Theoretical study of the photoelectron spectrum of ethyl formate: Ab initio and density functional theory investigation

The first ionization energy and associated photoelectron spectrum of ethyl formate are investigated with quantum chemistry calculations. The geometries, harmonic vibrational frequencies and first ionization energy are computed at the Hartree-Fock (HF) and at the second order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2). Moreover, accurate ionization energies are obtained with the Coupled-Cluster theory including singles and doubles excitations (CCSD) as well as singles, doubles and perturbative triples excitations (CCSD(T)). Then, these ab initio results are assessed with respect to experimental values. Additionally, the ionization energies are also calculated with the computationally attractive density functional theory (DFT). In this case the accuracy of several exchange-correlation functionals is evaluated by comparison with the ab initio and experimental results. In a next step, the vibrational structure of the photoelectron spectrum is simulated at the HF, MP2 and DFT levels via the calculation of the Franck-Condon factors. These simulations are compared to the experimental photoelectron spectrum and allow an accurate reproduction of the vibrational progression.     

Computational studies of vibrational spectra and molecular properties of 6-methyluracil using HF, DFT and MP2 methods

Theoretical investigations of atomic charges, conformers, frontier molecular orbitals, molecular geometries, thermodynamic properties, hyperpolarizabilities and harmonic vibrational frequencies of 6-methyluracil (6MU) have been carried out using ab initio Hartree-Fock (HF), density functional theory (DFT) and second order M?ller-Plesset (MP2) methods. All calculations were performed using the GAMESS-US program package with the basis sets 6-31G(d,p) and 6-311G(d,p). FT-IR and Raman spectra of 6MU were recorded in the regions 50–4000 cm⁻¹ and 60–4000 cm⁻¹ respectively. Optimized geometries were obtained using the global optimization procedure. The calculated structural parameters for two conformers of 6MU have been compared with experimentally observed values. The energy barrier (ΔE=ELUMO-EHOMO) between the HOMO and LUMO is predicted on the basis of theoretical calculations. The simulated TD-DFT spectrum has been compared with experimental electronic spectrum for 6MU. The calculated potential energy distribution (PED) values have been utilized to perform vibrational assignment of the infrared and Raman spectra.     

Ab initio potential energy surface and intermolecular vibrational frequencies of C3–Ar complex

The intermolecular potential energy surfaces for C₃–Ar have been calculated by supermolecular CCSD(T) and MP4 methods. The MP4 and CCSD(T) potentials have similar global behaviours. Their global minima all correspond to the slightly distorted T-shaped geometries. From these two potentials, the intermolecular vibrational energies and wavefunctions were calculated. The energy level patterns of the vdW vibrational states were predicted for the C₃–Ar complex. The zero point bending motion of this complex has a range of approximately 60°. The calculated transition frequencies of vdW bending agree well with available experimental data.     

The X2 Pi and A2 sigma states of FCN+ and ClCN+ : ab initio calculations and simulation of the HeI photoelectron spectra of FCN and ClCN

Geometry optimization and harmonic vibrational frequency calculations at the CASSCF, MP2 and CCSD(T) levels with basis sets up to 6-311G(2df) quality were carried out on the X¹Σ⁺states of FCN and ClCN and the X²Π and A²Σ⁺ states of their cations. Adiabatic ionization energies were calculated up to the CCSD(T)/6-311G(3df)//CCSD(T)/6-311G(2d) level. Some B3LYP calculations were performed also for the ground states of the neutral molecules and the cations. Franck-Condon simulations were performed for the first two bands in the He I photoelectron spectra of FCN and ClCN by employing the ab initio computed geometries and frequencies. By comparing the observed and the simulated spectra obtained from different CN and CX (X = F or Cl) ionic bond lengths chosen on the basis of the ab initio computed values, the following structural parameters are obtained for the two lowest-lying states of FCN⁺ and ClCN⁺ (the method of deriving the uncertainties is described):     

The keto-enol equilibrium in substituted acetaldehydes: focal-point analysis and ab initio limit

High-level ab initio electronic structure calculations up to the CCSD(T) theory level, including extrapolations to the complete basis set (CBS) limit, resulted in high precision energetics of the tautomeric equilibrium in 2-substituted acetaldehydes (XH₂C-CHO). The CCSD(T)/CBS relative energies of the tautomers were estimated using CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ, MP3/aug-cc-pVQZ, and MP2/aug-cc-pV5Z calculations with MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ geometries. The relative enol (XHC?=?CHOH) stabilities (ΔE _{e,CCSD(T)/CBS}) were found to be 5.98?±?0.17, ?1.67?±?0.82, 7.64?±?0.21, 8.39?±?0.31, 2.82?±?0.52, 10.27?±?0.39, 9.12?±?0.18, 5.47?±?0.53, 7.50?±?0.43, 10.12?±?0.51, 8.49?±?0.33, and 6.19?±?0.18?kcal?mol^?1 for X?=?BeH, BH₂, CH₃, Cl, CN, F, H, NC, NH₂, OCH₃, OH, and SH, respectively. Inconsistencies between the results of complex/composite energy computations methods Gn/CBS (G2, G3, CBS-4M, and CBS-QB3) and high-level ab initio methods (CCSD(T)/CBS and MP2/CBS) were found. DFT/aug-cc-pVTZ results with B3LYP, PBE0 (PBE1PBE), TPSS, and BMK density functionals were close to the CCSD(T)/CBS levels (MAD?=?1.04?kcal?mol^?1).     

Quantum chemical analysis of vibrational spectra of methylphenylcarbamate

We present results of ab initio and DFT calculations of the structure, potential function of internal rotation of the methyl group, and vibrational frequencies and intensities in IR and Raman spectra of methylphenylcarbamate. The calculations were carried out in different basis sets in the HF, MP2, and DFT/B3LYP approximations with partial force field scaling. The influence of the phenyl substituent on structural and spectral characteristics of the urethane group has been analyzed. Calculated characteristics of vibrational spectra show satisfactory agreement with experimental values.     

Quantum-chemical calculations of the structure,vibrational spectra,and torsional and inversion potentials of methylcarbamate

We present results of ab initio and DFT calculations of the structure, potential functions of the methyl group internal rotation and the amino group inversion, and vibrational frequencies and intensities in IR and Raman spectra of methylcarbamate. The calculations were carried out using different basis sets in the HF, MP2, and DFT/B3LYP approximations. The influence of both the basis set size and the allowance for electronic correlation on peculiarities of the structure of the amino group in methylcarbamate has been analyzed. It is shown that the B3LYP/6-311++G(2d, p) and B3LYP/cc-pVDZ calculations reproduce highly accurately experimental geometric parameters of methylcarbamate. Parameters of torsional and inversion potentials and characteristics of vibrational spectra calculated in different approximations show satisfactory agreement with experimental values. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 76, No. 3, pp. 349–357, May–June, 2009.     

Ab initio potential energy surface and intermolecular vibrational frequency of C3-He complex

The intermolecular potential energy surface for C₃–He complex has been constructed using supermolecular CCSD(T) and MP4 methods. The potential surfaces have been calculated for 27 values of R ranging from 2.8 to 8.0 Å and 19 values of θ equally spaced between 0° and 180°. Both CCSD(T) and MP4 potentials have similar global behaviors. The global minimum in each of the potentials corresponds to the slightly distorted T-shaped geometry. On the basis of these two potentials, the intermolecular vibrational energies and wavefunctions were calculated. The energy level pattern of the vdW vibrational states was predicted for C₃–He complex. The zero point bending motion of this complex has a range of 180°. The calculated fundamental frequency of vdW bending is 3.16 cm^?1 at CCSD(T) level, and 5.38 cm^?1 at the MP4 level. In addition, we have also constructed the intermolecular potential energy surface with C₃ bending coordinate of 160° by using supermolecular CCSD(T) method. Two local minima including arrow-shaped and Y-shaped configurations were determined. The rotational constants of three C₃–He structures including T-shaped, arrow-shaped and Y-shaped configurations at CCSD(T) level were also reported.     

The electron affinity of Al13H cluster: high level ab initio study

Al₁₃H clusters have been considered candidates for cluster assembled materials. Here we have carried out benchmark calculations for the Al₁₃H cluster, both neutral and anionic, with the aim of verifying the nature of stationary points on the potential energy surface, studying dynamics of H atom and determining an adiabatic electron affinity. A range of correlated methods applied include second-order perturbation theory (MP2), spin-component-scaled MP2, coupled electron pair (CEPA) and coupled cluster singles and doubles with perturbative triple corrections (CCSD(T)). These methods are used in combination with the correlation consistent basis sets through aug-cc-pVTZ including extrapolation to the complete basis set (CBS) limit. Performance of several different flavours of density functional theory (DFT) such as generalised gradient approximation (GGA), hybrid GGA, meta-GGA and hybrid-meta-GGA is assessed with respect to the ab initio correlated reference data. The harmonic force constant analysis is systematically performed with the MP2 and DFT methods. The MP2 results show that for neutral Al₁₃H only the hollow structure is a potential energy minimum, with the bridged structure being a transition state for the H shift from the hollow site to the adjacent hollow site. The CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ (CCSD(T)/CBS) estimate of the energy barrier to this H shift is 2.6 (2.9) kcal/mol, implying that the H atom movement over the Al₁₃H cluster surface is facile. By contrast, the DFT force constant analysis results suggest additional terminal and bridged minima structures. For the anion Al₁₃H^?, exhibiting ‘stiffer’ potential energy surface compared to the neutral, the existence of the hollow and terminal isomers is consistent with the earlier photoelectron spectroscopy assignment. The adiabatic electron affinity of Al₁₃H is determined to be 2.00 and 1.95 eV (the latter including the ΔZPE correction) based on the CCSD(T) energies extrapolated to the CBS limit, whereas the respective CCSD(T)/CBS thermodynamic EA values are 2.79 and 2.80 eV.     

Experimental and theoretical structure and vibrational analysis of ethyl trifluoroacetate,CF3CO2CH2CH3

The molecular structure and conformational properties of ethyl trifluoroacetate, CF₃CO₂CH₂CH₃, were determined in the gas phase by electron diffraction, and vibrational spectroscopy (IR and Raman). The experimental investigations were supplemented by ab initio (MP2) and DFT quantum chemical calculations at different levels of theory. Experimental and theoretical methods result in two structures with C_s (anti–anti) and C₁ (anti–gauche) symmetries, the former being slightly more stable than the latter. The electron‐diffraction data are best fitted with a mixture of 56% anti–gauche and 44% anti–anti conformers. The conformational preference was also studied using the total energy scheme, and the natural bond orbital scheme. Also, the infrared spectra of CF₃CO₂CH₂CH₃ are reported for the gas, liquid and solid states, as is the Raman spectrum of the liquid. The comparison of experimental averaged IR spectra of C_s and C₁ conformers provides evidence for the predicted conformations in the IR spectra. Harmonic vibrational wavenumbers and scaled force fields have been calculated for both conformers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis,spectroscopic and structural characterisation of two p-nitrobenzamide compounds: experimental and DFT study

The title molecules, N-(1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-1H-3-(2H)-pyrazolyl)4-nitrobenzamide (C₁₈H₁₆N₄O₄·H₂O) (I) and 2,2-dimethyl-3-(4-nitrobenzoyl)-5-(phenylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-thiyadiazole (C₁₇H₁₆N₄O₃S) (II), were prepared and characterised by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, infrared spectroscopy (IR) and structural X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The molecular geometries, vibrational frequencies of the title compounds in the ground state have been calculated by using the density functional theory (DFT) method with 6-31G(d) basis set, and compared with the experimental data. The calculated results showed that the optimised geometries from the DFT method agree with the X-ray structures well for both compounds. Theoretical calculations of harmonic vibration frequencies are in good agreement with experimental results. To determine conformational flexibility, the molecular energy profiles of the title compounds were obtained. Besides, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), frontier molecular orbitals (FMO) analysis and thermodynamic properties of the title compounds were investigated by theoretical calculations.     

Analytical energy gradients for local second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory using intrinsic bond orbitals

ABSTRACT

We present the theory and an implementation for PAO-LMP2 analytical energy gradients (local second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory with domains of projected atomic orbitals), using intrinsic bond orbitals (IBOs). The accuracy of optimised LMP2 geometry parameters relative to canonical MP2 and CCSD(T) ones is benchmarked for more than 100 small- to medium-sized molecules. Using augmented triple-ζ basis sets, the deviations of computed LMP2 bond lengths and bond angles from the corresponding MP2 ones are small and quickly decrease with increasing domain sizes. For small domains, a systematic compensation between the intrinsic error of MP2 and the errors due to the local approximations is found, so that the LMP2 results deviate less from CCSD(T) than the MP2 ones. On the other hand, with extended domains, the differences between LMP2 and MP2 geometry parameters become negligible.     

Density functional theory predictions for small radicals containing boron and aluminium: broken symmetry problems and solutions

Selected exchange-correlation functionals were employed to study certain radicals for which unrestricted (U) Hartree–Fock and post-Hartree–Fock methods showed spatial symmetry breakings. For AlO, BO₂ and BS₂ all functionals produced symmetry adapted solutions and predicted geometries and vibrational spectra in good accord with experiment. The USVWN and UB3LYP solutions for the D_∞h O–Al–O structure break spin symmetry. Mixing of these spin-unrestricted Kohn–Sham orbitals yielded stable solutions with reasonable geometries and energetics but with large errors for the vibrational spectra. Only UBHandHLYP results in a broken spatial symmetry solution and yields an anomalous vibrational spectrum. The UBLYP solution does not show a tendency to instability and predicts a D_infin;h O–Al–O species with a ²Π_g electronic state.     

Synthesis and Raman spectroscopic investigation of a new self‐assembly monolayer material 4‐[N‐phenyl‐N‐(3‐methylphenyl)‐amino]‐benzoic acid for organic light‐emitting devices

We have synthesized 4‐[N‐phenyl‐N‐(3‐methylphenyl)‐amino]‐benzoic acid (4‐[PBA]) and investigated its molecular vibrations by infrared and Raman spectroscopies as well as by calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) approach. The Fourier transform (FT) Raman, dispersive Raman and FT‐IR spectra of 4‐[PBA] were recorded in the solid phase. We analyzed the optimized geometric structure and energies of 4‐[PBA] in the ground state. Stability of the molecule arising from hyperconjugative interactions and charge delocalization was studied using natural bond orbital analysis. The results show that change in electron density in the σ* and π* antibonding orbitals and E₂ energies confirm the occurrence of intramolecular charge transfer within the molecule. Theoretical calculations were performed at the DFT level using the Gaussian 09 program. Selected experimental bands were assigned and characterized on the basis of the scaled theoretical wavenumbers by their total energy distribution. The good agreement between the experimental and theoretical spectra allowed positive assignment of the observed vibrational absorption bands. Finally, the calculation results were applied to simulate the Raman and IR spectra of the title compound, which show agreement with the observed spectra. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reaction of C2HCl2+O2: Combined TR-FTIR Spectroscopy and Electronic Structure

用时间分辨傅立叶变换红外发射光谱(TR-FTIR)和G3MP2//B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)水平的电子结构计算研究了环境化学中重要的二氯代乙烯自由基C₂HCl₂和O₂分子的基元反应通道和机理. 通过0.5 cm^-1高分辨的TR-FTIR发射光谱观察到三种振动激发态产物CO₂、CO和HCl,由光谱拟合得到CO和HCl的振动态分布,结合电子结构计算的反应势能曲线,提出反应机理和能量上最可能的反     

Quantum Monte Carlo assessment of density functionals for π-electron molecules: ethylene and bifuran

ABSTRACT

We perform all-electron, pure-sampling quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) calculations on ethylene and bifuran molecules. The orbitals used for importance sampling with a single Slater determinant are generated from Hartree-Fock and density functional theory (DFT). Their fixed-node energy provides an upper bound to the exact energy. The best performing density functionals for ethylene are BP86 and M06, which account for 99% of the electron correlation energy. Sampling from the π-electron distribution with these orbitals yields a quadrupole moment comparable to coupled cluster CCSD(T) calculations. However, these, and all other density functionals, fail to agree with CCSD(T) while sampling from electron density in the plane of the molecule. For bifuran, as well as ethylene, a correlation is seen between the fixed-node energy and deviance of the QMC quadrupole moment estimates from those calculated by DFT. This suggests that proximity of DFT and QMC densities correlates with the quality of the exchange nodes of the DFT wave function for both systems.     

迭代的多组态相互作用方法

本文提出了迭代的组态相互作用方法(IMRCI). IMRCI被用来计算H₂O和CH₂(单重态和三重态)在平衡态和远离平衡时的电子能量. IMRCI、MP2、MP3、MP4、CCSD和CCSD(T)还用来计算H₂O、CH₂(单重态和双重态)和N₂的势能曲线. 这些计算结果表明IMRCI的结果不依赖初始的多参考态组态函数,并能较快地收敛到完全组态相互作用的计算结果. 相比完全组态相互作用的结果,仅需2至4次迭代,IMRCI的误差就能达到10^-5 hartree数量级. 另外,IMRCI还提供了寻找势能面上主要电子组态的一个有效途径. 这将有助于单参考态和多参考态理论模型得到准确的计算结果.     

Calculation of accurate imaginary frequencies and tunnelling coefficients for hydrogen abstraction reactions using IRCmax

The effect of level of theory on the imaginary frequency and corresponding tunnelling coefficients has been studied for a test set of hydrogen abstraction reactions: ?CH₂X + CH₃Y → CH₃X + ?CH₂Y for (X,Y) = (H,H), (H,CN), (H,F), (H,Li) and (F,Li). It is found that the imaginary frequency is very sensitive to the level of theory used, with Hartree-Fock (HF) methods severely overestimating the imaginary frequency compared with high-level CCSD(T)/6-311G(d,p) calculations. The errors for the other methods are smaller but nonetheless significant, with MP2 methods overestimating the imaginary frequency and density functional theory (DFT) methods underestimating it. In the case of the HF methods, this leads to errors in the tunnelling coefficient of several orders of magnitude, while for the better DFT and MP2 methods errors of a factor of 2–3 are observed. To address this problem, an IRCmax procedure for estimating the imaginary frequency has been developed and it is found that IRCmax imaginary frequencies calculated with CCSD(T)/6-311G(d,p) single points along a low-level HF/6-31G(d) minimum energy path provide excellent approximations to the high-level values, at a fraction of the computational cost.     

Vibrational investigation of 1-cyclopentylpiperazine: A combined experimental and theoretical study

FT-IR and Raman spectra of 1-cyclopentylpiperazine(1cppp)have been experimentally examined in the region of 4000–200cm-1.The optimized geometric parameters,conformational equilibria,normal mode frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments of 1cppp(C9H18N2)are theoretically examined by means of B3LYP hybrid density functional theory(DFT)method together with 6-31++G(d,p)basis set.On the basis of potential energy distribution(PED)reliable vibrational assignments have been made and the thermodynamics functions,highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals(HOMO and LUMO)of 1cppp have been predicted.Calculations are employed for four different conformations in C1 and Cs point groups of 1cppp in gas phase.Comparison between the experimental and theoretical results indicates that B3LYP method is able to provide satisfactory results for predicting vibrational frequencies and the structural parameters,vibrational frequencies and assignments.Furthermore,C1(equatorial-axial)point group has been found as the most stable conformer of 1cppp.     

Addition complex and insertion isomers on the potential energy surface of the reaction of indium dimer with water studied with relativistic ECP

Stationary points on the lowest singlet and triplet In₂ + H₂O potential energy surfaces (PESs) have been explored using the coupled cluster method, including single and double excitations with perturbative triples (CCSD(T)), and the density functional theory (DFT), employing the effective core potential (ECP) for indium (In), which accounts for scalar relativistic effects, with the triple-zeta quality basis set. The CCSD(T) calculated binding energy and anharmonic ν₂-bending mode frequency for the triplet ground-state addition complex, In₂^… OH₂(³B₁), are consistent with the complex detected in the matrix isolation infrared (IR) spectroscopic study under the thermal conditions. The two minimum energy crossing points between the triplet and the singlet PESs that have been located between the structures of In₂^…OH₂ and the transition state for the O–H bond breakage are not likely to be thermally accessible under the low-temperature matrix conditions. With the CCSD(T)-calculated In₂ + H₂O reaction profile and anharmonic vibrational frequencies for several In₂(H)(OH) insertion product isomers, we support the IR matrix isolation detection (by two experimental groups) of the lowest energy singlet double-bridged In(μ-H)(μ-OH)In isomer. For the proposed two-step mechanism of H₂ elimination from the In₂(H)(OH) species, the estimated energy barriers are also compatible with experiment.