基于铌酸锂薄膜波导的电光调谐光栅辅助定向耦合器研究

提出并实验研究了一种基于铌酸锂薄膜光波导的电光调谐的光栅辅助定向耦合器。该耦合器由单模与双模脊形波导及制作于双模波导侧壁的长周期光栅构成。长周期光栅的引入补偿了单模与双模波导中基模的相位失配,可在共振波长实现两波导中基模的高效耦合。进一步地,在双模脊形波导两侧制作调谐电极实现了高速、低驱动电压的电光调谐功能。优化了器件的制作工艺,并采用单次干法刻蚀将耦合器的光栅与波导同步制作于X切铌酸锂薄膜上。测试结果表明所制作的器件在1 595.3 nm波长处实现了14.8 dB的隔离度,其电光调谐效率为0.38 nm/V(1 595.3 nm～1 599.0 nm),热光调谐效率为0.14 nm/℃（25℃～50℃）。该器件可用于实现可调谐滤波、滤模、电光调制及高灵敏度温度传感等功能。     

长周期光纤光栅的折射率敏感特性

利用光波导的耦合模理论分析了长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)的折射率传感特性,给出了LPFG 的谐振波长相对于环境折射率变化时的漂移量解析表达式.对 LPFG 的折射率传感特性进行了数值模拟.结果表明:在光栅周期不变的情况下,当包层折射率小于且接近外界环境折射率时,波长的漂移量增大,且对应的模次越高、包层半径越小、包层折射率越小,波长漂移量越大,即 LPFG 对应于外界折射率传感灵敏度得到显著提高;当外界环境折射率大于包层折射率时,光栅的谐振波长将近似不变.     

长周期光纤光栅应变和温度传感灵敏度研究

基于模耦合理论,从长周期光纤光栅在外加轴向应变或环境温度变化时可能出现的弹性形变、弹光效应、热光效应、热膨胀效应及波导效应入手,推导了描述其轴向应变和温度灵敏度的一般性公式.利用数值方法研究了光栅周期、耦合模式的阶次、弹光系数及热光系数对灵敏度的影响.结果表明：在相同条件下,增大光栅周期将是提高灵敏度的有效手段之一;低次模较高次模的耦合具有更高的灵敏度;包层与芯区的弹光系数（热光系数）相等时,波长漂移量很小且与谐振波长值有简单的正比关系.     

GeSi/Si异质结光波导光栅耦合器的设计与模拟

GeSi/Si异质结光波导是硅基光电集成(OEIC)领域一种重要的连接器件,研究其光的输入耦合,提高耦合效率有着重要的意义.通过分析导模-辐射模的耦合理论求得光栅耦合器的辐射损耗系数,设计分析了波导层厚度为2500 nm,入射波长为1300 nm的单模Ge0.05Si0.95/Si异质结波导光栅耦合器的周期、长度和槽深,得出从空气中输入角为75°(从衬底中入射角为16°)时,周期为0.512 μm,槽宽为0.256 μm,光栅长度为2.3 mm,从空气侧输入时耦合效率为22.5%,从衬底输入时耦合效率为46.3%,并对其输入、输出光场进行了数值模拟.     

镀膜长周期光纤光栅的单峰宽带滤波特性

镀膜长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)工作于相位匹配转折点时纤芯模与高次包层模的耦合产生单个宽带损耗峰,其3 dB带宽取决于纤芯模和包层模之间的色散差、光栅长度以及中心波长.研究表明,薄膜折射率和厚度的变化将影响纤芯模与包层模之间的色散差,从而影响损耗峰的3 dB带宽,同时损耗峰中心波长亦随之移动.薄膜折射率为1.57,厚度为350 nm时,损耗峰带宽可达302 nm.减小光栅长度在保证中心波长损耗大于6 dB的前提下可使损耗峰3 dB带宽增大至334 nm.进一步研究表明,在均匀LPFG中偏离光栅中点的适当位置引入单个π相移可以使带宽增大至372 nm以上.     

多参量可调谐的Bragg波导光栅滤波器设计(英文)

为了解决基于光纤布喇格光栅和压电陶瓷结构的任意光脉冲整形器在动态调谐时存在不足的问题,提出并设计了一种波长、相位、幅度参量独立可调的Bragg波导光栅滤波器,以实现谐振波长及谐振波相位快速独立的线性调控.理论分析表明:波长和相位的理论调谐效率分别为15.6pm/V和0.2π/V,滤波器的输出光强度可以通过偏振旋转器控制.基于转移矩阵理论的仿真分析发现:该滤波器在蚀刻占空比为1/2时反射率最大,光栅长度为10.869mm,蚀刻深度大于100nm时,可以获得98.4%以上的反射率和大于0.14nm的带宽;增大波长调谐电压会进一步降低滤波带宽.     

长周期光纤光栅折射率传感器的结构优化

为了提高长周期光纤光栅对环境介质折射率的传感灵敏度,提出一种长周期光纤光栅的周期和包层半径的结构优化.基于长周期光纤光栅的耦合模理论,分析了长周期光纤光栅的周期和包层半径的大小分别与环境介质折射率传感灵敏度的关系,讨论了长周期光纤光栅的周期和包层半径对折射率传感的影响以及控制光栅周期与包层半径对折射率传感的重要性.为使优化的长周期光纤光栅具有实用性,谐振波长设计在1.55 μm的常规波长范围,经过多次摸拟实验,提出最佳优化参量为：Λ=380 μm,rcl=17 μm,对环境介质折射率从1.26~1.38不同值的实验测试,折射率传感灵敏度达到0.000 12,长周期光纤光栅的结构优化获得理想的预期效果.     

金属包层长周期光纤光栅的理论和实验研究

金属包层长周期光纤光栅可用于对谐振波长的调谐。通过实验和理论研究了长周期光纤光栅在沉积金属包层前后谐振波长的变化规律。分析了金属包层光纤的特点,给出了金属包层光纤包层模的本征方程,并给出了这一复本征方程的求解方法。长周期光纤光栅在沉积金属包层后,对低阶包层模,谐振波长会向长波方向偏移,模次增加,偏移会增大;对高阶包层模,谐振波长向短波方向偏移。不同金属包层,谐振波长的偏移量也有一定差别。所给出的理论分析方法,可用于预测谐振波长的偏移方向和大小,对设计和制做这类长周期光纤光栅提供理论参考。     

表面镀层长周期光纤光栅双峰谐振及其透射谱研究

采用严格的耦合模理论,通过求解表面镀层长周期光纤光栅的特征方程,给出了双峰谐振波长的确定方法,以及它与光栅周期和模式序数之间的关系。结果表明,对应于较高次的包层模式,存在双峰谐振现象,且包层模式序数越高,与芯模产生谐振耦合所需的光栅周期越小。进一步讨论了双峰谐振波长的间距随薄膜参量与光栅参量变化的关系,描绘了这些参量对透射谱衰减谐振峰的影响,理论分析结果与X.W.Shu的无镀层长周期光纤光栅实验结果一致。这些研究为建立高灵敏的双峰谐振薄膜传感器提供了结构优化的理论支持。     

光折变长周期波导光栅耦合器的设计和分析

为了实现在一种稳定的材料上制作简单的光栅耦合器,提出了在钛扩散铌酸锂波导上制作光折变长周期光栅耦合器的方案。利用有效折射率法和耦合模理论,确定了耦合器的结构参数,包括光栅周期为74.28μm,两波导的分开距离为8μm以及100%耦合情况下光栅的最小长度为2.42 cm。分析了传输光谱,得到3 d B带宽为5.20 nm。模拟结果表明,当光栅长度和偏移距离的容差分别为0.37 cm和0.21 cm时,耦合效率可以达到90%以上。该耦合器有望应用于粗波分复用系统。     

快速可调谐电光聚合物波导光栅

提出并设计了快速可调谐电光聚合物波导光栅.该波导光栅通过极化聚合物的线性电光效应 可实现谐振波长的纳秒级快速调谐，调谐灵敏度为61pm/V.研究了该波导光栅的反射谱和透 射谱特性与光栅周期,周期数,折射率调制函数及其调制大小的关系.讨论了波导光栅的材料 选择,制备工艺,快速可调谐性和偏振相关性.该波导光栅不仅克服了光纤光栅调谐速度慢和不利于大规模集成的不足，而且具有调谐灵敏度高,制备工艺与半导体工艺兼容和偏振无关 等优点. 关键词： 光通信器件 光波导 电光效应 聚合物 波导光栅 光纤光栅     

Widely tunable long-period fiber grating with nm-thick higher refractive index film overlay

By introducing a four-layer step-index waveguide modeling, the characteristics of long-period fiber grating (LPFG) with an nm-thick film overlay, which has higher refractive index than that of fiber cladding are investigated in detail. The influence of both the overlay thickness and refractive index on the tuning ability of LPFG is analyzed. The numerical results demonstrate that spectral response of LPFG is divided into three distinct regions as the overlay deposition increases and the shift of resonant wavelength is drastic in some special thickness range. In conjunction with higher-order cladding mode coupling and fiber cladding etching, the sensitivity of LPFG to the overlay refractive index is enhanced significantly and over 120 nm resonant wavelength tunable range is achieved.     

Tunable optical add-drop multiplexer based on long-period fiber gratings for coarse wavelength division multiplexing systems

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a voltage-controllable add-drop multiplexer with a tunable coupler based on long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs). The tunable coupler is based on cladding mode coupling between two parallel LPFGs with divided coil heaters, which controls the resonant wavelength positions of the two LPFGs. The wavelength tunability of the tunable coupler is measured to be -0.45 nm/degrees C in the temperature range from 20 to 120 degrees C. The large tuning range of optical signals (approximately 50.54 nm) from 1502.32 to 1552.86 nm, which covers both the short (S) and the conventional (C) bands, is achieved. The channel isolation is as high as approximately 40 dB. It has several advantages, including a broad tuning range of wavelength in both the S- and C-bands, high channel isolation, no backreflection, and so on.     

聚合物阵列波导光栅的大范围电-光波长调谐滤波器

从阵列波导光栅的光栅方程入手,分析了聚合物阵列波导光栅采用电.光效应进行波长调谐的原理,提出了具有单推挽结构和双推挽结构的电.光波长可调谐滤波器.并用Optiwave软件分别对无推挽结构和推挽结构波长调谐器进行了计算机仿真.结果表明:当外加电压从－100 V 增加到+100 V 时,前者的波长调谐范围约为5 nm,而后者中,单推挽结构的波长调谐范围为约10 nm,双推挽结构的波长调谐范围可达20 nm.     

Wavelength and sensitivity tunable long period gratings fabricated in fluid-cladding microfibers

We report the fabrication of long period gratings in fluid-cladding microfibers by directly focusing a femtosecond laser beam on the microfibers surface to induce periodical modification a long one side of the microfibers.A long period grating is fabricated in a water-cladding microfiber with a diameter of~5μm,which demonstrates a resonant attenuation of 28.53 dB at wavelength of 1588.1 nm with 10 pitches.When water cladding is changed to be refractive index oil of n=1.33 and alcohol solution with concentration of 5%,the resonance wavelength shifts to 1575.1 nm with resonant attenuation of 24.91 dB and 1594.1 nm with resonant attenuation of 35.9 dB,respectively.The long period grating demonstrates different temperature sensitivities of-0.524 nm/℃,-0.767 nm/℃and-1.316 nm/℃for water,alcohol solution and refractive index oil cladding microfibers,respectively,which means the alterable liquid cladding allows the availability of tunable wavelength and sensitivity.The fluid-cladding protects the microfibers from external disturbance and contamination and allows more flexibility in controlling the transmission property and sensing characteristics of long period gratings,which can be used as fiber devices and sensors for chemical,biological,and environmental applications.     

Long period grating in/on planar and channel waveguides: A theory description

A comprehensive, complete theory suitable for a long period grating (LPG) on/in a planar or channel waveguide is described on the basis of coupled mode theory. The theory aims at key characteristic parameters with respect to the effect of the LPG, including resonance wavelength, transmission power of the guided mode in the waveguide, full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the power attenuation band in transmission spectrum of the guided mode, and coupling coefficient between a guided and a coupled mode. The type of the grating including relief and index modulation, different polarization state combinations of the guided mode and the resonant mode, and slanted grating structure are considered in this theory. The influences of the coupling between two guided modes and between a guided mode and a substrate mode are discussed. The role of cladding layer in a long period waveguide grating is demonstrated in particular. Finally, the expressions for the sensitivity of resonance wavelength as a function of external temperature, pressure and surrounding refractive index are derived.     

跑道型结构光子晶体波导定向耦合器

鉴于波导定向耦合器在集成光路以及光电集成方面的广泛应用,提出了一种基于光子晶体波导间高效耦合的光子晶体定向耦合器。通过主波导和耦合波导间的耦合,可以实现对波长为1 490 nm和1 550 nm电磁波的高效分光。在将器件长度控制在30 μm左右的同时,其总效率高达93.05%。另外,发现主波导和耦合波导间介质柱结构参数对电磁波的耦合周期有着极大的影响。并通过将介质柱沿z方向拉伸0.1a(a为晶格周期),设计了工作波长为1 530 nm和1 540 nm的光子晶体定向耦合器,器件长度仅为60 μm。通过拉伸介质柱的纵向长度,可以大幅减小耦合周期,这对缩小器件体积以及实现更为密集的波分复用有着重要的意义。     

Highly efficient tunable fiber Bragg grating filters using multilayer piezoelectric transducers

We realized a wavelength tunable optical filter based on a fiber Bragg grating using multilayer piezoelectric transducers (MLP). The Bragg wavelength of the filter can be easily tuned in proportion to an applied low DC voltage. The tuning range efficiency was as high as 0.2 nm/V. We realized a 10 nm Bragg wavelength shift by applying as low as 50 V to the MLP. The MLP was also used in a higher order dispersion equalizer which consists of a pair of nonlinearly chirped gratings. A zero dispersion wavelength shift of 7 nm was successfully realized for the equalizer.     

Design for broadband high-efficiency grating couplers

In this Letter, we propose general optimization methods to design broadband high-efficiency grating couplers for planar waveguides. We attribute the coupling bandwidth to the mismatch of effective indices between the diffracted beam and the actual grating structure around the operation wavelength for fiber to waveguide excitation. The coupling bandwidth formula is deduced. A simple parameter-separate optimization procedure is proposed for general layered grating couplers for high coupling efficiency. Using our principle, we optimized a grating coupler for a horizontal slot waveguide operating at wavelength 1.55 μm for TM polarization. The grating coupler has 1 dB bandwidth of 60 nm and coupling efficiency of 65% with incident light from single-mode optical fiber (SMF) at 8°.