Muon radiography technology for detecting high-Z materials

This paper studies the possibility of using the scattering of cosmic muons to identify threatening high-Z materials.Various scenarios of threat material detection are simulated with the Geant4 toolkit.PoCA(Point of Closest Approach) algorithm reconstructing muon track gives 3D radiography images of the target material.Z-discrimination capability,effects of the placement of high-Z materials,shielding materials inside the cargo,and spatial resolution of position sensitive detector for muon radiography are carefully studied.Our results show that a detector position resolution of 50 μm is good enough for shielded materials detection.     

基于μ子动量谱的多群模型测量平板材料的厚度北大核心CSCD

在基于μ子多重库仑散射的断层成像技术中,天然宇宙射线中不同动量的μ子在同一目标对象中的散射特性存在明显的差异,这在一定程度上影响了成像分辨率。为了减少或消除这种不利影响,建立了一套基于天然宇宙射线μ子动量谱的多群模型,并检验其用于铅板厚度测量及平板材料识别中的性能和特征。结果表明,采用基于μ子动量谱的多群模型能够实现1~16cm范围内铅板厚度的准确测量,相对误差小于5%。此外,该多群模型还可以通过计算辐射长度来识别未知平板的材料组成,尤其是对于高原子序数材料组成的平板,其辐射长度相对误差小于4%。     

Role of reduced flux values in muon radiography

A numerical experiment clearly shows that the use of reduced fluxes makes it possible to eliminate the effect of the shape of the object under study on the estimate of its material density by muon radiography methods.     

Measurement of the energy penetration depth into solid targets irradiated by ultrashort laser pulses

The energy penetration depth of a short (100 fs) Ti-sapphire laser pulse (0.8 &mgr;m) of intensity 3x10(16) W/cm(2), in solid density materials has been measured. High-Z (BaF2) and low-Z (MgF2) solid layers targets were used. The penetration depth was determined from the measurement of the x-ray emission spectra, as a function of the target thickness. The investigation of these spectra showed that in the low-Z case, solid density material to a depth of 50 nm was heated to a peak electron temperature of approximately 150 eV. For the high-Z material, the penetration depth corresponding to this temperature exceeded 100 nm. This is evidence of a larger heat penetration depth in a high-Z material in comparison to a low-Z material. A model based on electron heat conduction is used to estimate the energy penetration depth. It is suggested that the larger heat penetration in high-Z material is due to heating of the material, caused by the radiation flux, generated by the electron heat conduction.     

SSRF前端区锯齿墙束流孔洞中子屏蔽的蒙特卡罗估算

主要关于上海同步辐射装置(SSRF)储存环电子引发产生的韧致辐射和中子辐射的研究. 中子和光子经多种组合材 料(厚度在5cm～115cm之间)屏蔽后的剂量特征由蒙特卡罗代码MCNP和EGSnrc估算得到; 蒙特卡罗计算表明, 单一的材料如铅, 铁和聚乙烯对高能中子是无效的生物屏蔽材料, 而组合材料如铅或者铁加聚乙烯和铅或者铁加混凝土被认为是屏蔽高能中子很好的组合材料. 铅铁等高Z材料加点包含有氢的低Z材料如聚乙烯是同时屏蔽高能中子和韧致辐射的一种比较好的组合材料选择.     

大俘获立体角的内靶超导螺线管表面muon源的设计研究

高通量μ子源是国际上μ子科学研究的重要条件。在中国散裂中子源的高能质子应用区中,运用蒙特卡罗工具Geant4和G4beamline软件设计了使用内靶超导螺线管俘获高通量表面μ子的束线。与传统的分离靶和基于四极磁铁的收集系统相比,大孔径超导螺线管可以将收集效率提高两个量级。通过对不同靶材的粒子产率进行分析得出石墨是最佳靶材,然后比较俘获螺线管与束流的不同偏转角度下收集的表面μ的产率,提出了合理的较高产率的俘获和输运螺线管的设计方案,并与常规磁铁方案比较,最终在衰变螺线管端口的表面μ通量高达108/s。     

Muon-pair production by atmospheric muons in CosmoALEPH

Data from a dedicated cosmic ray run of the ALEPH detector were used in a study of muon trident production, i.e., muon pairs produced by muons. Here the overburden and the calorimeters are the target materials while the ALEPH time projection chamber provides the momentum measurements. A theoretical estimate of the muon trident cross section is obtained by developing a Monte Carlo simulation for muon propagation in the overburden and the detector. Two muon trident candidates were found to match the expected theoretical pattern. The observed production rate implies that the nuclear form factor cannot be neglected for muon tridents.     

高能质子照相中面密度的测量和不确定性分析

 依据洛斯·阿拉莫斯国家实验室的质子照相概念，通过研究高能质子与物质的相互作用规律，给出了质子照相确定面密度的计算公式及其不确定性分析，阐述了质子照相鉴别材料组分的原理。相对于X光照相，质子通过面密度较大的物体后的通量明显增加，界面探测和密度重建更加准确。研究了多库仑散射和磁透镜系统的色散对质子照相空间分辨率的影响及解决途径。结果表明，高能质子照相在穿透能力、面密度测量、材料的组分识别、空间分辨率等方面都优于X光照相。     

Muon level-crossing resonance in magnetically ordered materials

The positive muon is widely used as a microscopic probe of internal fields at interstitial sites in magnetically ordered materials. Recently, we have demonstrated that the hyperfine fields on the neighboring host nuclear spins can be measured using a novel muon level-crossing resonance technique, thus providing a more detailed picture of the electronic and magnetic environment around the muon. In this paper I will describe the fundamentals of muon level-crossing resonance as applied to magnetically ordered materials, and report an example in MnF₂.     

Muon radiography and deformation analysis of the lava dome formed by the 1944 eruption of Usu, Hokkaido--contact between high-energy physics and volcano physics--

Lava domes are one of the conspicuous topographic features on volcanoes. The subsurface structure of the lava dome is important to discuss its formation mechanism. In the 1944 eruption of Volcano Usu, Hokkaido, a new lava dome was formed at its eastern foot. After the completion of the lava dome, various geophysical methods were applied to the dome to study its subsurface structure, but resulted in a rather ambiguous conclusion. Recently, from the results of the levelings, which were repeated during the eruption, "pseudo growth curves" of the lava dome were obtained. The curves suggest that the lava dome has a bulbous shape. In the present work, muon radiography, which previously proved effective in imaging the internal structure of Volcano Asama, has been applied to the Usu lava dome. The muon radiography measures the distribution of the "density length" of volcanic bodies when detectors are arranged properly. The result obtained is consistent with the model deduced from the pseudo growth curves. The measurement appears to afford useful method to clarify the subsurface structure of volcanoes and its temporal changes, and in its turn to discuss volcanic processes. This is a point of contact between high-energy physics and volcano physics.     

The Muon Science Facility at the JKJ Project

The muon science facility is one of the experimental arenas of the JKJ project, which was recently approved for construction in a period from 2001 to 2006, as well as neutron science, particle and nuclear physics, neutrino physics and nuclear transmutation science. The muon science experimental area is planned to be located in the integrated building of the facility for the materials and life science study. One muon target will be installed upstream of the neutron target in a period of phase 1. The beam line and facility are designed to allow the later installation of a 2nd muon target in a more upstream location. The detailed design for electricity, cooling water, primary proton beam line, one muon target and secondary beam lines (a superconducting solenoid decay muon channel, a dedicated surface muon channel, and an ultra slow muon channel) is underway. In the symposium, a latest status of the muon science facility at JKJ project will be reported. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Muon physics with the proposed pulsed lepton source at LAMPF

The proposed pulsed lepton source (PLS) at LAMPF is described, with special attention to the muon area. Important applications to tests of QED and muon capture physics, as well as to materials science, are discussed.     

电子照相技术成像模拟研究

针对高能电子照相的关键物理过程开展蒙特卡罗照相模拟研究,采用Geant4围绕2.5 GeV电子在四极透镜组内的输运、电子与物质相互作用衰减等照相基本过程展开研究。通过设计不同材料、不同厚度的含缺陷平板作为模拟照相客体,开展放大型电子照相系统缺陷分辨能力模拟。此外,采用不同材料、不同厚度的台阶样品,模拟获得了电子束流穿过相应面密度材料后的线扩展函数,进一步评估电子照相对实心客体的探测分辨能力。     

超短超强激光与金属靶作用产生硬X射线照相

 超短超强激光与物质相互作用产生硬X射线的应用之一是X射线照相。利用等离子体国家重点实验室的SILEX-Ⅰ激光器进行了超短超强激光与高Z平面金属厚靶相互作用产生硬X射线作为照相光源的照相实验研究。采用闪烁体+胶片和闪烁体+CCD相机的方式分别接收X射线图像,在靶的侧向和后向得到清晰X射线图像。由于采用的闪烁体厚度和照相几何不同,图像质量和空间分辨率存在明显差别。这种照相技术不仅可以作为激光与固体靶相互作用产生光源研究的基础手段,而且可以作为激光与固体靶相互作用致硬X射线的探测方式。     

The positive muon as a probe in magnetism

The special features of the Muon Spin Rotation (μSR) method for investigation of magnetic materials are discussed. The positive muon is a probe which is very sensitive to small magnetic fields at the interstitial site where the muon comes to rest. Some of the basic aspects of μSR and examples of its application in magnetic studies are presented.     

Muon-fluorine entangled states in molecular magnets

The information accessible from a muon-spin relaxation experiment can be limited due to a lack of knowledge of the precise muon stopping site. We demonstrate here the possibility of localizing a spin polarized muon in a known stopping state in a molecular material containing fluorine. The muon-spin precession that results from the entangled nature of the muon spin and surrounding nuclear spins is sensitive to the nature of the stopping site. We use this property to identify three classes of sites that occur in molecular magnets and describe the extent to which the muon distorts its surroundings.     

基于马尔可夫随机场的闪光图像分割

目标界面位置信息是闪光照相中关注的内容之一,而闪光图像的低信噪比影响了微结构界面位置的准确提取。研究了基于马尔可夫随机场的闪光图像分割算法,在闪光图像分割过程中采用马尔可夫模型描述被分割像素之间的相关性,减少了由噪声所引起的孤立虚假目标,提出利用中空邻域模板内的起伏定义标号场模型中的基团势函数,改进了闪光图像的分割方法,提高了微结构分割精度。数值实验表明,改进后的马尔可夫随机场分割方法能取得更好的分割结果。     

神光Ⅲ原型黑腔物理实验研究

总结了在神光Ⅲ原型激光装置上开展的一系列黑腔物理实验研究,从多个方面研究了黑腔内部等离子体状态和辐射场特性。用真空黑腔能量学研究获得了散射光、辐射温度和不同能段辐射流份额的定标规律,从能量学角度梳理和分析了整个激光黑腔相互作用过程。通过对黑腔中充入低密度低Z气体抑制了腔壁等离子体运动,明显减少了可能造成靶丸预热的金M带辐射流(1.6~4.4keV)份额。针对黑腔内部不同区域等离子体,研究了光斑区等离子体的运动,分析了其与电子热传导限流因子的关系;研究了冕区等离子体的运动,分析了不同充气等离子体条件对其的影响;在同一发次实验中同时测量了光斑区与再发射区的辐射流比值。     

温度梯度对平面金壁发射能流平衡性的影响

在激光惯性约束聚变(ICF)的辐射输运实验和理论研究中,输运管壁对于输运管内物质中的辐射能谱具有改造作用. 文中利用一维平面模型模拟了柱形输运管壁的辐射能流发射行为,给出了输运管壁的辐射能流不平衡度的计算公式. 结果表明,输运管壁内的电子温度梯度是引起输运管壁发射能流不平衡的原因. 利用不平衡度这一概念对输运管壁发射能流的不平衡性做了定量研究,并在ICF辐射输运实验的温度范围内给出了估算公式. 关键词： 辐射输运 温度梯度 能流 不平衡度     

Numerical modelling of realistic dipole field distributions at muon sites in solids

For zero- or longitudinal-field μSR, instead of assuming a Gaussian field distribution at the muon, the dipole field distribution at the candidate muon site(s) can be found numerically, using the crystal structure of the particular material. Examples show that, while often not well approximated by Gaussians, local field distributions can still be approximated by simple forms. The associated Kubo-Toyabe zero-field relaxation functions are discussed.