拉曼光谱技术的应用及研究进展

本文简述了拉曼光谱产生的机理以及与红外光谱的区别,讨论了拉曼光谱在聚合物、生物分子、蛋白质和无机物等方面研究及应用,介绍了傅立叶变换拉曼、共焦显微拉曼、表面增强激光拉曼、固体光声拉曼光谱的原理及其应用以及拉曼光谱和其他检测手段的联用技术。     

拉曼光谱技术在农作物生理信息检测中的研究进展

拉曼光谱(Raman spectroscopy,RS)是一种散射光谱,具有样品前处理简单、响应速度快、灵敏性高以及原位无损检测等特点。由于拉曼信号具有指纹图谱特性和不受水分信息干扰的优势,其在生物体信息检测方面发挥着重要作用。拉曼光谱成像技术是拉曼光谱技术发展的新方向,其可以同时获取研究对象的空间及光谱信息;显微拉曼光谱技术不仅可以进行分子结构的检测,还能够实现生物组织微区化学成分的空间分布分析。目前,应用拉曼光谱进行农作物生理信息的检测成为学者们的研究热点。本文概述了拉曼光谱的基本原理和分类,并重点介绍了拉曼光谱技术在农作物的生殖与营养器官(种子,花朵,果实和根,茎,叶)中生理信息检测方面的国内外最新研究进展。最后结合国内外研究现状,分析了拉曼光谱在农作物生理信息检测中的局限,并对其的应用前景进行了展望。     

拉曼光谱技术在医学检验领域中的研究进展(特邀)

拉曼光谱技术以光子的非弹性散射为基础,具有实时、非侵入、快速等优点,作为一种分析工具被广泛应用于各个研究领域。在医学检验领域中,拉曼光谱不仅可以提供细胞和组织的化学成分信息,还能检测发生病变的细胞和组织在生化信息的组成和结构上的差异,在医学检验领域极具应用前景。概述了目前可能应用于医学检验的几种拉曼技术;阐述了拉曼光谱技术应用于生物液体样本和其他样本的一些关键问题。针对生物液体样本,重点评估了血液、尿液和脑脊液等流体样本的适用情况;总结了用于拉曼检测的医学样本的收集和保存方法。同时,介绍了拉曼光谱数据的处理与分析方法,通过光谱的预处理,结合统计学方法、机器学习方法进行特征提取与分类识别,实现拉曼光谱和生化信息的映射。对拉曼光谱应用于医学检验的关键问题进行讨论,探讨了临床转化需要克服的问题及发展前景。     

拉曼光谱检测生物大分子损伤的研究进展

拉曼光谱是基于拉曼散射效应而发展起来的一种光谱分析技术,体现的是分子的振动或转动信息。由于拉曼光谱技术与常规化学分析技术相比,具有对样品无损、样品制备简单和所需样品量少等特点,广泛用于生物大分子结构变化的研究。拉曼光谱不仅可以用于蛋白质、核酸和脂类等生物大分子损伤的快速检测,而且可以用于癌症的诊断与手术治疗。通过对比正常组织与癌变组织的拉曼光谱,可以找到两种组织特征吸收峰的差异,从而为癌症的最终确诊和确定肿瘤切除范围提供重要信息。文章综述了拉曼光谱检测生物大分子损伤的研究进展,介绍了利用表面增强拉曼光谱、傅里叶变换拉曼光谱和紫外共振拉曼光谱等技术在检测蛋白质二级结构、膜脂及DNA损伤中的应用,并展望了未来拉曼光谱技术的发展前景。     

拉曼光谱技术在病理诊断中的研究进展

拉曼光谱技术能够提供与物质特定分子结构相关的光谱信息,可用于识别生物组织微小的生化变异,具有快速、实时、无损、无需样本预处理等优点,在临床病理诊断领域极具应用前景。与常规组织病理学分析相比,拉曼光谱技术能够直接检测活体组织,简化了分析程序,缩短了诊断时间。人体病变组织的细胞分子组成和结构可能发生变化,这为拉曼光谱技术在组织病理诊断中的应用提供了检测依据。基于组织分子组成与结构的差异,结合机器学习和化学计量学方法,拉曼光谱技术可以提供客观的诊断信息,实现快速、低侵入的病理诊断。回顾了近十年来拉曼光谱技术在组织病理诊断中的研究进展,对取得的关键成果进行了总结,阐述了当前离体和活体应用拉曼光谱技术的一些关键问题。针对离体拉曼光谱检测,重点评估福尔马林固定石蜡包埋样本、冷冻样本和新鲜组织样本等离体样本的适用情况;阐述拉曼光谱数据收集的关键技术,包括适用光源、光谱范围,以及病理样本光谱采集的方式等。对于活体拉曼光谱检测,重点介绍了活体检测研究中拉曼光谱技术应用的两种形式：结合医用内窥镜进行体内检测,以及开放手术中的直接检测;综述了临床适用的拉曼系统,重点介绍了当前活体拉曼研究中应用的光纤探头。同时,文章也讨论了拉曼光谱数据的处理与分析方法,通过光谱预处理,特征提取与分类识别,构建拉曼光谱病理诊断模型,在小样本范围能够获得较好的诊断结果。考虑临床实际应用,仍需要不断优化分析方法,实现拉曼光谱与生化信息的关联,将样本个体差异的影响纳入分类模型中,以提升模型性能。文章对拉曼光谱应用于病理诊断中的关键问题进行了讨论,为进一步开展研究提供参考。未来需要更深入和广泛地开展离体和活体研究,以促进拉曼光谱技术在临床中的应用。     

多波长消荧光拉曼光谱仪的研制及应用研究

拉曼光谱技术作为探究分子、晶体及其结构特征的有力手段,具有快速、无损、样品用量小、无需前处理且适应性强等优点,已被广泛应用于食品安全、石油化工等领域。但在拉曼光谱应用中,常常受到荧光背景干扰,导致拉曼信号降低,严重的情况下拉曼信号甚至会淹没在荧光背景中。为解决拉曼技术在实际应用中荧光背景干扰的问题,从仪器角度出发,采用二色镜对多波长拉曼光谱进行光路耦合设计,研制了近红外拉曼光谱与移频差分拉曼复合一体的多波长消荧光拉曼光谱检测系统,其中近红外拉曼光谱采用1 064 nm激光光源设计,移频差分拉曼光谱选取784.5和785.5 nm两组激光光源进行时分复用,在移频差分拉曼光谱检测的同时,亦可获得两组单波长拉曼光谱数据。通过对比同步测试和分时逐次测试的强度及峰位稳定性,验证了多波长消荧光拉曼光谱仪的同步测试性能;选取了多种荧光背景强弱不同的样品,进行了单波长拉曼、近红外拉曼及移频差分拉曼光谱的对比分析。针对丙酮、乙腈等荧光背景较弱的样品,可采用单波长拉曼光谱对样品进行定量及定性分析;针对食用油、红色塑胶微粒等荧光背景与拉曼信号强度相当的样品,可采用近红外拉曼光谱对样品进行定量及定性分析;针对红酒、棕色塑胶微粒等荧光背景较强的样品,需结合近红外拉曼光谱和差分拉曼光谱对样品进行定性分析。研究表明：通过多波长消荧光拉曼光谱检测系统的研制,在常规单波长拉曼光谱技术的基础上,将两种抑制荧光干扰技术有机结合,有效扩充了应用领域及样品检测范围。     

拉曼光谱技术在文物有机物鉴定中的应用

拉曼光谱作为一种"指纹光谱"可提供物质分子结构的有用信息,已广泛应用于考古及文物保护领域。拉曼光谱技术在文物有机物鉴定中具有测量简便、无损和微区检测等优势,成为文物鉴定的重要手段。本文系统阐述了拉曼光谱技术在文物有机染料、彩绘胶料、有机物残留物等分析方面的应用,指出了该技术应用于文物有机物鉴定研究的广阔前景,并展望了今后的发展方向。     

拉曼光谱在文物分析中的应用

拉曼光谱技术是一种分析技术,由于它能够获得物质的分子信息而被应用于文物的分析中。特别是拉曼光谱作为无损的分析方法,应用于文物的原位分析。论述了拉曼光谱原理及近几年拉曼光谱在颜料、陶瓷、古玉、青铜器等文物分析中的应用。     

拉曼光谱技术在农产品质量安全检测中的应用

农产品的质量安全与我们老百姓的身体健康和生命安全密不可分。传统的化学检测方法具有需要样品前处理,操作过程复杂以及破坏样品等诸多缺陷。拉曼光谱技术作为一种分析、测试物质分子结构强有力的表征手段,可以快速实现样品的无损伤、定性定量检测分析。随着拉曼光谱技术的不断完善和应用范围的逐渐拓宽,拉曼光谱技术在农产品的质量安全检测中发挥着极其重要作用,并且具有广阔的应用前景。目前,已经有大量的基于拉曼光谱技术检测农产品质量安全的相关研究报道,为了解拉曼光谱技术的检测原理以及发展现状,并跟踪国内外最新研究进展,简述了拉曼光谱技术的基本原理及其发展、拉曼光谱检测装置,深入综述了拉曼光谱技术在果蔬、禽畜、粮食质量安全检测中的最新研究进展,指出了拉曼光谱技术应用在农产品质量安全检测中的现存的技术问题。另外,还简要介绍了国内外部分拉曼光谱仪的部分信息和便携式拉曼光谱仪专利申请状况,展望了该项技术的研究方向和应用前景。     

有孔探针近场拉曼光谱和成像技术进展

基于有孔探针SNOM的近场拉曼光谱和成像技术的出现使得拉曼光谱的分辨率突破了光学衍射极限,从而提供了一个有力的工具对样品亚波长尺度之下的化学信息进行表征。文章讨论了探针性质对实现近场拉曼光谱的影响,并全面地介绍了有孔探针近场拉曼光谱发展十余年来在纳米尺度化学分辨成像、液-液界面性质研究、微观层面解释SERS增强机理、图像化反映SERS热点分布等诸多领域的研究进展。     

Raman spectroscopic analysis of cataract lens: A compendious review

Age-related cataracts is a pressing health issue with the increase in elderly populations. This creates an imminent demand for the development of an early, noninvasive method of cataracts diagnosis. Early detection of cataracts will improve quality of life and may prevent morbidity associated with advanced cataracts and surgery. Raman spectrum of proteins provides characteristic information regarding molecular interactions of peptide residues. Hence Raman spectroscopy is a promising tool for the study of protein-related diseases, such as cataracts. We surveyed the literature to assess the use of Raman technology in the studies of human lens and animal models. These studies included analysis of amino acids (i.e., cysteine, tryptophan, and tyrosine, etc.) and secondary protein structures (i.e., α-helix and β-sheet) in various Raman profiles. Other studies used Raman spectroscopy to analyze and monitor the development of cataracts in lens. Technological advances in the instrumentation of laser Raman spectroscopy, including Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy, Raman microspectroscopy, and confocal Raman microspectroscopy have improved the performance of Raman spectroscopic analysis. How to take advantage of these developments and make it closer to reality using Raman spectroscopic methods to diagnose cataracts in a timely manner is a key challenge for the scientific community of Raman spectroscopy.     

Integrated spectral and spatial information extraction in Raman spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy has been widely used to analyze various substances quantitatively. Conventional studies are primarily focused on the spectral characteristics of Raman scattering. The spatial distribution is always ignored, which can be used to observe the physical properties, such as the particle size. In this article, the spatial information has been extracted from the Raman spectra of barium nitrate, demonstrating that the evident spatial width broadening varied with the particle size. The numerical result shows that the spatial width has a better linear correlation with the particle size, while the Raman intensity has a poor linear correlation. The integrated spectral and spatial information extracted in Raman spectroscopy has a potential application in the quantitative analysis of physical properties.     

In situ Raman imaging of osteoblastic mineralization

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is synthesized at early stages of bone formation by osteoblasts. Nondestructive observation of early stages of osteoblastic mineralization provides crucial information for biological mechanism of bone formation. Raman microscopy serves as an ideal tool to observe the osteoblastic mineralization process because it shows the chemical information of the sample at a minimally invasive level. In addition, HA is a marker for osteoblastic mineralization, and HA Raman signal is strong enough to identify mineralized spots in osteoblasts. In this research, we visualized the distribution of HA in cultured mouse osteoblasts by Raman imaging and observed the location of the mineralized spots in the culture. We monitored HA Raman signal from osteoblast culture for 3 days after administrating the osteogenic differentiation medium and observed Raman signal associated with HA. We identified mineralized spots of KUSA‐A1 by Raman imaging constructed from the distribution of HA Raman signal. We successfully visualized the distribution of the mineralized spots in the culture of KUSA‐A1. We compared our Raman images with Alizarin red S staining assay, which was a conventional method to evaluate the mineralization process. Raman imaging of the KUSA‐A1 culture visualized the mineralized spots more accurately than Alizarin red S staining assay. Raman imaging of HA serves as a powerful tool to identify the mineralized spots in an in vitro culture of osteogenic lineage cells. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

关节软骨光透明的拉曼光谱研究

为探讨原位条件下关节软骨及下骨组织成分含量变化等深层次微观信息,采用拉曼光谱技术结合组织光透明技术来研究软骨组织的光透明效果。选用甘油、碘海醇作为光透明剂,对在不同光透明剂浓度和浸渍时间下的犬膝关节股骨端软骨样本进行拉曼光谱采集。通过计算磷酸基团(920~960 cm-1 ) 和酰胺Ⅰ带(1 595~1 700 cm-1)的积分强度,获得拉曼强度比(磷酸基团/酰胺Ⅰ),探索在不同浸渍时间(10~60 min)、不同浓度下(甘油40%,60%,80%和100%,碘海醇50,150,250和350 mg·mL-1)组织光透明的规律,即寻找合适的透明浓度和透明时间。结果显示：相比于无透明剂情形,两种透明剂均使该强度比信号增强。在同一时间范围内,甘油和碘海醇分别在60%和150 mg·mL-1 浓度下能获得较好的透明效果;而在不同浓度下,甘油的透明效果均在20 min最强,而碘海醇的透明效果一般是在50 min后开始增强。在光透明剂的作用下激发光透过软骨可以直接探测到软骨下骨的拉曼光谱信息,这为研究骨关节炎深层次病因提供了方法和思路。     

Multivariate data analysis for Raman spectroscopic imaging

This article reviews the analytic techniques for Raman spectroscopic imaging with emphasis on chemometrics. Key information included in Raman spectra is often distributed broadly throughout the dataset. It is possible to condense the information into a very compact matrix representation by a chemometric technique of factor analysis such as principal component analysis (PCA) or self‐modeling curve resolution (SMCR). PCA yields two matrices called scores and loadings which complementarily represent the entire features broadly distributed in the dataset. This concept can be further extended to other forms of data transformation schemes, including bilinear data decomposition based on SMCR analysis. SMCR offers a firmer model which is chemically or physically interpretable. The information derived from these techniques readily brings useful insight into building a mechanistic model for understanding complex phenomena studied by Raman spectroscopy. Illustrative examples are given for applications of both PCA and SMCR to Raman imaging of pharmaceutical tablets. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

拉曼光谱技术研究男性生殖生育

拉曼光谱通过记录光与物质作用时频率的改变,进而获得物质分子振动、转动信息,从而实现物质分子结构及其变化的检测。相比于常规生化检测分析方法,拉曼光谱技术具有无损、非标记检测及对检测样品要求低等优点。 拉曼光谱技术已广泛应用于生物医学领域的研究,如人体组织、器官、细胞以及人体体液的各种疾病诊断、检测研究。本文主要综述了拉曼光谱技术在人体精液的研究进展,首先介绍了拉曼光谱技术(包含表面增强拉曼光谱)在法医学领域针对精液整体开展的研究及相关的数据处理方法,然后重点介绍拉曼光谱在男性生殖生育方面的研究,即分别介绍了可客观反映精液质量及男性生殖生育能力的基于精液(精浆)拉曼光谱的定性和定量检测分析;另外,介绍了基于显微拉曼光谱技术开展的单精子水平的精子质量的刻画和评估,以及目前研究初步获得的有望用于优质精子判别的拉曼光谱标记指标,最后展望了拉曼光谱技术在生殖生育领域的应用发展前景。     

Photon migration of Raman signal in bone as measured with spatially offset Raman spectroscopy

Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) is currently being developed as an in vivo tool for bone disease detection, but to date, information about the interrogated volume as influenced by the light propagation and scattering characteristics of the bone matrix is still limited. This paper seeks to develop our general understanding of the sampling depths of SORS in bone specimens as a function of the applied spatial offset. Equine metacarpal bone was selected as a suitable specimen of compact cortical bone large enough to allow several thin slices (600 µm) to be cut from the dorsal surface. Photon migration at 830‐nm excitation was studied with five bone slices and a 380‐µm‐thin polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) slice placed consecutively between the layers. To optimize Raman signal recovery of the PTFE with increasing depth within the bone stack required a corresponding increase in spatial offset. For example, to sample effectively at 2.2‐mm depth within the bone required an optimal SORS offset of 7 mm. However, with a 7‐mm offset, the maximum accessible penetration depth from which the PTFE signal could be still recovered was 3.7 mm. These results provide essential basic information for developing SORS technology for medical diagnostics in general and optimizing sampling through bone tissue, permitting a better understanding of the relationship between the offset and depth of bone assessed, in particular. Potential applications include the detection of chemically specific markers for changes in bone matrix chemistry localized within the tissue and not present in healthy bone. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Raman Spectroscopy of Natural Bone and Synthetic Apatites

Abstract

Raman spectroscopy of natural bones and hydroxyapatites is described. In addition, how Raman spectroscopy has proved crucial in providing baseline data for the modification of synthetic apatite powders that are routinely used now as bone replacement materials is explained. It is important to understand the chemical structural properties of natural bone. Bone consists of two primary components: an inorganic or mineral phase, which is mainly a carbonated form of a nanoscale crystalline calcium phosphate, closely resembling hydroxyapatite, and an organic phase, which is composed largely of type I collagen fibers. Other constituents of bone tissue include water and organic molecules such as glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, lipids, and peptides. Ions such as sodium, magnesium, fluoride, and citrate are also present, as well as hydrogenophosphate. Hence, the mineral phase in bone may be characterized essentially as nonstoichiometric substituted apatite. Such a distinction is important in the development of synthetic calcium phosphates for application as skeletal implants. An understanding of bone function and its interfacial relationship to an implant clearly depends on the associated structure and composition. Therefore, it is essential to fully understand the chemical composition of bone, and Raman spectroscopy is an excellent technique for such an analysis.     

爆炸物、毒品的标准拉曼谱图库的建立及自动检索系统

采集31种爆炸物和73种毒品的标准拉曼谱图,分析其谱图,选出适合作为搜索条件的光谱范围。通过编程,建立标准拉曼谱图库和自动检索系统。在选定光谱范围内,拉曼谱图库选择信号较强的特征峰,进行曲线拟合,将获得的峰位置、相对峰强等数据作为参数写入标准拉曼谱图库。通过自动检索系统将未知拉曼光谱与数据库中的标准谱图进行分析比对,搜索软件自动给出正确结论。数据库具有添加、删除、备份、恢复等辅助功能,并具有自动扣除荧光背底,优化拉曼光谱图等功能。本文进一步分析了可能对分析比对结果造成影响的因素。