可压缩涡流场中空泡运动规律及声辐射特性研究

基于可压缩流体力学基本理论, 通过边界积分方程, 采用不同表面压力模型, 求解空泡在计及可压缩性的涡流场中的运动规律; 通过表面离散及坐标变换, 采用Kirchhoff动边界积分方程, 将空泡表面视为运动变形边界, 作为直接噪声源, 获得涡流场中空泡运动产生的时域声压分布; 分析了涡流场参数对空泡运动规律及声辐射特性的影响. 研究结果表明: 计及流场可压缩性, 空泡的脉动幅度会随时间减弱, 辐射声压幅值随之减小; 空泡在涡流场中会发生延展、 颈缩、 撕裂, 并在撕裂后子空泡中形成射流; 当流场中的压力减小时, 空泡运动过程中的最大半径与撕裂前的最大长度逐渐增加, 且当流场中压力较小时, 空泡撕裂时形成的子空泡增多; 空泡辐射声压的指向性较弱, 撕裂会使辐射声压产生突变, 形成极大峰值; 随着涡通量的增大或空泡数的减小, 空泡脉动周期及其诱导的辐射声压波动周期随之延长, 辐射声压峰值逐渐滞后并减小. 本文结果旨在为涡流场中空泡运动规律及声辐射特性的相关研究提供参考. 关键词： 可压缩 涡流场 空泡 声辐射     

Numerical prediction of tip vortex cavitation behavior and noise considering nuclei size and distribution

The tip vortex cavitation behavior and sound generation were numerically analyzed. A numerical scheme combining Eulerian flow field computation and Lagrangian particle trace approach was applied to simulate tip vortex cavitation. Flow field was computed by using hybrid method which combines Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes solver with Dissipation Vortex Model. The trajectory and behavior of each cavitation bubble were computed by Newton’s second law and Rayleigh-Plesset equation, respectively. According to nuclei population data, the cavitation nuclei were distributed and convected into the tip vortex flow. Calculated volume of the cavitation bubble and the trajectory were used as the input of cavitation bubble noise analysis. The relationship of cavitation inception, sound pressure level, and cavitation nuclei size was studied at several cavitation numbers. It was found that cavitation inception of smaller nuclei is more sensitive to the change of cavitation number and cavitation noise due to the cavitated smallest nuclei has the most influence on overall tip vortex cavitation noise.     

Characteristic correlation between propellers cavitating wake and cavitation noise

The characteristic correlation between the propellers cavitating wake and their cavitation noise has been studied. Based on the viscous multiphase flow theory, the Navier–Stokes equations, a turbulence model and a cavitation model were applied to predict numerically the vapor volume fraction and the pressure in the wake. Compared with experimental results, the numerical predictions of the sheet cavitation and the tip vortex cavitation are in agreement with the corresponding experimental data, which indicates the numerical method in present paper is feasible. The characteristic of the low line spectra of the numerical pressure fluctuation signals and the measured noise signals for uniform inflow and wake flow is analyzed, and the characteristic correlation of the two line spectra is also validated. Therefore, it can be concluded that due to the wake and the radiated noise both modulated by the revolving propeller blades, the features of the low line spectra for noise signals and the pressure signals in the wake are close to each other.     

Disinfection characteristics of an advanced rotational hydrodynamic cavitation reactor in pilot scale

Hydrodynamic cavitation is a promising technique for water disinfection. In the present paper, the disinfection characteristics of an advanced hydrodynamic cavitation reactor (ARHCR) in pilot scale were studied. The effects of various flow rates (1.4–2.6 m³/h) and rotational speeds (2600–4200 rpm) on the removal of Escherichia coli (E. coli) were revealed and analyzed. The variation regularities of the log reduction and reaction rate constant at various cavitation numbers were established. A disinfection rate of 100% was achieved in only 4 min for 15 L of simulated effluent under 4200 rpm and 1.4 m³/h, with energy efficiency at 0.0499 kWh/L. A comprehensive comparison with previously introduced HCRs demonstrates the superior performance of the presented ARHCR system. The morphological changes in E. coli were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that the ARHCR can lead to serious cleavage and surface damages to E. coli, which cannot be obtained by conventional HCRs. Finally, a possible damage mechanism of the ARHCR, including both the hydrodynamical and sonochemical effects, was proposed. The findings of the present study can provide strong support to the fundamental understanding and applications of ARHCRs for water disinfection.     

Flow visualization for an unconventional forebody

Some results of flow visualization are described for an unconventional fuselage with Erickson-like forebody. The experiment includes force measurement, surface oil flow visualization, and laser sheet flow visualization. Some results are also obtained from a CFD code for solving laminar Navier-Stokes equations. Although there are some differences between the model in the experiment and the model in the computation, the location of vortex on the models exhibits good agreements. The investigation in this paper shows that varying the forebody shape of fuselage can change the flow characteristics greatly and the Erickson-like forebody has potential to improve the lateral-direction stability of the aircraft at high angles of attack.     

Challenges of numerical simulations of cavitation reactors for water treatment – An example of flow simulation inside a cavitating microchannel

The research on the potential of cavitation exploitation is currently an extremely interesting topic. To reduce the costs and time of the cavitation reactor optimization, nowadays, experimental optimization is supplemented and even replaced using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This is a very inviting opportunity for many developers, yet we find that all too often researchers with non-engineering background treat this “new” tool too simplistic, what leads to many misinterpretations and consequent poor engineering.The present paper serves as an example of how complex the flow features, even in the very simplest geometry, can be, and how much effort needs to be put into details of numerical simulation to set a good starting point for further optimization of cavitation reactors. Finally, it provides guidelines for the researchers, who are not experts in computational fluid dynamics, to obtain reliable and repeatable results of cavitation simulations.     

Surface functionalization by nanosecond-laser texturing for controlling hydrodynamic cavitation dynamics

The interaction between liquid flow and solid boundary can result in cavitation formation when the local pressure drops below vaporization threshold. The cavitation dynamics does not depend only on basic geometry, but also on surface roughness, chemistry and wettability. From application point of view, controlling cavitation in fluid flows by surface functionalization is of great importance to avoid the unwanted effects of hydrodynamic cavitation (erosion, noise and vibrations). However, it could be also used for intensification of various physical and chemical processes. In this work, the surfaces of 10-mm stainless steel cylinders are laser textured in order to demonstrate how hydrodynamic cavitation behavior can be controlled by surface modification. The surface properties are modified by using a nanosecond (10–28 ns) fiber laser (wavelength of 1060 nm). In such a way, surfaces with different topographies and wettability were produced and tested in a cavitation tunnel at different cavitation numbers (1.0–2.6). Cavitation characteristics behind functionalized cylindrical surfaces were monitored simultaneously by high-speed visualization (20,000 fps) and high frequency pressure transducers. The results clearly show that cavitation characteristics differ significantly between different micro-structured surfaces. On some surfaces incipient cavitation is delayed and cavitation extent decreased in comparison with the reference – a highly polished cylinder. It is also shown that the increased surface wettability (i.e., hydrophilicity) delays the incipient cavitation.     

Numerical simulations of acoustic cavitation noise with the temporal fluctuation in the number of bubbles

Numerical simulations of cavitation noise have been performed under the experimental conditions reported by Ashokkumar et al. (2007) [26]. The results of numerical simulations have indicated that the temporal fluctuation in the number of bubbles results in the broad-band noise. “Transient” cavitation bubbles, which disintegrate into daughter bubbles mostly in a few acoustic cycles, generate the broad-band noise as their short lifetimes cause the temporal fluctuation in the number of bubbles. Not only active bubbles in light emission (sonoluminescence) and chemical reactions but also inactive bubbles generate the broad-band noise. On the other hand, “stable” cavitation bubbles do not generate the broad-band noise. The weaker broad-band noise from a low-concentration surfactant solution compared to that from pure water observed experimentally by Ashokkumar et al. is caused by the fact that most bubbles are shape stable in a low-concentration surfactant solution due to the smaller ambient radii than those in pure water. For a relatively high number density of bubbles, the bubble–bubble interaction intensifies the broad-band noise. Harmonics in cavitation noise are generated by both “stable” and “transient” cavitation bubbles which pulsate nonlinearly with the period of ultrasound.     

The acoustic emissions of cavitation bubbles in stretched vortices

Pairs of unequal strength, counter-rotating vortices were produced in order to examine the inception, dynamics, and acoustic emission of cavitation bubbles in rapidly stretching vortices. The acoustic signatures of these cavitation bubbles were characterized during their inception, growth, and collapse. Growing and collapsing bubbles often produced a sharp, broadband, pop sound. The spectrum of these bubbles, and the peak resonant frequency can generally be related to quiescent flow bubble dynamics and corresponding resonant frequencies. However, some elongated cavitation bubbles produced a short tonal burst, or chirp, with frequencies on the order of a few kilohertz. Theses frequencies are too low to be related to resonant frequencies of a bubble in a quiescent flow. Instead, the frequency content of the acoustic signal during bubble inception and growth is related to the volumetric oscillations of the bubble while it interacted with vortical flow that surrounds the bubble (i.e., the resonant frequency of the vortex-bubble system). A relationship was determined between the observed peak frequency of the oscillations, the highly stretched vortex properties, and the water nuclei content. It was found that different cavitation spectra could relate to different flow and fluid properties and therefore would not scale in the same manner.     

涡流二极管三维强旋湍流流动的数值模拟

为了揭示涡流二极管内三维强旋流动的特性与其阻抗性能的关系,进一步提高涡流二极管正反向流动阻抗比,本文采用Reynolds应力模型对涡流腔内非对称强旋转湍流流动进行了数值模拟,分析了腔内矢量场与标量场的分布特性,基于涡流腔内的涡量分析,得到了涡流腔内旋流的强制涡与自由涡结构及各自区域范围,并研究了涡流腔径宽比对整体性能的...     

复杂外形静动态混合网格生成技术研究新进展

网格生成技术是CFD复杂工程应用的重要环节, 网格质量的好坏直接影响计算结果的精准度, 因此其已成为CFD的重要研究领域.在张涵信院士的指导下, 作者自20世纪90年代初开始开展非结构网格、混合网格技术和相应的计算方法研究, 并逐步发展至动态混合网格技术及非定常计算方法.在张涵信院士80华诞之际, 对近年来作者及团队在网格生成技术及应用方面所取得的进展进行了简要的综述, 分别介绍了静动态混合网格生成、定常/非定常计算方法、网格技术的应用等方面的进展情况.最后, 就网格生成技术目前还存在的问题, 展望了未来的发展方向.作者谨以此文表达对张涵信院士25年来的培养、关怀和帮助的崇高敬意.      

Luminescence intensity of vortex cavitation in a Venturi tube changing with cavitation number

Hydrodynamic cavitation in a Venturi tube produces luminescence, and the luminescence intensity reaches a maximum at a certain cavitation number, which is defined by upstream pressure, downstream pressure, and vapor pressure. The luminescence intensity of hydrodynamic cavitation can be enhanced by optimizing the downstream pressure at a constant upstream pressure condition. However, the reason why the luminescence intensity increases and then decreases with an increase in the downstream pressure remains unclear. In the present study, to clarify the mechanism of the change in the luminescence intensity with cavitation number, the luminescence produced by the hydrodynamic cavitation in a Venturi tube was measured, and the hydrodynamic cavitation was precisely observed using high-speed photography. The sound velocity in the cavitating flow field, which affects the aggressive intensity of the cavitation, was evaluated. The collapse of vortex cavitation was found to be closely related to the luminescence intensity of the hydrodynamic cavitation. A method to estimate the luminescence intensity of the hydrodynamic cavitation considering the sound velocity was developed, and it was demonstrated that the estimated luminescence intensity agrees well with the measured luminescence intensity.     

The effect of static pressure on the inertial cavitation threshold

The amplitude of the acoustic pressure required to nucleate a gas or vapor bubble in a fluid, and to have that bubble undergo an inertial collapse, is termed the inertial cavitation threshold. The magnitude of the inertial cavitation threshold is typically limited by mechanisms other than homogeneous nucleation such that the theoretical maximum is never achieved. However, the onset of inertial cavitation can be suppressed by increasing the static pressure of the fluid. The inertial cavitation threshold was measured in ultrapure water at static pressures up to 30?MPa (300 bars) by exciting a radially symmetric standing wave field in a spherical resonator driven at a resonant frequency of 25.5 kHz. The threshold was found to increase linearly with the static pressure; an exponentially decaying temperature dependence was also found. The nature and properties of the nucleating mechanisms were investigated by comparing the measured thresholds to an independent analysis of the particulate content and available models for nucleation.     

ANN based surrogate model for key Physico-chemical effects of cavitation

Intense and localised physico-chemical effects realised by cavitation such as generation of hydroxyl radicals, high-speed jets, and very high energy dissipation rates are being harnessed for a wide range of applications from emulsions, crystallisation, reactions to water treatment and waste valorisation. Single cavity models are typically used to quantitatively estimate such localised effects of cavity collapse. However, these models demand significant computing resources for resolving fast dynamics and therefore are very difficult, if not impossible, to integrate with CFD based cavitation device or reactor scale models. This severely limits the utility of device/ reactor scale models in simulating key applications of interest. In this work, we present, for the first time, artificial neural network (ANN) based surrogate models which accurately represent complex physico-chemical effects of cavity collapse. Recently developed cavity dynamics model was used for generating training data set encompassing both acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation. Appropriate methodology for training ANN was developed. A shallow three hidden layer dense ANN was found to be more effective for estimating three main effects of cavity collapse: jet velocity, •OH generation and localised energy dissipation rate. The performance of trained ANN was then evaluated by comparing the predictions with the totally unseen data obtained from the cavity dynamics model. The developed ANN was shown to simulate unseen data very well not just within the range of training data (interpolation) but also beyond (extrapolation). Algebraic equations representing ANN are included to facilitate incorporation in device/ reactor scale CFD models. The presented methodology and results will be useful for developing high-fidelity CFD models of cavitation devices/ reactors based on key physico-chemical effects of cavity collapse.     

Multi-objective optimization of the cavitation generation unit structure of an advanced rotational hydrodynamic cavitation reactor

Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) has been widely considered a promising technique for industrial-scale process intensifications. The effectiveness of HC is determined by the performance of hydrodynamic cavitation reactors (HCRs). The advanced rotational HCRs (ARHCRs) proposed recently have shown superior performance in various applications, while the research on the structural optimization is still absent. The present study, for the first time, identifies optimal structures of the cavitation generation units of a representative ARHCR by combining genetic algorithm (GA) and computational fluid dynamics, with the objectives of maximizing the total vapor volume, $V_{\mathit{vapor}}$ , and minimizing the total torque of the rotor wall, ${\overrightarrow{M}}_z$ . Four important geometrical factors, namely, diameter (D), interaction distance (s), height (h), and inclination angle (θ), were specified as the design variables. Two high-performance fitness functions for $V_{\mathit{vapor}}$ and ${\overrightarrow{M}}_z$ were established from a central composite design with 25 cases. After performing 10,001 simulations of GA, a Pareto front with 1630 non-dominated points was obtained. The results reveal that the values of s and θ of the Pareto front concentrated on their lower (i.e., 1.5 mm) and upper limits (i.e., 18.75°), respectively, while the values of D and h were scattered in their variation regions. In comparison to the original model, a representative global optimal point increased the $V_{\mathit{vapor}}$ by 156% and decreased the ${\overrightarrow{M}}_z$ by 14%. The corresponding improved mechanism was revealed by analyzing the flow field. The findings of this work can strongly support the fundamental understanding, design, and application of ARHCRs for process intensifications.     

Quantifying OH radical generation in hydrodynamic cavitation via coumarin dosimetry: Influence of operating parameters and cavitation devices

Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) has been extensively investigated for effluent treatment applications. Performance of HC devices or processes is often reported in terms of degradation of organic pollutants rather than quantification of hydroxyl (OH) radicals. In this study, generation of OH radicals in vortex based cavitation device using coumarin dosimetry was quantified. Coumarin was used as the chemical probe with an initial concentration of 100 µM (15 ppm). Generation of OH radicals was quantified by analysing generated single hydroxylated products. The influence of operating parameters such as pH and type of acid used to adjust pH, dissolved oxygen, and inlet and outlet pressures was investigated. Acidic pH was found to be more conducive for generating OH radicals and therefore subsequent experiments were performed at pH of 3. Sulphuric acid was found to be more than three times effective than hydrochloric acid in generating OH radicals. Effect of initial levels of dissolved oxygen was found to influence OH radical generation. Performance of vortex based cavitation device was then compared with other commonly used cavitation devices based on orifice and venturi. The vortex based cavitation device was found to outperform the orifice and venturi based devices in terms of initial per-pass factor. Influence of device scale (nominal flow rate through the device) on performance was then evaluated. The results presented for these devices unambiguously quantifies their cavitational performance. The presented results will be useful for evaluating computational models and stimulate further development of predictive computational models in this challenging area.     

Study of aerodynamic structure of flow in a model of vortex furnace using Stereo PIV method

The aerodynamic structure of flow in a lab model of a perspective design of vortex furnace was studied. The chamber has a horizontal rotation axis, tangential inlet for fuel-air jets and vertical orientation of secondary injection nozzles. The Stereo PIV method was used for visualization of 3D velocity field for selected cross sections of the vortex combustion chamber. The experimental data along with “total pressure minimum” criterion were used for reconstruction of the vortex core of the flow. Results fit the available data from LDA and simulation.     

Waveform analysis of cavitation in a globe valve

Cavitation is a dynamic phenomenon occurring in fluid flows, where the local static pressure is lower than the saturated vapor pressure at working temperature. The growth and collapse of cavitation bubbles leads to corrosion and pitting of metal surfaces. Considering the fact that erosion by cavitation is still one of the current problems, it is important to detect the initiation, fully developed point of cavitation and to analyze its characteristics. In this research, an attempt is made to study acoustic waveform of cavitation in the globe valve. The waveform is transformed by Fast Fourier Transform and its important parameters such as amplitude, energy, frequency and so on are analyzed.     

低比转速离心及旋涡冷媒泵性能预测研究

利用损失模型及计算流体力学方法对低比转速R32离心和旋涡泵性能预测进行研究,结果表明:损失模型与计算流体力学方法预测出的性能曲线吻合较好;低比转速离心泵中轮阻损失占总流动损失的80%以上,对泵性能有重要影响;旋涡泵的纵向旋涡强度随流量增大而减弱;离心泵比旋涡泵具有较宽的运行范围,在小流量情况下旋涡泵比离心泵具有较高的效率和扬程。研究工作对丰富低比转速泵流动理论与设计方法具有参考价值。     

叶片背面不连续凸起对轴流泵空化的控制研究

为控制轴流泵空化的发生与发展,提出了一种在轴流泵叶片背面布置不连续凸起结构的方案。基于ANSYS CFX软件,对350ZQ-125-30型潜水轴流泵进行数值模拟,对比分析改进模型与原模型流道内压力、湍动能、空泡及流线分布的变化.结果表明,改进后叶片背面低压区域减小,工作面高压区域明显增大,临界空化余量降低;在空化的各个阶段空泡体积分数都有所减小,其中空化初生阶段最为明显,相比原模型减小了38.3%,有效地控制了空化的发生,空化性能明显提升;在空化发展阶段,凸起的存在能够有效阻挡回射流的冲击,控制了空泡的脱落,同时抑制了叶轮流道内梢涡空化的产生。