM. The results suggest that two underlying mechanisms may support binaural unmasking: one most sensitive to interaural amplitude modulations that is susceptible to across-frequency interference, and a second, most sensitive to interaural phase modulations that is immune to such effects.     

Improved ultrasonic detection using the analytic signal magnitude

An alternative to rectification is proposed for detection of an ultrasonic signal for medical or non-destructive evaluation applications. With this technique the envelope of the ultrasonic waveform is obtained by calculation of the magnitude of the complex analytic signal. An implementation, particularly suited for digital data processing, is presented which utilizes a fast Fourier transform for computation of the quadrature component of the received signal using the Hilbert transform. An ordinary transducer, pulser, and receiver are used together with a digital data acquisition system. The results of this processing are compared with conventional rectification, both with and without smoothing. The superior resolvability of two closely spaced interfaces on the A-mode presentation is clearly evident. Similar improvement in B-mode quality will result when an image is required.     

Phase evolution of the reemitted field in the semiconductor quantum wells under the femtosecond pulse train intersubband excitation

Property of the phase of the reemitted field in the semiconductor quantum wells (QWs) excited by femtosecond pulse train is investigated. It is shown that the phase evolution of the reemitted field is controlled by the relative phase between the successive pulses of the incident train. For all the odd pulses excitation,the reemitted field is from out-of-phase to in-phase, then again to out-of-phase with the incident pulses,whereas for all the even pulses excitation, the situation is the opposite, i.e., it is from in-phase to out-of-phase, then again to in-phase with the incident pulses.     

Use of the Frank sequence in pulsed EPR

The Frank polyphase sequence has been applied to pulsed EPR of triarylmethyl radicals at 25 6 MHz (9.1 mT magnetic field), using 256 phase pulses. In EPR, as in NMR, use of a Frank sequence of phase steps permits pulsed FID signal acquisition with very low power microwave/RF pulses (ca. 1.5 mW in the application reported here) relative to standard pulsed EPR. A 0.2 mM aqueous solution of a triarylmethyl radical was studied using a 16 mm diameter cross-loop resonator to isolate the EPR signal detection system from the incident pulses.     

Geoacoustic inversion in a dispersive waveguide using warping operators

This paper presents a single receiver geoacoustic inversion method adapted for low-frequency impulsive sources. It is applied to light bulb data collected during the Shallow Water 2006 experiment. The inversion is carried out by extracting dispersion curves from the received signal, and comparing them to simulated replicas. To achieve dispersion curve estimation in the time-frequency domain, modal separability is improved using a signal processing method called warping. The inversion scheme allows for a reliable estimation of the New Jersey Shelf sediment properties (compressional sound speed and density). It also provides an accurate estimation of the source/receiver range.     

一种铷原子频标频率综合器新方案的设计与实现

数字化和小型化是铷原子频标（RAFS）发展的重要方向．在传统铷原子频标电路中,6 840 MHz微波信号与频率综合器产生的5.312 5 MHz信号进行混频,得到用于激励铷原子跃迁的6 834.687 5 MHz微波探寻信号．早期铷频标的频率综合器大量使用了分立的模拟器件,数字化程度低、参数优化工作繁杂、电路体积较大．目前常用直接数字频率合成器（DDS）方案直接产生5.312 5 MHz信号,但这种数字电路方案通常需要对10 MHz信号进行倍频,它存在频谱纯度较低、相位噪声高等缺点．本文介绍一种产生5.312 5 MHz信号的频率综合器解决方案,这种设计方案在应用DDS器件时无需使用10 MHz倍频电路,它具有频谱纯度较高、相位噪声低、输出频率和相位可调等优点．     

数字正交检波中的数据处理方法

详细讨论了数字正交检测中的数字处理方法,通过时域插值和选择适当的数字滤波器,可以降低对A DC采样速率的要求.最后给出NMR实验结果.