微机扫描黑体辐射实验研究

利用微机扫描光栅光谱仪和溴钨灯进行黑体辐射实验研究，验证了黑体辐射的基本规律；论证了黑体辐射实验方法的可行性，分析了黑体的辐射、传递和接收以及正弦机构等器件的性能和误差修正问题．     

组合式黑体辐射实验装置的搭建和探究

利用HFY-200BII型黑体辐射源和相应的热辐射探测器以及微伏特计搭建了一套组合式黑体辐射实验装置,通过该装置验证了黑体辐射的基本规律,论证了黑体辐射实验方法的可行性.     

黑体辐射中两类粒子的辐射规律

考虑到相对论效应,采用量子统计的方法,得到了满足Bose-Einstein统计分布和Fermi-Dirac统计分布的两类粒子的黑体辐射公式（包括Planck黑体辐射公式）．发现辐射谱不仅与黑体的辐射温度有关,还与辐射粒子的能量、化学势和种类有关．辐射强度与辐射粒子的能量、静质量、简并因子有关。     

激光冷却铯原子喷泉频标的黑体辐射频移

研究了激光冷却铯原子喷泉频标的黑体辐射频移（包括黑体辐射塞曼频移和黑体辐射斯塔克频移）,推导了频移的计算公式,估算了室温下频移及其不确定度的大小,分析了黑体辐射频移对频标准确度的影响。结果表明：１）室温下黑体辐射塞曼频移可达１０＾－１５量级,在评定铯原子喷泉频标准确度时,需要对此项频移加以修正;２）在利用直流斯塔克效应估算黑体辐射斯塔克频移时,由直流极化率常数ｘ的测量误差导致的黑体辐射斯塔克频移的     

中温黑体炉的制作

黑体辐射理论与实验的研究,是红外物理的课题。现在,红外物理已成为物理学的一个重要分支,它在遥感、侦察、跟踪、制导以及工农业生产、医药卫生等方面,都有着广泛应用。为了使同学们对黑体辐射有比较深入、实际的了解,同时也为解决实验室对黑体的需要,根据我们现有条件,在612所常进同志的帮助下,我们让部分同学设计、制作了一个中温小型黑体炉,并进行了测试实验。虽然基尔霍夫早已指出,在一个等温密封腔内的辐射就是黑体辐射,但要制作高发射     

高温黑体性能评定和温度测量

中国计量科学研究院引进了高温黑体BB3500M作为新的光谱辐射照度基准光源。黑体BB3500M包括辐射腔体和温度反馈系统。辐射腔体由一系列高温热解石墨环组成,可以加热至3 500 K。在光谱辐照度测量中,高温黑体的性能参数和温度测量至关重要。对于黑体的性能参数,着重考察了黑体温度的稳定性和腔底温度的均匀性。在将高温黑体的光谱辐射照度传递给工作标准灯时,黑体的温度可能发生改变。实验观测了一小时内黑体的温度漂移情况。当高温黑体加热至3 016 K时,采用温度反馈系统的BB3500M稳定在0.3 K。实验光路中设置了限制光栏,用于屏蔽来自黑体腔壁的辐射。黑体腔底辐射环的温度均匀性优于0.2 K。在温度测量中,2 473 K以下的温度可以直接溯源到中国计量科学研究院热工处,对于更高温度的测量需要进行温度延伸。文中从普朗克公式出发,通过多波长亮度比较法进行了温度延伸。实验先在低温区进行延伸证实了方法的可能性,然后进行了高温区的温度延伸。     

定量化红外遥感应用的高精度水浴黑体

辐射定标是红外遥感信息定量化的关键技术之一。根据定量化红外遥感应用的需求,研制了高精度水浴黑体辐射源,并应用均匀镜-漫反射模型法对其发射率进行了计算。提出了基于绝对低温辐射计的常温黑体定标方法。性能测试结果表明,该黑体辐射源可用于遥感探测器中的红外辐射定标。     

卫星多光谱扫描仪模拟空间环境辐射定标技术

模拟空间环境辐射定标技术主要用于卫星发射前对其所携带的多光谱扫描仪的响应特性进行辐射定标,为用户提供定标曲线。介绍了利用多个光源、多套定标光学系统的多光谱扫描仪辐射定标技术。多谱段光源系统由太阳辐照积分球和黑体组成,积分球用于可见光、近红外谱段的辐射定标,黑体用于远红外谱段的辐射定标。多谱段定标光学系统通过在真空低温环境下的精密传动机构切换反射镜位置,以离轴抛物面反射镜为中心形成两套光学系统,分别将积分球、黑体的辐射反射到扫描仪的入口,从而一次试验即可完成卫星多光谱扫描仪全谱段的辐射定标。     

球形微粒子近场辐射换热研究

从偶极辐射理论出发,结合普朗克黑体辐射分布,推导出近场区热辐射分布。采用MC法模拟了两个纳米球形 村子的辐射换热,考察相天参数对近场辐射换热的影响。表明其辐射热流可比黑体辐射高8个数量级。其热流随间距的增 大急剧减小。小研究对于纳米粒子群的传热研究有积极意义。     

基于图像的飞行器红外辐射特性测量

通过将目标在一定波段内的红外辐射等效为红外成像系统前一定距离下黑体在对应波段内的红外辐射,建立了等效辐射方程。根据黑体辐射定标实验数据,利用非线性回归方法确定了在不同的积分时间条件下红外凝视成像系统输出红外图像的灰度值与在一定距离下的黑体温度之间的定量关系,建立了辐射定标方程。在Visual C++6.0平台下,在对红外目标图像进行SUSAN滤波等预处理后,分析了已知目标距离的红外图像的灰度均值。首先根据辐射定标方程计算出目标等效为黑体的温度,然后利用等效辐射方程反推目标的红外辐射强度,以达到根据跟踪的红外图像确定红外目标辐射特性的目的。此项研究不仅可以为目标识别提供目标分类、识别和辨认所必需的光谱数据库,而且还可以为红外预警提供重要的参考数据。     

A NON-ADIABATIC MODEL OF SINGLE BUBBLE SONOLUMINESCENCE

A non-adiabatic model of single bubble sonoluminescence has been advanced through considering the energy dissipation caused by light emission. The bubble dynamical equations with a black-body radiation have been solved numerically. The results show that without introduciag any model parameter, this model not only can well reproduce the experimental phenomena in the time scale of microsecond of the adiabatic model can do, but also can obtain a 40-100 ps of flash duration and a 10⁴ K effective temperature of the black-body radiation. These agree with the experiment quite well.     

Samuel Pierpont Langley and his Contributions to the Empirical Basis of Black-Body Radiation

In this paper I deal with an early phase of the history of research on black-body radiation. In this phase, from 1880-1900, the American astrophysicist Samuel Pierpont Langley (1834-1906) invented and used a key instrument, the bolometer, to measure for the first time radiation curves that displayed the characteristic features of asymmetry and of a shifting of their maxima to shorter wavelengths with increasing temperature. I emphasize the complex development of the construction of the bolometer and the early experiments performed with it. I also discuss how these developments became important for theoretical research on the black-body radiation formula. My aim is to show that the often-neglected experimental part of the history of research on black-body radiation represents an important precondition for the theoretical developments that followed.     

Spherically symmetric static inhomogeneous cosmological models

Spherically symmetric static cosmological models filled with black-body radiation are considered. The models are isotropic about a central observer but inhomogeneous. It is suggested that the energy density of the free gravitational field, which is coupled to the isotropic radiation energy density, might play an important role in generating sufficient field (vacuum) energy (when converted into thermal energy) and initiate processes like inflation. On the central world line the energy density of the free gravitational field vanishes whereas the proper pressure and density of the isotropic black-body radiation are constants. Further, it is shown that the cosmological constant is no more arbitrary but given in terms of the central pressure and density. Also, at its maximum value the energy density of the free gravitational field is proved to be equal to one third of the combined value of radiation pressure and density.     

Black-body radiation of noncommutative gauge fields

The black-body radiation is considered in a theory with noncommutative electromagnetic fields; that is noncommutativity is introduced in field space, rather than in real space. A direct implication of the result on cosmic microwave background map is argued.     

An exact FRW cosmology with radiation and imperfect fluid

An exact solution of the Einstein field equations for a combination of black-body radiation and an imperfect fluid, in which the geometrical background is a flat FRW metric, is presented. The solution exhibits an axial preferred direction along which the material content moves relative to the radiation field, the latter representing the cosmic background radiation. The solution is shown to be in excellent agreement with current observations.     

Particle creation by a black hole as a consequence of the Casimir effect

It is shown that the effect of particle creation by a black hole is a consequence of the Casimir effect for a spherical shell. The temperature of black-body radiation coincides with that obtained by Hawking.     

The 2.7 K black-body radiation background reference frame

This paper reports that the directional temperature is used to present a scheme for deducing the velocity of the reference frame where the black-body which produces the 2.7 K radiation background is at rest.The new renormalized relativistic thermodynamics lays the foundations of the method.     

空腔"黑体"辐射的简单模型及推论

建立了一个简单的模型来描绘空腔辐射中腔壁与辐射场的能量交换,由此可以得到空腔辐射平衡场能谱的性质,基尔霍夫定律,以及空腔与黑体的关系．     

Black-body emission from nanostructured materials

Photoluminescence (PL) experiments on materials of low thermal conductance can cause black-body emission from the sample even at low intensities of laser excitation. This thermal emission may be misinterpreted in terms of quantum emission. Although the quantum origin of most radiative emissions in nanostructured materials such as porous silicon is well established, we show in this paper that SiC nanoparticles and mechanically milled Si do exhibit thermal emission at typical excitation intensities for PL measurements provided the samples are under vacuum. An Si membrane was also investigated and the fact that it did not emit black-body radiation is explained with a simple analysis of the heating in materials of reduced dimensionality.