Highlights from the COMPASS experiment

The Compass experiment at CERN is studying the nucleon spin structure with a 160 GeV polarized muon beam and polarized targets as well as hadron structure with 190 GeV pion,kaon and proton beams.The paper gives an overview of the results for the helicity and transverse spin structure of the nucleon.A first result from the spectroscopy experiments,the observation of a resonance with exotic J P C = 1-＋ quantum numbers at 1660 MeV is also presented.The paper ends with an outlook to future measurements.     

Single source emission of proton projectile fragments in nucleus-emulsion interactions

The projected angular distribution and transverse momentum distribution of proton projectile fragments produced in 3.7A GeV 16O,500A MeV 56Fe,and 1.7A GeV 84Kr induced by different kinds of emulsion target(H,CNO,and AgBr) interactions are investigated.It is found that the projected angular distribution and transverse momentum distribution can be well represented by a single Gaussian distribution.Comparison of transverse momentum distribution with the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution reveals that proton projectile fragments are emitted from a single-temperature emission source.The temperature is different for different colliding systems,and linearly depends on the target size.     

Measurement of anomalous nuclear reaction in deuterium-loaded metal

This paper reports on an experiment for testing natural nuclear fusion at low temperature searching for evidence of the origin of ³He from natural nuclear fusion in deep Earth. The experiment was carried out using deuterium-loaded titanium foil samples and powder sample. Detection of charged particle was carried out using a low-level charged particle spectrometer. An Al foil was used as an energy absorber for identification of charged particle. Although the counting rate is very low in the experiment, the emission of energetic particle from the sample is observed and the particle is identified as a proton having energy about 2.8 MeV after exiting the titanium sample. This work provides a positive result for the emission of charged particle in the deuterium-loaded titanium foil samples at low temperature, but a negative result for the deuterium-loaded titanium powder sample. The average reaction yield is deduced to be (0.46±0.08) protons/h for the foil samples. With the suggestion that the proton originates from d--d reaction, we calculate the reaction rate for d--d reaction, and the obtained result is 1.4× 10^-24 fusion/d--d\cdot sec. The negative result of the deuterium-loaded titanium powder sample suggests that the reaction yield might be correlated with the density or microscopic variables of deuterium-loaded titanium materials. The negative result also indicates that d--d reaction catalysed by μ-meson from cosmic ray can be excluded in the samples in this experiment.     

Electromagnetic dissociation of 3.7 A GeV^16O in nuclear emulsion

The electromagnetic dissociation (ED) of 3.7 A GeV {}^{16}O in nuclear emulsion is investigated with high statistics. It is found that the electromagnetically dissociated cross section increases with increasing beam energy, the charge distribution of projectile fragments is the same as the results at 60 and 200 A GeV, and the production probability of projectile fragments with charge 3≤Z≤5 is less than that of the other projectile fragments. These results can be well explained by use of Weizsacker and Williams method for calculating the ED contributions. The percentile abundance of various decay modes for ED at 3.7 A GeV is close to the result at 60 and 200 A GeV, but it is different from the result at 14.6 A GeV. The ED of 3.7 A GeV is mainly caused by the giant dipole and quadrupole resonance of E1 and E2, which can be qualitatively explained by the multiplicity distribution of projectile proton in ED. The multiplicity distribution of the α fragments in ED and nuclear events have different functional forms. This difference may be a consequence of the different reaction mechanism involved.     

Shell Correction and Pairing Energies in the Dinuclear System Model

We investigate the dependences of the potential energy surfaces （PES） and the fusion probabilities for some cold fusion reactions leading to super-heavy elements on the nuclear shell effect and pairing energy. It is found that the shell effect plays an important role in the fusion of the super-heavy element while pairing energy＇s contribution is insignificant. The fusion probabilities and evaporation residue cross sections as functions of the Ge-isotope projectile bombarding ^208Pb are also investigated. It is found that evaporation residue cross sections do not always increase with the increasing neutron number of Ge-isotope.     

Δ—scaling and Information Entropy in Ultra—Relativistic Nucleus—Nucleus Collisions

The Δ-scaling method has been applied to ultra-relativistic p p,C C and Pb Pb collision data simulated using a high-energy Monte Carlo package,LUCIAE 3.0.The Δ-scaling is found to be valid for some physical variables,such as charged particle multiplicity,strange particle multiplicity and number of binary nucleon-nucleon-nucleon collisions from these simulated nucleus-nucleus collisions over an extended energy ranging from E1ab=20 to 200A GeV.In addition we derive the information entropy from the multiplicity distribution as a function of beam energy for these collisions.     

ATPF—a dedicated proton therapy facility

A proton therapy facility based on a linac injector and a slow-cycling synchrotron is proposed. To obtain good treatments for different cancer types, both the spot scanning method and the double-scattering method are adopted in the facility, whereas the nozzles include both gantry and fixed beam types. The proton accelerator chain includes a synchrotron of 250 MeV in maximum energy, an injector of 7 MeV consisting of an RFQ and a DTL linac, with a repetition rate of 0.5 Hz. The slow extraction using the third-order resonance and together with the RFKO method is considered to be a good method to obtain a stable and more-or-less homogenous beam spill. To benefit the spot scanning 200 between 60 MeV and 230 MeV. A new method method, the extraction energy can be as many as about - the emittance balancing technique of using a solenoid or a quadrupole rotator is proposed to solve the problem of unequal emittance in the two transverse planes with a beam slowly extracted from a synchrotron. The facility has been designed to keep the potential to be upgraded to include the carbon therapy in the future.     

Kr L X-ray and Au M X-ray emission for 1.5 MeV–3.9 MeV Kr~(13+) ions impacting on an Au target

Kr L X-ray and Au M X-ray emission for Kr13＋ ions with energies of 1.5 MeV and 3.9 MeV impacting on an Au target are investigated at heavy ion research facility in Lanzhou （HIRFL）. The L-shell X-ray yield per ion of Kr is measured as a function of incident energy. In addition, Kr L X-ray production cross section is extracted from the yield and compared with the result obtained from the classical binary-encounter approximation （BEA） model. Furthermore, the intensity ratio of the Au M/33 to Ma1 X-ray is investigated as a function of incident energy.     

Reaction Rate Weighted Multilayer Nuclear Reaction Network

Nuclear reaction rate A is a significant factor in processes of nucleosyntheses.A multi-layer directed-weighted nuclear reaction network,in which the reaction rate is taken as the weight,and neutron,proton,~4 He and the remainder nuclei as the criteria for different reaction layers,is for the first time built based on all thermonuclear reactions in the JINA REACLIB database.Our results show that with the increase in the stellar temperature T_9,the distribution of nuclear reaction rates on the R-layer network demonstrates a transition from unimodal to bimodal distributions.Nuclei on the R-layer in the region of A=[1,2.5×10~1] have a more complicated out-going degree distribution than that in the region of A=[10~(11),10~(13)],and the number of involved nuclei at T_9=1 is very different from the one at T_9=3.The redundant nuclei in the region of A=[1,2.5×10~1] at T_9=3 prefer(γ,p) and(γ,α) reactions to the ones at T_9=1,which produce nuclei around the β stable line.This work offers a novel way to the big-data analysis on the nuclear reaction network at stellar temperatures.     

CDCC Approaches and Roles of Closed Channels in d-Nucleus Reactions

The effect of deuteron breakup in d-nucleus reaction is treated with the continuum discretized coupled channels （CDCC） approach, and the effects on the total reaction cross sections and elastic scattering angular distributions are studied by comparing the calculations of CDCC and spherical optical model with our global deuteron optical potential [Phys. Rev. C 73 （2006） 054605] below 200 MeV, for target nuclei ranging from ^12C to ^208Pb. The contributions from the closed channels to the total reaction and breakup cross sections, and angular distributions of elastic scattering are also seriously discussed.     

Excited States in ^18Ne Studied via ^17F＋p

The elastic resonance scattering of ^17F＋p is studied in inverse kinematics via a thick-target method. The excitation function for ^17F＋p elastic scattering is obtained within the energy interval of Ec.m ≈ 0.4-1.7 MeV. The experimental excitation function is analyzed with a multilevel R-matrix code MULTI7, and the proton widths are deduced. The α decay from 6.15 MeV 1- state in 18Ne is observed, which is critical to the 14O（α, p）17F reaction as the main breakout route from CNO cycle to rp-process in supernovae and x-ray bursts.     

Fragmentation of stable and neutron-rich 12-16C into boron fragments at approximately 240 MeV/nucleon

The elemental fragmentation cross sections of boron fragments produced by stable and neutron-rich^12-16C beams with a carbon target were systematically measured at an incident beam energy of approximately 240 MeV/nucleon.The measured cross sections were found to increase as the projectile mass number increases.The observed feature is explained qualitatively based on the abrasion-ablation two-stage reaction model and is compared quantitatively with predictions from various reaction models,including empirical and statistical models.All models agree with the measured cross sections within a factor of 2.     

Beta Decay of Neutron—Rich Nucleus ^208Hg

The β- decaying γ scheme of the neutron-rich nuclide 208Hg has been determined for the first time.The 208 Hg was produced in multi-nucleon transfer reaction taking place in the bombardment of 18O-beam on natural lead target,and the Hg-element products were sepaated with a gas-thermochromatography technique.The γ-ray single and γ-γ coincident spectra were measured.A partial 208 Hg γ scheme was proposed.Twenty-six γ rays were assigned to follow the β- decay of 208Hg.At the same time,a new level structure of the daughter nucleus 208 T1 was constructed,in which three new levels at 1.725MeV.1.652MeV,and 1.362MeV were affirmed.The experimental 208Tl level structure was compared with a shell-model calculation.     

Microscopic study of 7Li-nucleus potential

A microscopic approach is employed to study the optical potential for the 7Li-nucleus interaction system without any free parameters.It is obtained by folding the microscopic optical potentials of the constituent nucleons of 7Li over their density distributions.We employ an isospin-dependent nucleon microscopic optical potential,which is based on the Skyrme nucleon-nucleon effective interaction and derived using the Green's function method,as the nucleon optical potential.The harmonic oscillator shell model is used to describe the internal wave function of 7Li and obtain the nucleon density distribution.The 7Li microscopic optical potential is used to predict the reaction cross-sections and elastic scattering angular distributions for the target range from 27Al to 208Pb and energy range below 450 MeV.Generally,the results can reproduce the measured data reasonably well.In addition,the microscopic optical potential is comparable to a global phenomenological optical potential by fitting the presently existing measured data.     

ATPF–a dedicated proton therapy facility

A proton therapy facility based on a linac injector and a slow-cycling synchrotron is proposed. To obtain good treatments for different cancer types, both the spot scanning method and the double-scattering method are adopted in the facility, whereas the nozzles include both gantry and fixed beam types. The proton accelerator chain includes a synchrotron of 250 MeV in maximum energy, an injector of 7 MeV consisting of an RFQ and a DTL linac, with a repetition rate of 0.5 Hz. The slow extraction using the third-order resonance and together with the RFKO method is considered to be a good method to obtain a stable and more-or-less homogenous beam spill. To benefit the spot scanning method, the extraction energy can be as many as about 200 between 60 MeV and 230 MeV. A new method – the emittance balancing technique of using a solenoid or a quadrupole rotator is proposed to solve the problem of unequal emittance in the two transverse planes with a beam slowly extracted from a synchrotron. The facility has been designed to keep the potential to be upgraded to include the carbon therapy in the future.     

Photon discrimination simulation with the PCA method

The shower shape of n,n,p,p,K+,π+ and photons,generated by JPCIAE code for 5.5 TeV/A 208Pb+208Pb collisions,incident on the ALICE photon spectrometer(PHOS),is analyzed with the principal component analysis(PCA) method.The efficiency dependence of purity for the photon discrimination is simulated for the deposited energy ranges 0.5-2 GeV,2-10 GeV,10-50 GeV and 50-100 GeV.The result shows that in the energy range of 0.5 to 100 GeV,the efficiency of the photon identification can reach 90% with purity of 90%.     

DD proton spectrum for diagnosing the areal density of imploded capsules on Shenguang Ⅲ prototype laser facility

The primary DD proton spectrum is used for diagnosing the fuel-shell areal density ρR of imploded capsules on Shenguang III(SG-III) prototype laser facility for the first time. A charged particle spectrometer(CPS) with a CR39nuclear track detector is used to measure the DD proton spectrum. The proton spectrum is determined from both the proton track and its size. A typical proton energy peak shift from 3.02 MeV to 2.6 MeV is observed in our experiment, which yields a maximum ρR larger than 6 mg/cm2.     

DD proton spectrum for diagnosing the areal density of imploded capsules on Shenguang III prototype laser facility

The primary DD proton spectrum is used for diagnosing the fuel-shell areal density pR of imploded capsules on Shenguang Ⅲ （SG-Ⅲ） prototype laser facility for the first time. A charged particle spectrometer （CPS） with a CR39 nuclear track detector is used to measure the DD proton spectrum. The proton spectrum is determined from both the proton track and its size. A typical proton energy peak shift from 3.02 MeV to 2.6 MeV is observed in our experiment, which yields a maximum pR larger than 6 mg/cm2.     

Intermittency in 3.7 A GeV ^16O-emulsion interactions

The intermittency effect has been studied for an interaction of 3.7 A GeV ^16O with emulsion using the distributions of both the pseudorapidity intervals and the azimuthal angle intervals of the shower particles emitted in a central rapidity region. The scaled factorial moments, reduced scaled factorial moments and multifractal moments as functions of the bin size in pseudorapidity and in azimuthal angle have been calculated and have revealed the presence of an intermittent behaviour which may be due to the random cascading property of the reaction. The anomalous fractal dimension has been found to increase with the increase of rank of the moment.     

Properties of the β-Delayed Proton Decay of 147Er

The β-delayed proton decay of 147Er is studied experimentally using the 58 Ni＋92Mo reaction at a beam energy of 383 MeV. Based on a He-jet apparatus coupled with a tape transport system, the β-delayed proton radioactivities both from the vδl/2 ground state and the vh11/2 isomer in 147 Er are identified by proton-7 coincidence measurements. By analyzing the time distribution of the 4＋ → 2＋-γ transition in the grand-daughter nucleus 146Dy, a half-life of 1.6 ± 0.2s is determined for the Vh11/2 isomer in 147 Er. The half-life for the ground state of 147Er is estimated to be 3.2±1.2 s.