严重段塞流顶部节流作用下的流型及其转变

严重段塞流是常见于海洋石油工业集输-立管系统中的一种有害流型,而立管顶部阀门节流是抑制和消除严重段塞流的有效方法。本文实验研究了对严重段塞流采取节流操作所引起的流型及其转变特性,结果表明,随着阀门开度的减小,节流阀压降增大,背压升高,很大程度上抵消了下倾管内封闭气体的压力,从而抑制了下倾管内气体体积的膨胀,导致下倾管内的大量气体无法在短时间内快速连续地进入立管,而只能以大气泡或小气泡群的形式间歇进入立管,促进了弹状流和泡状流的形成。考虑了气液流速对节流阀压降的影响,建立了节流作用下S型立管内气液稳定流动边界,与实验数据吻合良好。     

严重段塞流现象与立管顶部节流的瞬态模拟

在对严重段塞流现象实验研究的基础上,本文采用OLGA软件建立了实验系统的瞬态模型,对水平段长度为114 m,下倾段长度为133 m,立管高度为15.3 m,内径为50.8 mm的集输-立管系统中的严重段塞流现象进行了数值研究,给出了相应流型图,并将立管底部压力、立管顶部持液率、段塞周期等严重段塞流特性参数的模拟结果与实验结果进行了对比;本文还对控制严重段塞流现象的立管顶部节流法进行了模拟研究,并与实验结果进行了对比。研究发现,本文的瞬态模型能够较好地模拟出实验中发现的四类流型,但对严重段塞流详细特性参数的模拟不够准确,对顶部节流的模拟与实验结果相差较大,对顶部节流法消除严重段塞流的机理仍需进一步研究。     

下倾-立管系统中严重段塞流现象的周期特性

本文在室内的模拟实验系统上对严重段塞流的周期特性进行了实验研究.通过对实验现象和立管底部的压力波动信号分析后发现,严重段塞流的周期主要取决于液塞形成和液塞流出阶段所经历的时间,与气相表观流速,液相表观流速、下倾管倾角等实验参数有关.通过下倾管中的气体在积累阶段质量守恒方程,得到严重段塞流周期计算模型.模型的预测结果与实验测得的周期相比偏小.在较大的气、液相表观流速下,严重段塞流周期计算模型的预测结果比较准确.     

集输-上升管路系统严重段塞流实验研究

在模拟集输上升管路系统的实验装置上,研究了多种倾斜管角度下严重段塞流发生规律,给出了流型图。实验发现,倾斜管水平时仍会出现严重段塞流。流动参数分析表明,严重段塞流具有显著的周期性,压力大幅度振荡,气液间歇流出上升管,出口气体速度可能超过入口数十倍,对分离器造成剧烈冲击。研究发现,严重段塞流周期随气液流量增大而减小,并且符合幂律定律。     

严重段塞流立管压差信号的周期特性分析

本文对集输-立管系统中低气液流速下的气液两相流动特性进行了研究,结合概率密度函数(PDF)和功率谱密度分布(PSD)方法获得了气液流速对严重段塞流周期特性的影响规律.其中第一类严重段塞流立管压差信号的PDF与PSD分布均呈明显的单峰结构,PDF峰值为液塞流出时间在整个段塞周期内的占比,PSD主峰频率的倒数为压差波动信号的周期.分析发现表观液速一定,表观气速的增加会导致整个段塞周期与液塞流出时间占比的迅速减小;而表观气速不变表观液速的增加只会减小段塞周期,不会对液塞流出时间的占比产生较大影响.     

气液混输管线与立管系统严重段塞流数值研究

针对气液混输管线与立管系统严重段塞流问题, 采用严重段塞流形成条件一致的等效原则, 发展了一种将三维管道系统等效为二维管道系统的计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟方法. 以文献中某下倾管与立管组合系统为对象, 结合其实验工况, 对严重段塞流气液流动过程进行了数值模拟, 获得了其周期、压力波动幅值及喷发时间等关键参数的变化规律, 数值模拟与文献所述实验结果符合. 在此基础上, 建立了立管入口气液折算速度、立管含气率以及立管出口平均速度的理论模型, 获得了这些关键参数随时间的变化规律, 并给出了确定立管内气液流型变化的理论方法, 理论结果与CFD数值模拟结果一致. 建立的CFD方法大幅缩减了严重段塞流数值模拟所需的时间和资源, 推导的理论模型揭示了严重段塞流特性参数之间的关联, 可以对严重段塞流所引发的危害进行快速评估及预测,具有一定的工程应用价值.     

段塞流液塞频率的波动特性

段塞流的实际物理过程是复杂的随机过程,液塞频率也仅是以周期性来近似模拟段塞流的间歇性.本文对段塞流液塞频率的波动特性进行了深入研究.结果表明:随着折算气速的增加,液塞频率先减小然后增大,在折算气速增大的过程中液塞频率存在一个极小值.随着折算液速的增加,液塞频率急剧增大,折算液速是影响液塞频率的主要因素.在下倾管中,在折算气速相同的情况下,液塞频率是随下倾角的增大而降低的.这是因为随着下倾角的增大,重力作用增强,液塞消散增强.在上倾管中,在折算气速相同的情况下,液塞频率也随上倾角的增大而降低.     

用于节流控制的立管严重段塞流模型研究

开发了一种基于ODE方程的严重段塞流模型,能在基本准确的模拟立管严重段塞特征参数的同时进行严重段塞流节流控制特性的模拟。在阀门全开,无节流控制的时候,模拟得到的段塞特征参数与实验数据及OLGA模拟结果符合较好;在阀门开度为9%,8%,7%时对严重段塞流进行节流控制模拟,与OLGA节流模拟结果符合较好。该模型计算速度远快于OLGA模型,更能用于严重段塞流的实时现场控制。     

海洋集输立管系统严重段塞流转变模型研究

结合严重段塞流的形成机理,研究了立管底部压力与集输管道中流体压力的变化规律,建立了过渡流型向严重段塞流、稳定流转变的准则模型。对比Lockhart-Martinelli参数法和Beggs-Brill公式法在气液两相流含气率的预报效果,并将流型转变模型的预报结果与实验结果对比,结果表明:采用Beggs-Brill公式计算气液两相流含气率时具较高的精度,同时本文流型转变预报模型的预报值与实验结果吻合很好,从而可以为海洋集输立管系统的优化设计提供理论依据。     

集输立管内流型分类及流型控制实验研究

根据归一化压差及出口相含率信号特征规律对集输-立管内所发生的流型进行了判别及分类,将流型划分为典型严重段塞流(SS1)、第二类严重段塞流(SS2)、第三类严重段塞流(SS3)、震荡流型(OSC)及稳定流型(STB),并对所观察到的典型严重段塞流(SS1)进行了手动节流、基于立管底部压力的PID控制及基于立管压差的PID控制调节。通过对比消除典型严重段塞流后立管底部压力、立管压差、入口流量波动及调节阀平均开度等参数对三种控制策略的控制效果进行评价得出结论:基于立管压差的PID控制调节效果最好,基于立管底部压力的PID自动控制次之,手动节流控制严重段塞流效果最差。     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.