辉光放电触发赝火花开关的时延及抖动特性

 设计了一种辉光放电触发赝火花开关,对其时延和抖动特性进行系统研究。研究了开关时延、抖动与辉光放电电流、气压、触发电压及阳极电压的关系。当辉光放电电流小于0.30 mA时,开关无法触发导通;当电流为0.35~0.60 mA时,随辉光放电电流的增大,开关时延、抖动减小;当辉光放电电流为0.60 mA时,开关时延、抖动基本不变,出现饱和。当氦气气压低于6 Pa,开关难以触通,与理论计算值6.95 Pa吻合;当氦气气压为6~12 Pa时,开关的时延、抖动随气压的升高而减小;气压为12~30 Pa时,开关工作在比较稳定的状态。当触发电压小于3 kV,开关难以触通;随着触发电压的增大,开关时延、抖动减小;当触发电压大于5.3 kV,开关时延、抖动基本保持不变。开关在稳定工作条件下,阳极电压在8~25 kV范围内变化时;开关时延基本不变。     

辉光放电触发赝火花开关实验研究

设计了一种辉光放电触发赝火花开关,进行了He气介质下的放电实验研究。测得了耐受电压和气压关系,结果表明:随着气压的升高,开关耐受电压减小;开关电极孔径为3mm、电极间距为4mm时的耐受电压约是电极孔径和电极间距均为3mm时的85%。在电极孔径和电极间距均为3mm时,研究了辉光放电电流、气压、触发电压等参数对开关时延、抖动的影响。结果显示:当辉光放电电流大于0.45mA、气压为7～30Pa、触发电压达到一定值,开关就能比较稳定地触发,时延短、抖动小。在辉光放电触发下,实现了开关耐受30.5kV、时延223.2ns的输出,并实现了开关抖动小于1ns的稳定输出。     

预电离触发管气体开关特性

利用脉冲火花预电离方式,设计了一种脉冲火花预电离触发的触发管气体开关。开关工作电压等级为100 kV,工作介质采用干燥空气,开关主间隙10 mm,电极材料采用304不锈钢,触发结构设计成盘环嵌套结构。实验结果表明:预电离能够显著减小低工作系数下触发管气体开关的触发时延和抖动。对于ns级快脉冲触发,预电离时刻越早,开关击穿时延和抖动越低。在30 kV/8 ns触发脉冲作用下,脉冲预电离触发的触发管开关在80%工作系数时,平均时延约为40 ns,抖动小于1 ns。     

平面火花隙三电极开关研制及性能测试

研制了一种适用于平行板传输连接的平面火花隙三电极开关，开关正负电极为半圆形状，触发电极为细条状。将之替代立体式（半球形电极）火花隙三电极开关并应用于爆炸箔起爆装置中，装置回路参数将得以优化。实验测试了空气间隙为4.12， 3.14和2.2 mm的平面火花隙三电极开关的性能。结果表明，在开关间隙间距一定的情况下，随着电压的升高，开关间隙的放电时延和分散时间呈指数降低，开关电感小于15 nH；对于不同范围内的应用电压，使用不同间隙间距的开关，其分散时间不大于10 ns。该开关应用于较低充电电压（小于10 kV）的脉冲功率装置中，与立体式火花隙三电极开关相比，回路电感降低了约50 nH，放电周期缩短近1/3，峰值电流增加约1/3。     

平面火花隙三电极开关研制及性能测试

 研制了一种适用于平行板传输连接的平面火花隙三电极开关，开关正负电极为半圆形状，触发电极为细条状。将之替代立体式（半球形电极）火花隙三电极开关并应用于爆炸箔起爆装置中，装置回路参数将得以优化。实验测试了空气间隙为4.12， 3.14和2.2 mm的平面火花隙三电极开关的性能。结果表明，在开关间隙间距一定的情况下，随着电压的升高，开关间隙的放电时延和分散时间呈指数降低，开关电感小于15 nH；对于不同范围内的应用电压，使用不同间隙间距的开关，其分散时间不大于10 ns。该开关应用于较低充电电压（小于10 kV）的脉冲功率装置中，与立体式火花隙三电极开关相比，回路电感降低了约50 nH，放电周期缩短近1/3，峰值电流增加约1/3。     

触发管型气体火花开关触发电极结构研究

 通过对触发管型气体火花开关触发机理和电极结构的分析，提出了圆盘型、齿轮型及多针型等新的触发电极。实验表明，这三种触发电极除多针型外都具有稳定工作性能，触发范围与常规针状电极结构相当，在纳秒前沿的触发脉冲作用下抖动可低于10 ns。其中，采用齿轮状触发电极结构，在幅值22 kV（约为主间隙静态击穿电压的20％）、前沿10 ns的触发脉冲下，触发最小时延为77 ns，抖动为2.5 ns。     

多间隙气体开关触发放电过程及击穿抖动

实验研究了开关闭合抖动随欠压比和脉冲触发电压的变化关系,利用紫外光纤探测器测量不同间隙放电时延,分析了放电过程对多间隙开关闭合抖动的影响,并研究采用预电离方法降低开关触发电压。实验表明:开关抖动随脉冲触发电压与欠压比的乘积增大呈指数下降趋势;当触发电压和欠压比的乘积大于33 kV时,开关抖动小于5 ns;乘积大于45 kV时,开关抖动降到3 ns以下并趋于饱和;对六间隙气体开关抖动的贡献,触发间隙占30%~40%,其余5个间隙为60%~70%;欠压比和触发电压对触发间隙击穿抖动的影响最大,对随后放电的3个间隙影响较小,对最后2个间隙几乎无影响;当欠压比大于57%时,采用预电离措施使开关的触发电压降低了10 kV以上。     

±100 kV三电极场畸变气体火花开关

设计了一种用于直线变压器驱动源的三电极场畸变气体火花开关。开关采用SF6气体绝缘,开关尺寸和电感较小,实测开关电感约为67 nH。在工作电压80 kV、工作系数为70%时,开关触发时延为40.0 ns,抖动约2.8 ns。对比研究了钨铜合金和黄铜两种电极材料对开关静态和触发击穿特性的影响,研究结果表明:铜钨合金电极开关的自击穿电压分散性、触发时延及抖动、自放电概率和电极表面烧蚀均小于黄铜电极,更适宜作为三电极场畸变开关的电极材料。     

伪火花放电开关电压跌落过程实验研究

 设计了典型参数下的伪火花放电开关，进行了空气介质下的电压特性实验，给出了伪火花开关放电电压与气压变化的关系曲线；测量了产生伪火花放电的气压范围（1~29Pa）和单间隙伪火花放电开关耐受电压的最大值(40kV)，测得了伪火花放电与辉光放电的转折点气压(29Pa)，并对实验结果进行了理论分析。研究了伪火花放电开关电压跌落时间与放电电压的关系，首次将开关电压跌落过程分为暂态阶段和稳态阶段，讨论了放电电路参数，气体压力，开关结构和放电电压对电压跌落时间的影响。实验表明，在气压和开关结构不变的条件下，暂态过程时间由放电电压决定，电压越高，则所需时间就越短；稳态过程时间由放电电路参数决定，不受放电电压影响。     

气体火花开关放电的数值模拟

 基于Rompe-Weizel火花动态电阻公式，数值计算了电容器经火花开关放电时负载电阻上的输出电压。在相同电参数条件下，计算所得的峰值电压为54 kV，前沿为2.0 ns，与实验所得的55 kV和2.3 ns基本吻合。基于Braginskii火花动态电阻公式，在假定火花开关电导率恒定与电导率渐变的条件下，利用传输线放电电路数值计算了气体火花开关的非线性动态电阻。与已有实验测量结果(0.7～0.9 Ω)对比，发现电导率渐变模型(0.5～0.8 Ω)更适合用于反映火花开关的动态电阻变化过程。进而在此模型中引入了负载电阻项，通过计算负载端的透射电流，数值计算得单脉冲形成线对负载放电时的电压脉冲前沿为7～9 ns，而利用单线经高压氢气自击穿火花开关放电得到初步实验结果为8 ns。     

Investigations about triggering of coaxial multichannel pseudosparkswitches

A fundamental problem of pseudospark switches is erosion in the borehole area. One way to reduce erosion is to distribute the current to several discharge channels. Essential for multichannel operation is a reliable ignition of all these channels. The aim of this work was to find out the requirements for a trigger for multichannel pseudospark switches and to develop a suitable trigger device. The investigations were made with a three channel pseudospark switch. The developed trigger is a pulsed hollow cathode discharge with a 3 mA dc-preionization. A trigger voltage of 4 kV results in a current of about 6 A in the hollow cathode of the trigger-section. This hollow cathode discharge causes a trigger current into the hollow cathodes of the pseudospark chambers. The trigger current which is necessary to ignite an equally distributed discharge has to be at least 3 mA into each main switch hollow cathode. A jitter of 2 ns was achieved for the coaxial multichannel pseudospark switch     

Corona-plasma triggered pseudospark discharges

This paper reports on a novel pseudospark triggering technique using a corona-plasma electrode to feed initial electrons into one of the pseudospark hollow electrodes. This corona-plasma trigger can be used either at the cathode or anode side of the pseudospark, and it can be connected as well to the high voltage electrode as to the grounded one. With this trigger scheme, a pseudospark switch working at pulse repetition frequencies (PRF) up to 100 Hz has been demonstrated in a continuous mode of operation, while PRF as high as 1 kHz has been achieved in a burst mode. The cumulative number of pseudospark discharges triggered with this technique is already above 5*10⁷ , and this corona-plasma triggered pseudospark is still in operation without performance degradation. The main advantage of this pseudospark triggering technique lies in its simultaneous simplicity and reliability allowing high repetition rate, long lifetime, and the complete absence of keep-alive electrode and standby power consumption     

Triggering of radial multichannel pseudospark switches by a pulsedhollow cathode discharge

We report on a special trigger discharge for pulsed high-power pseudospark switches. The switch used is a radial three-channel pseudospark switch. For triggering, a cylindrical trigger electrode is inserted into the hollow cathode of the main gap. This electrode acts as a hollow cathode for the dc preionization, while the hollow cathode of the main gap is the anode. A negative high-voltage pulse supplied to the trigger electrode ignites the main discharge. We report the temporal evolution of the trigger discharge observed with a fast camera. This trigger method gives an excellent current distribution among the discharge channels, as can be proven by fast photography. The switch has a delay of 220 ns and a jitter of 15 ns     

激光触发伪火花开关的研究

通过等离子体建模仿真及物理实验结合的方式验证了激光触发伪火花开关的可行性。分别使用波长266 nm和532 nm的激光,对激光触发伪火花开关的最低激光触发能量、阳极着火延迟时间和时间跳动三项参数进行测试。在非聚焦模式下,仅调整激光能量,测得开关在波长266 nm激光触发下,最低触发能量为15 mJ,该触发能量下,阳极着火延迟时间约为340 ns,时间跳动约为40 ns;在波长532 nm激光触发下,最低触发能量为83 mJ,该触发能量下,阳极着火延迟时间约为420 ns,时间跳动约为60 ns。在维持实验平台不变的情况下,仅对入射激光进行聚焦,测得波长266 nm激光触发下,最低触发能量为4 mJ,当触发能量8 mJ时,阳极着火延迟时间190 ns,开关时间跳动小于1 ns;波长532 nm激光触发下,最低触发能量为6 mJ,当激光触发能量为8 mJ时,阳极着火延迟时间240 ns,开关时间跳动小于1 ns。     

固体有机薄膜开关短时延低抖动触发特性

 实验研究了快脉冲触发固体有机薄膜开关的欠压比、触发脉冲幅值、极性效应和间隙距离对触发特性的影响。固体有机薄膜开关具有较快的脉冲前沿，但其触发性能因条件不同而差异很大。对于自击穿电压为10kV的18μm薄膜，在工作电压9kV，触发脉冲上升沿为1ns,脉冲40ns,幅值9kV条件下，测得开关时延为1.1ns， 时延抖动为0.2ns。     

Requirements for simultaneous ignition of all channels in ahigh-current radial multichannel pseudospark switch

In order to reduce erosion of electrodes and consequently achieve a long lifetime for high-power switches, a low-pressure switch, namely the pseudospark switch (PSS), is investigated as an alternative to the conventional high-power switches. The erosion can be reduced further along with an enhancement of the current and the rate of current rise, if more channels are introduced for the passage of current. An intense electron beam is known to be emitted by the hollow cathode during the starting phase in a pseudospark discharge. It has been reported that in a multichannel setup each installed channel can ignite only if it gets ionized by its respective beam. The results presented in this paper show how this multichannel operation can be accomplished. These results are based on a statistical study of a radial multichannel pseudospark switch and an observation of the discharge course by means of high-speed photography and show that a glow discharge trigger, with a high glow current (⩾1.2 mA) and slowly rising trigger pulses (⩾150 ns), allows a simultaneous ignition of up to 12 channels     

赝火花开关辉光放电腔的粒子模拟与实验研究

 给出了赝火花开关所需辉光放电腔的具体要求,对赝火开关辉光放电腔进行了优化设计,并对优化后的放电腔进行了粒子模拟和实验研究。粒子模拟结果表明：此放电腔为辉光放电腔,辉光放电建立时间约18.5 ns;辉光放电时,此放电腔阴极位降占整个电位降的主要部分,且阴极位降区净离子密度为一常数。实验结果显示：此放电腔为辉光放电腔,其工作在Paschen曲线最低点左侧,放电电压随气压的升高而降低;当辉光放电电流为0.14～3.60 mA时,放电模式为正常辉光放电。     

100 kV重复频率高压脉冲电源

为研究气体间隙的放电特性,设计了输出幅度在30～100 kV、重复频率1～5 kHz可调的高压脉冲电源。利用谐振充电的原理,将10 kV的初级电源的能量转移到中储电容,中储电容的电压升高到至少18 kV。在光触发信号的作用下,氢闸流管导通,中储电容上的能量通过脉冲变压器放电,在脉冲变压器的副边得到最大幅度为100 kV的负脉冲,其脉宽大于200 ns,前沿时间小于90 ns。整个装置在不加散热系统的情况下,可连续工作1 min以上。     

The characteristics of pulsed hollow cathode discharges used forpseudospark switch triggering

The complex interaction between the trigger discharge and the main switch discharge in high-power gas discharge switches influences both the switching characteristics, and the switch and trigger lifetime. Any attempts to improve either of these parameters has to take into account the pressure and geometry dependence of a particular trigger geometry. Yet, although not very intensely investigated in detail for this particular purpose, pulsed hollow cathode discharges are commonly used for low-pressure gas discharge triggering as in pseudospark switches. Measurements of the electron current flowing to the cathode backplane of a pseudospark switch from the pulsed hollow cathode trigger discharge show that maximum current densities are peaked around the symmetry axis of the trigger electrode, an effect which is more pronounced at low pressures. Delayed (and slowed-down) increase of the current density at larger radii leads to increasing delay and jitter, provided the trigger coupling holes in the cathode backplane are located off-axis. The electron current density increases with decreasing diameter of the trigger electrode, and with increasing pressure of the working gas. In addition, it is shown that a preionization (keep-alive) current in the trigger electrode region shows a distinct influence on the trigger current distribution, proving that there exists an optimum keep-alive current depending on the geometry and gas pressure