开式并联微通道中流动沸腾换热的实验研究

针对常规闭式并联微通道内流动沸腾换热存在气泡生长受限产生的堵塞效应以及不同通道内气泡核化生长不同步导致的并联通道传热不稳定性等问题,设计了一种顶部联通型开式并联微通道蒸发器。采用无水乙醇为工质,在入口过冷度为15℃、质量流速为175 kg·m~(-2)·s~(-1)及热流密度270～761 kW·m~(-2)条件下,开展了该新型微通道冷却器中流动沸腾换热的实验研究,发现了传热系数随干度的增加呈现三类典型趋势,即传热系数单调上升、传热系数先上升后下降再上升、传热系数先上升再保持基本不变;结合高速可视化流型研究,发现了与流型密切关联的三类传热机理,即:1)以气泡核化为主的核态沸腾换热;2)上游核态沸腾为主,下游两相强制对流换热主导;3)偏离核态沸腾后的膜态沸腾换热。分析表明,沸腾数Bo是主导三类传热模式的主要无量纲数。     

多蒸发器热虹吸回路热管启动与不稳定性研究

多蒸发器热虹吸回路热管能够将自然冷能利用和低损耗冷量输配集成一体,在数据中心节能冷却领域具有独特的应用前景。本文建立了具有三蒸发器且流动可视化的热虹吸回路热管实验台,对其启动特性和运行不稳定性开展了研究,为其实际应用提供基础理论支撑。结果表明,启动过程中,在高充液率情况下沸腾倾向于率先发生在蒸发器顶部,达到稳态后,蒸发器顶部的温度更低,这是由于在蒸发器顶部气泡更大,沸腾更为剧烈。而在较小充液率下,蒸发器顶部和底部几乎同时发生沸腾,达到稳态后,顶部温度更高,这是由于充液率较小时液池在顶部发生蒸干;距离冷凝器较远的蒸发器由于连接管的流动阻力更大,启动峰值温度和稳态温度更高;对于某一蒸发器而言,加热与它并联的蒸发器后,与仅有单一蒸发器输入热量相比,温度波动的幅度有所增大而波动频率有所减小。     

双蒸发器连接形式对双源复合热泵系统制热性能影响研究

传统热泵采用单一热源(空气源或水源),虽然也有利用多热源(蒸发器)的复合热泵,但往往采取蒸发器切换的工作模式,这种工作模式难以同时利用多热源能量来达到制热目的。双蒸发器耦合的复合热泵系统通过太阳能水源蒸发器与空气源蒸发器协同工作来提高其制热性能,但不同的蒸发器连接形式(串联与并联)必然导致复合热泵系统的制热性能发生变化。本文利用热力学方法对双蒸发器采用不同连接形式的复合热泵系统的热力学性能进行了比较分析。研究结果表明:无论双蒸发器并联还是串联连接的复合热泵系统均较单一热源(空气源)的热泵的制热性能均显著提高;双蒸发器并联连接的复合热泵系统的能耗较双蒸发器串联连接的复合热泵系统的能耗明显下降,双蒸发器并联连接的复合热泵系统需要增加一台压缩机,但其节能性显著,也更具经济性优势。     

制冷剂CO_2两相流动及沸腾传热特点分析

为了能够设计出高效的 CO2 蒸发器,有必要对 CO2 两相流动和沸腾传热特点进行研究.通过理论模拟计算发现,CO2 出现液滴夹带时的临界气相速度远小于传统制冷工质,CO2 的液体夹带率比传统制冷剂高,这说明了环状流是CO2 两相流动的主要型式.CO2 的核态沸腾抑制干度值比较大,大约为传统制冷剂的 1.5 倍左右,表明 CO2 的流动沸腾传热机理主要是核态沸腾占主导地位.CO2 出现干涸时的干度比较低,说明发生干涸现象比传统制冷剂较早.     

再循环重力供液蒸发器管内换热性能预测

为了找出适用于再循环重力供液蒸发器管内强制对流沸腾换热系数的关系式,通过对以R404A为制冷剂的重力供液实验台的研究,编程计算出J.Chawla关系式及Shah关联式对重力供液沸腾换热系数进行预测值。与实验结果比较可知:J.Chawla关系式在较低温度下较接近于实验值,Shah关联式在较高的温度下可以对实验值进行预测,两种关系式相结合的方法就可以较好对重力供液蒸发器管内沸腾换热进行预测。     

蒸汽加热竖直矩形窄通道流动沸腾换热的研究

为研究板式换热器内(蒸发-冷凝器)两相换热机理及流型特征,建立单侧蒸汽加热竖直矩形窄通道可视化实验系统,并进行实验研究。结果表明:在窄通道换热中,以核态沸腾换热机理更为活跃,流动沸腾受到抑制,表面换热系数最大值出现在核态沸腾区域;随着入口温度越高,表面换热系数最大点往左迁移,随着质量流量的增大,过冷段增加,沸腾起始点升高,表面换热系数最大点往右移;矩形窄通道主要出现泡状流、合并汽泡流、搅拌流和环状流四种流型;将实验数据与现有流型图进行对比,发现流型转变与质量流量、通道尺寸及加热方式有关。该研究为更好的设计板式换热器提供了理论依据。     

CO_2系统微通道蒸发器的研究

研究了将微通道换热器应用于CO_2循环中作为蒸发器的性能和其对CO_2系统性能的影响。实验结果表明,在系统中微通道换热器运行平稳,其在CO_2系统中作为蒸发器换热量可达3.75 kW,热量体积比为6.35×10~4 kW/m~3,微通道换热器制冷剂侧的换热系数最高可以达到8.5 kW/(m~2·K),微通道蒸发器换热效能达到90%以上,同时蒸发器制冷剂侧的压降在40 kPa以内,相对于CO_2跨临界循环的高运行压力,压力损失很小。     

水平管内环状流动核态沸腾换热模型

本文在已有的池和外掠平板核态沸腾机理研究的基础上,提出了系统的水平管内饱和流 动核态沸腾理论,建立了水平管内环状流下流动核态沸腾换热的组合模型,并对该模型进行了简化 和数值求解。最后,将计算结果与ＨＦＣ－１３４ａ实验数据进行了比较;结果表明二者一致性较好。     

以R600A为工质的分离式热管的实验研究

对分离式热管的整体热量传递特性进行了实验研究。以蛇形翅片管作为冷凝段和蒸发段进行热管实验,探讨了蒸发器进风面风温及分离式热管蒸发器与冷凝器之间高度差、工质充注量对分离式热管的影响。实验表明,随着蒸发器进风温度的升高,蒸发器与冷凝器换热系数都是呈现先增大后减小的趋势。在冷凝端进风温度恒定为16.55℃、蒸发端进风温度低于60℃时,以R600A为工质的分离式热管的传热量曲线近似于二次曲线,蒸发端进风温度高于60℃时,其传热量曲线近似于一条直线。加大充液率及增加蒸发器与冷凝器的高度差,分离式热管的传热能力均会得到提高。     

突出气相压头环路热管的启动及温度波动研究

针对突出气相压头的环路热管展开了启动形式和温度波动的实验研究。该热管将吸液芯与蒸发器隔开并在蒸发器底部形成一个蒸发腔,使工质液滴在蒸发腔内蒸发,进而可获得相对较大的气相压头。实验发现该环路热管因功率负载或灌充率不同而存在三种启动形式:平稳启动、过冲启动和滴落蒸发启动。当加热功率较小时,为平稳启动,此时温度波动比较明显(主要发生在冷凝器出口和蒸发器进口处);当加热功率较大时(220 W),转变为过冲启动,该工况所需的启动时间变长、运行温度变高,但并无明显的温度波动现象;相同的加热功率如果减小系统的灌充率,系统会出现滴落蒸发的启动形式。加热功率从50 W增大至220 W时,温度波动的振幅和周期呈现变小的趋势。     

竖直微槽道内沸腾换热CHF实验研究

对于沸腾换热,一个主要的约束条件就是临界热流密度(Critical Heat Flux,简称CHF)。这个约束条件对沸腾换热量有一个最高值的限制。文中对矩形微槽道中的流动沸腾临界热流密度进行了实验研究。实验数据是在不同尺寸(0.15mm;0.4mm;1mm)微槽道中,在较大范围的面积质量流速和不同进口过冷度下,以去离子水为工质得到的。实验过程中发现,达到CHF时,靠近出口壁面温度会突然升高,此时传热效率迅速下降。实验数据分析结果表明:CHF随质量流量的增加而增加;进口过冷度对CHF没有明显影响;CHF随着出口干度的增加而降低。     

Flow boiling heat transfer of alumina nanofluids in single microchannels and the roles of nanoparticles

This study investigates flow boiling heat transfer of aqueous alumina nanofluids in single microchannels with particular focuses on the critical heat flux (CHF) and the potential dual roles played by nanoparticles, i.e., (i) modification of the heating surface through particle deposition and (ii) modification of bubble dynamics through particles suspended in the liquid phase. Low concentrations of nanofluids (0.001–0.1 vol.%) are formulated by the two-step method and the average alumina particle size is ~25 nm. Two sets of experiments are performed: (a) flow boiling of formed nanofluids in single microchannels where the effect of heating surface modification by nanoparticle deposition is apparent and (b) bubble formation in a quiescent pool of alumina nanofluids under adiabatic conditions where the role of suspended nanoparticles in the liquid phase is revealed. The flow boiling experiments reveal a modest increase in CHF by nanofluids, being higher at higher nanoparticle concentrations and higher inlet subcoolings. The bubble formation experiments show that suspended nanoparticles in the liquid phase alone can significantly affect bubble dynamics. Further discussion reveals that both roles are likely co-existent in a typical boiling system. Properly surface-promoted nanoparticles could minimize particle deposition hence little modification of the heating surface, but could still contribute to the modification in heat transfer through the second mechanism, which is potentially promising for microchannel applications.     

环形管环状流临界热负荷解析模型

根据环形管内流动与传热的特点,重新定义了环形管的水力直径和热周直径,基于圆管环状流CHF解析模型,得到了环形管内环状流临界热负荷解析模型。该模型可以预测环形管内沸腾两相流环状流时在不同加热方式下发生的临界热负荷,加热方式包括有内侧加热、外侧加热、两侧同时加热等。数值预测结果与文献数据比较表明本文的解析模型在P=0.57-15.01.MPa,G=198-3789.5 kgm-2s-1,xc=0.068-0.855,L/Dhe=19.3-539.5范围内预测良好。     

Thermal Performance of a Capillary Pumped Loop for Automotive Cooling

The design and test results for a capillary pumped loop (CPL) for thermal management of up to 210 W at the source and heat transfer over a distance of 1 m are discussed. The design configuration of the CPL evaporator consists of an internally grooved aluminum evaporator, 31.70-mm outer diameter and 500-mm long, fitted with a porous ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene wick, 8- to 15-μm pore radius, and 38% porous volume. Heat was transferred using a stainless steel tube of 4.5-mm internal diameter for vapor and liquid lines. High-grade acetone (99.99% pure) was used as the heat transfer fluid inside the loop. In the tests, thermal characteristics of the CPL were specifically studied with respect to the temperature control capability using an active thermal device on the reservoir and to the start-up process through pressure priming of the capillary evaporator. The loop was able to start-up successfully at both low and high heat loads, although proper priming of the wick structure before start-up was necessary to attain low evaporator temperatures during steady-state operation. While maintaining constant reservoir temperature through active means, the loop was able to control evaporator temperature within 55 ± 3°C, even with changing input heat from 30 to 210 W. Total thermal resistance from the evaporator surface to the surroundings was 0.19° to 1.15° C/W with the minimum value achieved at the maximum heat load of 210 W. This study is intended to illustrate the thermal potential of the CPL as an effective temperature control device in automotive applications.     

Disintegration of flows of superheated liquid films and jets

This paper represents results on investigating the dynamics of boiling and disintegration of superheated liquid films and jets. The first part deals with experimental study of boiling liquid outflow through short cylindrical and slit channels. Evolution of disintegration of a hot water jet flow is observed both at low and moderate superheating and at high and limit superheating, and also for vaporization mechanisms corresponding to these superheatings. Peculiarities of disintegration of jets through slit and cylindrical channels are noticed. Results on measuring the reactive thrust of the jet through a slit channel under different geometrical conditions behind the channel outlet are represented. The 1/f fluctuations in transient regimes of superheated liquid boiling and in transient regimes of behavior of the jet shape are found. The second part of this article represents results on experimental investigation of nonsteady heat transfer and dynamics of the development of crisis phenomena at boiling of a falling subcooled liquid film in the conditions of stepwise heat release. The experimental data were obtained using synchronized high-speed infrared thermography and video. It is shown that with growth and condensation of vapor bubbles, on the liquid film interface appear large-amplitude waves that lead to considerably increasing local intensity of heat transfer. New data on the boiling incipience temperature in a subcooled liquid film, depending on the heat flux density, are obtained. It is found that the development of boiling crisis is a result of appearance of local dry patches and their subsequent growth by the mechanism of longitudinal thermal conductivity in the heat transfer wall as the equilibrium heat flux density is exceeded.     

煤油和空气的混合流体水平管内沸腾换热实验研究

以煤油为介质,在高不凝气体含量下对水平管内的沸腾换热进行了实验研究,得到了在不同的不凝气体含量范围内,沸腾换热系数随不凝气体含量增加而降低的规律．实验结果表明了不凝气体的加入使得煤油的分压降低,泡点温度降低,在较低的混合流体温度下就产生了沸腾,但不凝气体对核态沸腾换热存在抑制现象．采用渐进逼近模型给出了含不凝气体的煤油管内沸腾换热的实验关联式。     

微槽结构和工质对槽内流动沸腾的影响

本文报道实验测试甲醇等低沸点工质在微槽内流动沸腾特性的结果，并对所呈现的起始沸腾区有明显壁温回落等现象作出分析，从而在一定程度上揭示出微型槽道和工质本身特性对流动沸腾特性的影响。     

Experimental Investigation of Subcooled Vertical Upward Flow Boiling in a Narrow Rectangular Channel

Accurate models for the onset of nucleate boiling, density of active nucleation sites (N_a), bubble departure size (D_d), and departure frequency (f_d) are essential to the success of computational fluid dynamics analysis of two-phase thermal-hydraulics involving subcooled flow boiling in nuclear reactor systems. This work presents an experimental study of subcooled flow boiling in a vertical upward narrow rectangular channel that mimics the flow passage in the plate fuel assembly of boiling water reactors. The experiments are conducted over a range of mass flux (G = 122–657 kg/m²s), inlet subcooling (ΔT_sub = 4.7–33.3?C), and heat flux (q″ = 1.7–28.9 W/cm²). Based on the experimental data, empirical correlations are developed for the prediction of onset of nucleate boiling, N_a, D_d, and f_d for given flow conditions. These correlations are valid in the nucleate boiling regime when the wall superheat is less than 12°C and can be incorporated in the computational fluid dynamics codes to enable more precise simulation of subcooled flow boiling heat transfer and two-phase flow in nuclear energy applications.     

微型电阻加热推进器内的传热问题

分析了微型电阻加热推进器中沸腾的特征以及过热极限温度,分别采用经典的抛物型热传导方程和非傅立叶导热的双曲型模型(C-V模型)、双元相滞后模型(DPL模型)来描述导热过程,采用有限差分法对微型电阻加热推进器中导热过程的初始阶段进行了数值求解.发现非傅立叶模型较傅立叶模型有-定的时间延迟,DPL模型与C-V模型的延迟差别不太大;在加热过程中,加热电阻及其临近的水很快会升至300℃,而大部分水的温度升得较慢.     

矩形微槽道纳米流体沸腾传热压降特性研究

为研究纳米流体微尺度沸腾传热流阻及压降特性,文中以体积浓度为0.2%的水基Al2O3纳米流体为试验工质,在尺寸为0.6mm×2mm矩形微槽道中进行沸腾传热实验,建立实验模型,分析纳米流体沸腾传热两相摩擦乘子的影响因素及进出口压降组成,并将本实验的两相摩擦压降值与现有理论模型及参数修正后理论模型预测值进行比较。结果显示,在本实验给定的条件下,实验段两相流压降中88.6%为两相摩擦压降。与L-M模型相比,M-H修正模型和Z-M修正模型都能较好地预测实验结果。其中经M-H修正模型能更好地预测本实验的实验值,使得平均误差减小为21.2%,大大降低了原L-M模型的误差。