激光多普勒测量中信号的误差分析

激光多普勒测量技术在流体以及固体表面测量中得到了广泛的运用。由于影响测量的误差源较多 ,因而在实际的测量过程中 ,激光多普勒测量的精度并不是非常的高。影响测量精度的误差主要是激光多普勒频率增宽 ,高斯光束的干涉以及安装误差。通过控制不同的系统参数 ,可以消除或减小相应的误差     

Influence of the Measurement Volume on the Phase Error in Phase Doppler Anemometry. Part 1: Reflective mode operation

In phase Doppler anemometry (PDA), phase difference errors are caused by the Gaussian intensity distribution of the laser beam and the curvature of the phase fronts outside of the beam waist. This results in erroneous particle sizes. Based on a physical analysis by geometrical optics [1], this phase difference error is evaluated for reflected mode operation (Part I) and for refracted mode operation (Part II). By varying the particle trajectories statistically, the error in determining the particle size and the mass flow can be simulated. By the method described the error in the measured phase difference can easily be estimated.     

Tight Focusing Properties of Radially Polarized Gaussian Beams with Pair of Vortices

The tight focusing properties of a radially polarized Gaussian beam with a nested pair of vortices having a radial wave front distribution are investigated theoretically by the vector diffraction theory.The results show that the optical intensity in the focal region can be altered considerably by changing the location of the vortices nested in a radially polarized Gaussian beam.It is noted that focal evolution from one annular focal pattern to a highly confined focal spot in the transverse direction is observed corresponding to the change in the location of the optical vortices in the input plane.It is also observed that the generated focal hole or spot lead to a focal shift along the optical axis remarkably under proper radial phase modulation.Hence the proposed system may be applied to construct tunable optical traps for both high and low refractive index particles.     

Experimental measurement of covariance matrix of two-mode entangled state

A two-mode entangled state was generated experimentally through mixing two squeezed lights from two optical parametric amplifiers on a 50/50 beam splitter.The entangled beams were measured by means of two pairs of balanced homodyne detection systems respectively.The relative phases between the local beams and the detected beams can be locked by using the optical phase modulation technique.The covariance matrix of the two-mode entangled state was obtained when the relative phase of the local beam and the detected beam in one homodyne detection system is locked and the other is scanned.This method provides a way by which one can extract the covariance matrix of any selected quadrature components of two-mode Gaussian state.     

Light Scattering by Homogeneous Axisymmetric Particles for PDA Calculations to Measure Both Axes of Spheroidal Particles

Mathematical tools are provided for the computation of the scattered field produced by a non-spherical particle moving through the measurement volume of a phase Doppler anemometer. The Doppler signal is modeled by using the rigorous extended boundary condition method and an approximate ray theory. The region of applicability of ray theory is discussed. In particular, a pure refraction model is considered for large particles. It is shown that under some circumstances the phase Doppler technique may be used for sizing of spheroidal particles.     

Shaping the beam profile of a partially coherent beam by a phase aperture

By use of a tensor method, an analytical formula for a partially coherent Gaussian Schell-model (GSM) beam truncated by a circular phase aperture propagating through a paraxial ABCD optical system is derived. The propagation properties of a GSM beam truncated by a circular phase aperture in free space are studied numerically. It is found that the circular phase aperture can be used to shape the beam profile of a GSM beam and generate partially coherent dark hollow or flat-topped beam, which is useful in many applications, e.g., optical trapping, free-space optical communication, and material thermal processing. The propagation factor of a GSM beam truncated by a circular phase aperture is also analyzed.     

非线性晶体产生的空心光束中大尺寸粒子囚禁与导引

提出了一种基于非线性ZnSe晶体产生的空心光束与光泳力的大尺寸粒子二维囚禁与一维导引、三维囚禁方案.理论上分析并计算了单个非线性ZnSe晶体产生的空心光束内粒子受到的横向与纵向光泳力,纵向光泳力的大小同粒子尺寸与光束尺寸比例的四次方成正比,与空心光束功率成正比,方向与光束传播方向一致.粒子尺寸与空心光束尺寸越接近时,横向光泳力的大小越大.结果表明该光泳力可以实现对大尺寸粒子的二维囚禁,同时可对粒子进行长距离(米量级)一维定向导引;理论上分析并计算了基于双非线性ZnSe晶体产生的局域空心光束内粒子所受横向与纵向光泳力情况,光泳力与系统参数的依赖关系与单个非线性晶体产生的空心光束中的粒子受力情况类似,不同的是该条件下纵向光泳力指向光束中心.结果表明该局域空心光束可以实现大尺寸粒子的三维有效囚禁.基于非线性ZnSe晶体产生的空心光束或者局域空心光束可以作为大尺寸粒子非接触式有效操控的工具,在现代光学以及生物医学中有潜在的应用.     

贝塞尔-高斯涡旋光束相干合成研究

基于相干合成技术,提出了对特定离散空间分布的高斯光束阵列加载离散涡旋相位生成二阶贝塞尔-高斯(Bessel-Gaussian,BG)涡旋光束的方案.利用干涉法、桶中功率和相关系数对合成BG涡旋光束的拓扑荷、光束质量进行了定量评价及参数优化.结果表明:基于相干合成技术能够产生特定的目标BG涡旋光束,阵列子光束紧密排布时合成BG光束的光束质量更高.该方法的提出对于其他涡旋光束的产生或者涡旋光束功率的提高具有一定的参考意义.     

Optimizing power oscillations in an ellipsometric system

Ellipsometry is a powerful and well-established optical technique used in the characterization of materials.It works by combining the components of elliptically polarized light in order to draw information about the optical system. We propose an ellipsometric experimental set-up to study polarization interference in the total internal reflection regime for Gaussian laser beams. The relative phase between orthogonal states can be measured as a power oscillation of the optical beam transmitted through a dielectric block, and the orthogonal components are then mixed by a polarizer. We show under which conditions the plane wave analysis is valid, and when the power oscillation can be optimized to reproduce a full pattern of oscillation and to simulate quarter- and half-wave plates.     

Arbitrary direction incident Gaussian beam scattering by multispheres

Based on spherical vector wave functions and their coordinate rotation theory,the field of a Gaussian beam in terms of the spherical vector wave functions in an arbitrary unparallel Cartesian coordinate system is expanded.The beam shape coefficient and its convergence property are discussed in detail.Scattering of an arbitrary direction Gaussian beam by multiple homogeneous isotropic spheres is investigated.The effects of beam waist width,sphere separation distance,sphere number,beam centre positioning,and incident angle for a Gaussian beam with two polarization modes incident on various shaped sphere clusters are numerically studied.Moreover,the scattering characteristics of two kinds of shaped red blood cells illuminated by an arbitrary direction incident Gaussian beam with two polarization modes are investigated.Our results are expected to provide useful insights into particle sizing and the measurement of the scattering characteristics of blood corpuscle particles with laser diagnostic techniques.     

Innovative Phase Doppler Systems and their Applications

Theoretical and practical limits on the applicability of PDA are established, using generalized theoretical formulations of various physical processes governing the operation of a phase Doppler system. Furthermore, several innovative solutions are introduced to prevent the commonly occuring problems of PDA, such as Gaussian profile effect, non-monotonic response and 2π-ambiguity. Generalized formulations have also enabled new applications, such as sizing of submicron particles, particle material recognition, measurements with non-standard geometries. Selected results of measurements in particulate flows, using innovative PDA systems, are also presented.     

Effect of binary phase plate on incident radially polarized hollow Gaussian beam

Effect of a pure binary phase filter on the three-dimensional light intensity distributions in focal region is theoretically investigated in this paper. The results show that the proposed binary phase filter may induce flat top profile with large depth of focus and reduced focal spot by properly adjusting the geometrical parameters of the binary phase filter of incident radially polarized hollow Gaussian beam (HGB) beam. On the other hand, the HGB beam benefits the most from the use of an annulus. Such kind of system is potentially useful for lithography, imaging, optical data storage, optical trapping, optical excitation of molecules, or coupling to optical fibers.     

Hollow Gaussian beam generated by beam shaping with phase-only liquid crystal spatial light modulator

Based on the refractive beam shaping system, the transformation of a quasi-Gaussian beam into a dark hollow Gaussian beam by a phase-only liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LC-SLM) is proposed. According to the energy conservation and constant optical path principle, the phase distribution of the aspheric lens and the phase-only LC-SLM can modulate the wave-front properly to generate the hollow beam. The numerical simulation results indicate that, the dark hollow intensity distribution of the output shaped beam can be maintained well for a certain propagation distance during which the dark region will not decrease whereas the ideal hollow Gaussian beam will do. By designing the phase modulation profile, which loaded into the LC-SLM carefully, the experimental results indicate that the dark hollow intensity distribution of the output shaped beam can be maintained well even at a distance much more than 550 mm from the LC-SLM, which agree with the numerical simulation results.     

Influence of the Measurement Volume on the Phase Error in Phase Doppler Anemometry. Part 2: Analysis by extension of geometrical optics to the laser beam; Refractive mode operation

The influence of the measurement volume can be investigated by using extended geometrical optics, which is based on geometrical optics by including the amplitude and phase distribution in the laser beam. The dynamics in phase Doppler anemometry can be analysed, in addition to effects of the particle size-dependent detection volume. Extended geometrical optics has been developed as a powerful tool to investigate these influences for each order of light scattering separately. Phase errors caused by Gaussian-beam intensity distribution and the curvature of the wave fronts beyond the beam waist can easily be calculated. According to Part 1 (Reflective Mode Operation), the influence of the particle trajectories on measured phase and mass concentration is simulated for refractive mode operation.     

Two-dimensional isotropic scattering in a finite thick cylindrical medium exposed to a laser beam

Graphical and tabular results are presented for the back-scattered intensity from a finite two-dimensional cylindrical medium exposed to a Gaussian beam of radiation. Also, results for the source function and flux at the boundaries are presented. The influence of optical thickness and albedo are most pronounced at large optical radii. The semi-infinite results can be used to approximate the finite case for small optical radii. Ranges for single, double, and multiple scattering are discussed. For locations far from the incident beam, the results can be expressed in terms of universal functions independent of beam size. A method is presented for extending the isotropic results to the anisotropic case where the phase function is made up of a spike superimposed on an otherwise isotropic phase function.     

基于改进Stoilov算法光学元件瑕疵检测

提出一种基于统计逼近的改进Stoilov算法,可以除去光学元件检测中展开相位时遇到的奇异点和超大误差,提高测量精度。通过重构瑕疵表面3维形貌,并对规则几何形状光学元件表面进行拟合,建立光学元件瑕疵检测理论模型,可以有效对光学元件表面瑕疵进行检测。把该算法和模型运用到光学平晶瑕疵检测中,测出光学平晶的微小划痕深度为40nm。     

Propagation of elegant Hermite cosine Gaussian laser beams

In this paper, a more generalized beam containing an elegant Hermite Gaussian beam and a cosine Gaussian beam, which is called elegant Hermite cosine Gaussian (EHcoG) beam, is introduced and studied. The propagation properties of the EHcoG laser beams through a first-order paraxial optical system are demonstrated analytically and numerically. The recurrence propagation equations of the EHcoG beams through a first-order paraxial optical system with and without aperture are derived, from which the analytical propagation expression for EHcoG beams of any order can be obtained by means of the recursive procedures. The validity of the analytical results is confirmed by the numerical results.     

Laser-induced defects in optical multilayer coatings by the spatial resolved method

The spatial resolved method, which measures the laser-induced damage fluence by identifying the location of the damage point in the Gaussian beam three-dimensional direction, is demonstrated. The advantages and practicality of this method have been explained. Taking a triple frequency beam splitter as an example, the defect damage fluence can be accurately calculated by the spatial resolved method. The different defect damage performance of the triple frequency splitter is distinguished under irradiations of only the 355 and 532 nm lasers. The spatial resolved method provides a way to obtain precise information of optical film defect information.     

掺Yb光纤激光器阵列谱合成系统的光束传输模型及光束特性分析

建立了由掺Yb光纤激光器阵列、变换透镜、闪耀光栅和输出耦合镜组成的光束谱合成系统的光束传输模型.在考虑光栅角色散、光栅刻槽倾角误差和光栅衍射效率情况下,利用光线追迹法、衍射积分方法、光束非相干叠加原理和强度二阶矩方法,推导出高斯光束非平行倾斜入射到闪耀光栅的相位变化公式以及谱合成光束的光强分布解析表达式.分析了高斯光束非平行倾斜入射到光栅后,光栅角色散、光栅衍射效率和光栅刻槽倾角误差对掺Yb光纤激光器谱合成系统输出光束特性的影响.研究结果表明,谱合成光束具有与单根光纤激光器几乎相同的光束质量;光栅角色散对合成光束特性的影响可忽略;随着光栅刻槽倾角误差的增大,谱合成光束的光束质量明显变差;当光栅刻槽倾角误差较大时,必须考虑光栅衍射效率对合成光束特性的影响. 关键词： 掺Yb光纤激光器 非平行倾斜入射 光束谱合成 光束质量     

四瓣高斯光束的Gyrator变换性质和矩形空心光束的产生

基于Gyrator变换,推导了四瓣高斯光束场分布的解析表达式,研究了四瓣高斯光束通过Gyrator变换后的光强分布和相位分布.结果表明:在Gyrator变换过程中,四瓣高斯光束能够转换为具有光涡旋的矩形空心光束,在获得矩形空心光束时其四顶角处光束强度最强,而四条边上的光束强度分布几乎是均匀的.对影响矩形空心光束强度和相位分布的光束参数和变换角进行了详细的分析,发现光束阶数不同,产生不同类型的空心光束;Gyrator变换的变换角则影响空心光束能量分布;空心光束亮环的大小由四瓣高斯光束的束腰宽度决定,束腰宽度越大,矩形空心光束的宽度越小.