辉光放电触发赝火花开关的时延及抖动特性

 设计了一种辉光放电触发赝火花开关,对其时延和抖动特性进行系统研究。研究了开关时延、抖动与辉光放电电流、气压、触发电压及阳极电压的关系。当辉光放电电流小于0.30 mA时,开关无法触发导通;当电流为0.35~0.60 mA时,随辉光放电电流的增大,开关时延、抖动减小;当辉光放电电流为0.60 mA时,开关时延、抖动基本不变,出现饱和。当氦气气压低于6 Pa,开关难以触通,与理论计算值6.95 Pa吻合;当氦气气压为6~12 Pa时,开关的时延、抖动随气压的升高而减小;气压为12~30 Pa时,开关工作在比较稳定的状态。当触发电压小于3 kV,开关难以触通;随着触发电压的增大,开关时延、抖动减小;当触发电压大于5.3 kV,开关时延、抖动基本保持不变。开关在稳定工作条件下,阳极电压在8~25 kV范围内变化时;开关时延基本不变。     

辉光放电触发双级赝火花开关北大核心CSCD

设计了一种辉光放电触发双级赝火花开关,主要是阴阳电极、中间栅极和辉光放电腔的设计。通过增加中间栅极,构成双级结构,选用平板形结构,板厚1.5mm,栅极孔尺寸1mm,三个栅孔均匀分布在直径5mm的圆环上。辉光放电腔设计工作区域为Paschen曲线最低点左侧,具有放电电流大、触发电压低等特点。实验表明:双级赝火花开关需采用RC外均压电路,使阳极电压在两间隙中均匀分配。在充电1～57kV条件下,开关均能可靠触发导通。当阳极充电57kV时,在50Ω负载上获得了约56kV、抖动1.4ns的输出。     

伪火花放电开关的陶瓷表面放电触发研究

 设计了伪火花开关的陶瓷材料表面放电触发器，该触发器体积小，结构简单，可焙烧。经大量实验表明，较传统的表面放电触发器可靠性提高，寿命延长，用它触发的伪火花开关（放电电压30~2kV）具有稳定的放电时延（50~340ns）和时延抖动（15~40ns）。由于触发电流大，因此可在极低的开关电压下触发开关，对耐受电压30kV的伪火花开关，其最低可触发开关电压可至600V。     

一种基于吸气电极的新型真空触发开关

针对真空触发开关触发时延和抖动大、使用寿命不长的难题,设计了一种基于吸气电极的新型真空触发开关,开展工作寿命测试实验和不同触发极性、主间隙电压和触发能量下的导通特性实验。实验结果表明:与纯金属电极开关相比,吸气电极开关的触发时延和抖动更小,工作寿命更长。负极性触发时的触发时延和抖动均远低于正极性触发。正极性触发的触发时延为1.7～3 μs,抖动为300～700 ns,而负极性触发的触发时延为400～600 ns,抖动为30～70 ns。触发时延和抖动都随着触发能量的增大而减小,但当能量高于一定值后,触发能量对导通特性的影响趋于饱和。     

多间隙气体开关触发特性

针对触发脉冲幅值、气体压强和紫外光照射3个因素对多间隙气体开关触发特性的影响规律开展实验研究。实验结果表明:触发电压由50 kV提高到70 kV时,开关触发时延的抖动降低约40%,统计时延的抖动降低约44%,形成时延的抖动变化不大。触发电压继续升高,触发抖动降低的趋势明显减缓。开关工作气压由0.16 MPa提高到0.28 MPa,开关触发时延的抖动增大约1.6倍,统计时延和形成时延的抖动均显著增大。紫外光辐照时间增长,开关触发抖动显著减小,最佳的辐照时间为80~140 ns,开关触发时延的抖动降低约39%。紫外光辐照可以有效降低开关统计时延的抖动,对形成时延影响不大。     

自触发紫外预电离开关脉冲击穿时延抖动影响因素及改进方法

研究了一种自触发紫外预电离开关击穿时延抖动特性的影响因素,结果表明:触发间隙电容放电阶段起预电离作用时,预电离注入时刻开关电场是开关时延抖动的决定性因素,提高工作系数和采用逸出功更低的电极材料对降低开关在脉冲峰值附近击穿时的时延抖动效果有限。提出的改进方法为:减小开关均压电阻阻值,显著延长触发间隙的有效燃弧时间,消除预电离注入时间及抖动的影响。采用改进方法时可以使开关在工作电压300～800 kV、前沿100 ns、180 ns的脉冲峰值附近击穿时的时延抖动分别小于1.3 ns、2.8 ns。     

电晕均压多间隙串联气体开关特性实验

研制了一种电晕放电均压的小型多间隙串联气体开关,分析了电晕放电在开关工作过程中的作用,开展了开关自击穿特性、电晕放电伏安特性、针尖烧蚀以及开关寿命测试等特性实验。结果表明:老练后开关自击穿电压标准偏差小于3.5%,电晕均压效果明显;随着放电次数增加,电晕针尖逐渐钝化,触发性能变化不大;开关电晕放电电流随耐受电压升高增大,增长趋势逐渐变快;开关充400 kPa干燥空气,100 kV工作电压下开关放电50 000次以上,触发性能稳定,触发击穿时延抖动约4.3 ns,自放电概率低于110-4。     

±100 kV三电极场畸变气体火花开关

设计了一种用于直线变压器驱动源的三电极场畸变气体火花开关。开关采用SF6气体绝缘,开关尺寸和电感较小,实测开关电感约为67 nH。在工作电压80 kV、工作系数为70%时,开关触发时延为40.0 ns,抖动约2.8 ns。对比研究了钨铜合金和黄铜两种电极材料对开关静态和触发击穿特性的影响,研究结果表明:铜钨合金电极开关的自击穿电压分散性、触发时延及抖动、自放电概率和电极表面烧蚀均小于黄铜电极,更适宜作为三电极场畸变开关的电极材料。     

多通道表面放电光泵浦源触发特性研究

 介绍了多通道表面放电光泵浦源的设计，理论分析了触发电压幅值及上升时间、绝缘基板厚度等参数对所设计光泵浦源触发特性的影响。分析表明：在触发电压作用下，通道两电极处电场出现强烈畸变，而通道中间电场基本为零。采用高速相机拍摄泵浦源的放电图像以及电流线圈测量各通道的放电电流这两种方法实验研究了泵浦源的同步性及放电均匀性。当氮氩混合气体总气压为0.1 MPa (氮氩体积比为3∶7)，充电电压20 kV，触发电压30 kV，前沿约10 ns时，成功实现了10通道均匀放电，抖动约20 ns。实验结果表明：在保证放电装置绝缘良好的情况下，若充电电压和触发电压越高，触发电压上升时间越短，触发电极至通道的有效距离越短，则多通道放电的抖动就越小，放电均匀性越好。     

多间隙气体开关触发放电过程及击穿抖动

实验研究了开关闭合抖动随欠压比和脉冲触发电压的变化关系,利用紫外光纤探测器测量不同间隙放电时延,分析了放电过程对多间隙开关闭合抖动的影响,并研究采用预电离方法降低开关触发电压。实验表明:开关抖动随脉冲触发电压与欠压比的乘积增大呈指数下降趋势;当触发电压和欠压比的乘积大于33 kV时,开关抖动小于5 ns;乘积大于45 kV时,开关抖动降到3 ns以下并趋于饱和;对六间隙气体开关抖动的贡献,触发间隙占30%~40%,其余5个间隙为60%~70%;欠压比和触发电压对触发间隙击穿抖动的影响最大,对随后放电的3个间隙影响较小,对最后2个间隙几乎无影响;当欠压比大于57%时,采用预电离措施使开关的触发电压降低了10 kV以上。     

赝火花开关放电的蒙特卡罗粒子模拟

采用粒子模拟和蒙特卡罗相结合的方法,应用静电求解模型,对赝火花开关初始放电过程进行了模拟。赝火花开关初始放电过程主要由汤森放电过程、等离子体形成、空心阴极效应和场致发射引发主放电组成;等离子体形成和空心阴极效应对赝火花开关的发展导通具有至关重要的作用。改变赝火花开关工作参数,如气压、电极孔径、阳极电压和阴极腔中初始粒子密度,研究其对赝火花开关电子峰值电流形成时间的影响。结果表明:随着气压、电极孔径、阳极电压和初始粒子密度的增大,赝火花开关电子峰值电流形成时间减小。     

环槽电极结构的伪火花开关耐压特性

 设计了一种具有环槽电极结构的新型伪火花开关，进行了空气介质下的耐压特性实验，并与传统的同轴多通道结构的伪火花开关耐压特性进行了对比。给出了伪火花开关工作的气压范围（1~100 Pa）和两种伪火花开关的最大耐压。实验结果显示，新型环槽结构伪火花开关最大耐压达到41 V，而传统同轴多通道开关的最大高耐压只有28.4 kV，新设计开关的最大耐压和耐压稳定性都明显高于同轴多通道开关。     

The characteristics of pulsed hollow cathode discharges used forpseudospark switch triggering

The complex interaction between the trigger discharge and the main switch discharge in high-power gas discharge switches influences both the switching characteristics, and the switch and trigger lifetime. Any attempts to improve either of these parameters has to take into account the pressure and geometry dependence of a particular trigger geometry. Yet, although not very intensely investigated in detail for this particular purpose, pulsed hollow cathode discharges are commonly used for low-pressure gas discharge triggering as in pseudospark switches. Measurements of the electron current flowing to the cathode backplane of a pseudospark switch from the pulsed hollow cathode trigger discharge show that maximum current densities are peaked around the symmetry axis of the trigger electrode, an effect which is more pronounced at low pressures. Delayed (and slowed-down) increase of the current density at larger radii leads to increasing delay and jitter, provided the trigger coupling holes in the cathode backplane are located off-axis. The electron current density increases with decreasing diameter of the trigger electrode, and with increasing pressure of the working gas. In addition, it is shown that a preionization (keep-alive) current in the trigger electrode region shows a distinct influence on the trigger current distribution, proving that there exists an optimum keep-alive current depending on the geometry and gas pressure     

Correlation of current quenching and occurrence of metal vapor in apseudospark discharge

The quenching phenomenon, i.e., a sudden interrupt of the discharge current, was investigated in a pseudospark discharge with charging voltage of 2.5 kV, maximum current of 2 kA and discharge duration of 3 μs. The working gas was hydrogen at a pressure of 40 Pa. Concerning electrode material and geometric parameters, molybdenun electrodes were chosen with hole diameters of 5 mm; the electrode distance was 3 mm. In this parameter range, a temporal correlation of current quenching and the occurrence of metal vapor could be detected by means of time-resolved optical spectroscopy. With each current interruption a sudden increase of emission from neutral molybdenum atoms as well as an increase of cathode spot emission, which is spatially localized on the cathode, occurs. Also oxygen ions were observed which show a similar time-dependence, however with a significant delay of the order of 200 ns. The results are discussed in the scope of the mechanism proposed for quenching, i.e., ion depletion in the plasma boundary layer, and the mechanisms occurring in the high current phase of a pseudospark discharge     

Investigations about triggering of coaxial multichannel pseudosparkswitches

A fundamental problem of pseudospark switches is erosion in the borehole area. One way to reduce erosion is to distribute the current to several discharge channels. Essential for multichannel operation is a reliable ignition of all these channels. The aim of this work was to find out the requirements for a trigger for multichannel pseudospark switches and to develop a suitable trigger device. The investigations were made with a three channel pseudospark switch. The developed trigger is a pulsed hollow cathode discharge with a 3 mA dc-preionization. A trigger voltage of 4 kV results in a current of about 6 A in the hollow cathode of the trigger-section. This hollow cathode discharge causes a trigger current into the hollow cathodes of the pseudospark chambers. The trigger current which is necessary to ignite an equally distributed discharge has to be at least 3 mA into each main switch hollow cathode. A jitter of 2 ns was achieved for the coaxial multichannel pseudospark switch     

Experimental investigation of breakdown voltage characteristics ofsingle-gap and multigap pseudosparks

Simple empirical scaling laws that can be applied universally are determined for breakdown voltage characteristics of single-gap and multigap pseudosparks. For the single-gap pseudospark, the breakdown voltage is found to be a function of the product of the gas pressure squared, the anode-cathode gap distance, and the hollow cavity diameter, p²dD, and a function of the product pd for a gap distance less than and greater than three times the cavity diameter, respectively. For the multigap pseudospark, however, the breakdown voltage is found to be only a function of the product p²dD     

纳秒脉冲下单间隙伪火花放电特性

采用单间隙伪火花放电装置,研究了纳秒脉冲下气压、间隙距离和小孔直径对伪火花放电特性的影响。研究结果表明,纳秒脉冲下伪火花放电电压随着气压、间隙距离和小孔直径的增加而减小。通过数值拟合,得到了放电电压与气压、间隙距离和小孔直径间的经验公式。放电电压随着气压、间隙距离和小孔直径的增加而减小,衰减系数分别为0.76,0.39和0.39。     

伪火花放电开关电压跌落过程实验研究

 设计了典型参数下的伪火花放电开关，进行了空气介质下的电压特性实验，给出了伪火花开关放电电压与气压变化的关系曲线；测量了产生伪火花放电的气压范围（1~29Pa）和单间隙伪火花放电开关耐受电压的最大值(40kV)，测得了伪火花放电与辉光放电的转折点气压(29Pa)，并对实验结果进行了理论分析。研究了伪火花放电开关电压跌落时间与放电电压的关系，首次将开关电压跌落过程分为暂态阶段和稳态阶段，讨论了放电电路参数，气体压力，开关结构和放电电压对电压跌落时间的影响。实验表明，在气压和开关结构不变的条件下，暂态过程时间由放电电压决定，电压越高，则所需时间就越短；稳态过程时间由放电电路参数决定，不受放电电压影响。     

电触发真空沿面闪络开关工作特性初步研究北大核心CSCD

为研究电脉冲触发真空沿面闪络开关在中、小通流条件下的适用性,基于直接镀铜基板工艺制作了真空沿面闪络开关样件并搭建了开关工作特性测试实验平台。通过实验手段初步研究了开关耐压特性、触发工作特性(触发延时、抖动、工作范围)和寿命特性。实验结果表明:有效间隙7.2 mm的真空沿面闪络开关直流耐压约40 kV;开关在18 kV工作电压下触发导通延时89.9 ns,抖动13.1 ns,开关在1~18 kV工作电压范围内均能可靠触发导通;连续考核约2300次后开关各项特性无明显变化。     

喷射等离子体触发气体开关导通特性

利用内嵌微孔火花放电产生喷射等离子体、作用于两电极开关,研究了间隙距离、气压、气体种类、开关工作系数和电压极性配合等因素对等离子体喷射控制开关导通特性的影响。实验结果表明,等离子体喷射触发开关可在工作系数为10%的条件下可靠快速导通,当开关采用0.5 MPa_N₂作为绝缘介质、间隙距离5 mm时,触发导通时延为11.7 μs,抖动为1.42 μs;当间隙距离增大到18 mm时,触发导通时延增大至19.7 μs,触发可靠性降低;当工作系数由10%增大到60%时,触发导通时延由11.7 μs降低至1.1 μs。在确保开关自击穿电压一致的前提下,短间隙、高气压、负触发脉冲电压、正工作电压更有利于减小开关触发导通时延。