Measurement of curvature distribution using digital speckle three-shearing aperture interferometry

Digital speckle three-shearing-aperture interferometry used for the measurement of curvature distribution fields of a deformation object is proposed for the first time. In this method, pure curvature distribution fringes without containing slope distribution fringes can be obtained by using digital speckle three-shearing-aperture interferometry. Two specklegrams, one before and the other after object deformation, are recorded by a CCD camera and stored in a computer. A 2-D fast Fourier transform (FFT) and a 2-D inverse FFT (IFFT) are performed on the two specklegrams. The subtraction of the transformed specklegrams will produce curvature distribution fringes, and the speckle noises in curvature distribution fringes can be removed after these fringes pass through low-pass filtering. Results from theory and experiments are in good agreement.     

Development of Matlab filtering techniques in digital speckle pattern interferometry

In interferometric fringe pattern analysis, specular and speckle fringe patterns are the two main divisions. While specular fringes are characterized by quality fringes, speckle (that obtains due to the diffuse scattering of the coherent radiation from an optically rough surface) fringe patterns are characterized by noisy fringes. This paper concentrates on this aspect and the Matlab based filtering methods to improve the quality of speckle fringe patterns by developing the appropriate software. Further, the newly developed software “Macurv” will be presented which can give the second order derivative (curvature) fringe information. A software with several functions is written using Matlab. The objective of the software is to provide a more effective way for the post-processing of speckle interferometric fringes. The algorithm and functions of the developed software “Macurv” will be explained.     

线性相关计算法形成数字剪切散斑相关条纹图

本文提出了用线性相关计算法形成数字剪切散斑干涉条纹的新方法,从理论分析和实验研究均证明,用该方法所获得的数字剪切散斑相关条纹图在图象监视器上易于观看,条纹图象光强无直流分量影响且可见度较减模式要高,该新方法的采用为今后的条纹图象分析奠定了基础。     

Phase-shifting windowed Fourier ridges for determination of phase derivatives

Determination of the phase or phase derivative from interferometric fringe patterns is an important task in optical interferometry. The use of wavelet ridges was recently shown to be an effective method for phase retrieval from a single fringe pattern. One necessary requirement in this method is the need for carrier frequency. In cases when carrier frequency is not available, the novel phase-shifting windowed Fourier ridges method can be used. Phase derivatives with the proper sign can be directly retrieved even in the presence of noise. An application for curvature determination from speckle shearographic fringes demonstrates the effectiveness of the method.     

Fringes of equal tangential inclination by curvature-induced birefringence

A new kind of interference fringes, fringes of equal tangential inclination by curvature-induced birefringence, is presented. These are two-beam interference fringes produced by bending a thin sheet of birefringent material into a part of an exact cylinder such that the curvature is constant. Due to this curvature there is a uniform birefringence being induced. The change in birefringence induced by applying different radii of curvatures to a Fortepan sheet is measured. The stored (fixed) or natural birefringence of this sheet is deduced.     

用图像运算技术对光弹性条纹进行倍增

在光弹应力分析中,利用分数级条纹可以提高分析精度,于是,产生分数级条纹的方法研究就变得非常重要。利用图像处理技术,首先采集一幅图像,然后通过对这幅图像的算术运算就可以产生分数级条纹。给出了详细的理论分析,并进行实验。利用本文方法,在两条整数级条纹之间,可以相继产生７条分数级条纹。     

五孔剪切相机同时测量二维曲率,扭率和斜率

本文首次提出一种散斑剪切相机。该相机能把曲率、扭率和斜率的二维信息同时记录在一张双曝光散斑图上。对散斑图进行滤波分析时在频谱面上出现十三块互不重叠的衍射晕。在适当的衍射晕上滤波即可获得二维曲率、扭率和斜率的等值全场条纹。     

Compact optical fiber curvature sensor based on concatenating two tapers

A low-loss, compact, and highly sensitive optical fiber curvature sensor is presented. The device consists of two identical low-loss fused fiber tapers in tandem separated by a distance L. When the optical fiber is kept straight and fixed, no interference pattern appears in the transmitted spectrum. However, when the device is bent, the symmetry of the straight taper is lost and the first taper couples light into the cladding modes. In the second taper, a fraction of the total light guided by the cladding modes will be coupled back to the fundamental mode, producing an interference pattern in the transmitted spectrum. As the fiber device is bent, visibility of the interference fringes grows, reaching values close to 1. The dynamic range of the device can be tailored by the proper selection of taper diameter and separation between tapers. The effects of temperature and refractive index of the external medium on the response of the curvature sensor is also discussed.     

基于光线追迹的单频激光多重回馈效应研究

提出一种基于非准直平凹回馈腔的单频激光多重回馈光线追迹模型,采用该模型阐明了单频激光多重回馈效应的产生机理,分析了多重回馈高分辨率条纹的特性,明确了影响多重回馈条纹形状的主要因素,包括回馈镜的倾角、曲率半径、反射率以及回馈外腔长等,获得了回馈镜在不同倾角时的有效回馈阶次及其耦合系数。光线追迹分析与实验结果表明:当回馈镜倾斜角为1.7时,多重回馈效应会产生调制幅度均匀、没有大包络的高分辨率回馈条纹,每个条纹的分辨率可达/50。     

斜率和曲率的显色云纹及其级数识别

本文提出了用白光获得板面曲率的显色云纹方法。理论和实验分析说明，曲率和斜率的显色云纹可用于其级数的自动识别。本方法具有不必经过计算，实时确定条纹级数的优点，对于曲率和斜率测量方法和系统的完善具有实际意义。     

Contrast enhancement of pulsed ESPI addition fringes

In this paper, the contrast enhancement produced by the subtraction of two sets of double pulse electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) addition fringes is investigated. It is shown that in most practical cases this process will produce a second set of interference fringes in addition to those which can be directly related to the vibration mode of interest. The formation of this second fringe pattern is explained by theory and computer simulation. Finally, the results are verified using an ESPI system with a pulsed Nd: YAG laser.     

Generalized metric spaces for correlation fringes and applications

A novel conception and its applications, the generalized metric for correlation fringes, are presented, which can be used to develop and analyze the relevant algorithms. The relationship between the metric and the correlation fringes representation is examined and the generalized metric is defined. The theoretical analysis of traditional algorithms for correlation fringes indicates that all of them can be regarded as the generalized metrics. In addition, the generalized metric for correlation fringes is applied in developing a new algorithm. A novel generalized metric for correlation fringes based on cross entropy is presented and is proved by theoretical derivation and experimental verification. All the investigations show that it is reasonable and valid to define the generalized metric for correlation fringes in digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI). The fringes obtained by cross-entropy metric can be used to represent the same desired information by subtracting. There are different vector function structures among the generalized metrics, which directly influence the quality of fringes and the difficulty in post-processing.     

Optical fiber curvature sensor based on few mode fiber

An optical fiber curvature sensor based on interference between LP₀₁–LP₀₂ modes of a circularly symmetric few mode fiber (FMF) is presented. The device consists of two single-mode fiber and a 10-cm FMF. The two single-mode fiber is offset-spliced to each end of the FMF. When the optical fiber is kept straight and fixed, the interference pattern appears in the transmitted spectrum. As the fiber device is bent, the visibility of the interference fringes (at 1530 nm) decreases, reaching values close to 0.3. The dynamic range of the device can be tailored by the proper selection of the length of FMF. The relationship between the fringe visibility and the curvature is linear while the curvature is between 11 m⁻¹ and 16 m⁻¹. The result indicates that the compact sensor can be used in the measurement of large curvature, which is also important in structural health monitoring.     

Lattice bending in x-ray interferometers

This paper investigates both theoretically and experimentally the effect of lattice bending on the output signals of a two-crystal x-ray interferometer of the Laue LLL type. The cross section intensity of the outgoing beams is modulated by the moiré effect produced by the overlapping of the analysing lattice on the x-ray standing field in front of it. Since the intensities of the transmitted and diffracted beams are integrated, the moiré pattern causes loss of visibility in the x-ray fringes and a non-linear phase shift, which depends on the pitch alignment of the analysing crystal with respect to the fixed crystal. The analysis of this phase shift allows the lattice curvature to be estimated.     

Polarization phase shifting shearography for optical metrological applications

We present here a different and modified configuration in order to obtain the curvature fringes by incorporating phase shifting and image processing techniques. Optical fibers are used for obtaining shear fringes in which we have used Wollaston prism as the shear element.     

Evaluation of refractive index of cylindrical microlenses from spatial distribution of interference orders

An interference method for measuring the refractive index and surface curvature of cylindrical microlenses is considered. The method consists in probing microlenses by a dynamic interference pattern with a localization of order of several to tens micrometers corresponding to the period of the interference fringes. Basic analytical expressions for evaluation of the curvature radius and refractive index of the probed portion of the microlens are presented. Institute of Electronics, Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 22, Logoiskii Trakt, Minsk, 220841, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 390–395, May–June, 1997.     

一种新的数字散斑振动定量分析系统

在数字散斑干涉(DSPI)测量方法中，数字散斑时间平均法测量振动时得到的是贝塞尔条纹，其定量分析比较困难。该文采用贝塞尔条纹准相移技术进行数字散斑振动定量分析，即在参考光路中引入和物体同频率的偏置参考振动,当参考振动的相位改变时,振动条纹会产生移动,这相当于静态余弦条纹的相移,可以采用相移算法对数字散斑振动测量的贝塞尔条纹进行定量分析。文中开发了一种新的数字散斑振动定量分析系统，研制了一种低压光学相移器和测量控制电路，给出了圆周固定圆片和四周固定方铜板的振动测量结果。实验结果表明：采用本系统可以方便地定量测出物体的振动模态。     

Ni-Zr非晶合金晶化过程的透射电子显微镜研究(Ⅱ)——Ni67Zr33非晶合金晶化过程中出现的过渡区

用TEM研究了Ni₆₇Zr₃₃非晶合金晶化过程中亚稳相与稳定相之间存在的过渡区。在点阵像上亚稳相为宽的或宽窄相间的条纹,而稳定相为单一的窄条纹。过渡区中宽窄条纹的分布是随机的,看不出明显的规律。其电子衍射圈也没有平移对称性,可以看成亚稳态与稳定态的衍射谱之间的变化过程。以相同原子面不同堆垛间距的模型模拟了过渡区衍射强度的分布,与实际强度符合得很好。 关键词：     

Caustics and caustic-diffraction in laser shadowgraphy of a sessile drop and identification of profile near contact line

This paper presents an optical method based on the caustics and caustic-diffraction in laser shadowgraphy of a sessile drop to identify and estimate the drop profile near the contact line. A parallel laser beam passes through a liquid sessile drop placed on a transparent substrate to produce a shadowgraphic image of the drop on the screen far from the substrate. Along the inflection line of the drop the Gaussian curvature of the wavefront deformed by the drop vanishes, and therefore the inflection line gives caustics in the far field of the wave, which can be seen on the screen. The neighboring light rays at both sides of the inflection line interfere with each other to form interference fringes at the inner side of the caustics. According to the pattern of the caustics, the drop-profile shape can be identified and estimated.     

Resonant trapping of scattered light in a degenerate resonator

We demonstrate and discuss the formation of an intriguing interference fringe pattern that is visible in stable resonators at resonator lengths corresponding to a higher-order frequency-degeneracy. The optical trajectories that form these fringes are described for arbitrary degeneracy; the fringes can be used to visualize and quantify imaging aberrations of the cavity relative to a cavity consisting of ideal mirrors.