宽入射角度偏振不敏感高效异常反射梯度超表面

偏振不敏感超表面在实际应用中具有重要意义, 本文提出了一种光通信波段的、对偏振不敏感的异常反射式梯度超表面, 这种超表面对于x-偏振和y-偏振入射光都能够实现高效率的异常反射, 表现出偏振不敏感特性, 为解决传统反射式超表面的偏振敏感性问题提供了一种新途径. 它采用金属(Au)-绝缘层(SiO₂)-金属(Au)结构, 超表面的超晶胞由五个各向同性的、尺寸不同的十字形基本结构单元组成. 仿真结果表明, 这种超表面结构对不同线偏振入射平面光波有几乎相同的相位和振幅响应; 合理的选取五个基本结构单元的尺寸, 在一个超晶胞内实现了2πup 相位的覆盖, 反射光波阵面畸变小, 而且反射光都集中到异常反射级次, 在工作波长1480 nm处具有较高的异常反射率(～ 70%). 此外, 这种结构的超表面在-30°–0°的宽入射角度范围内都具有偏振不敏感的异常反射特性. 在光通信、光信号处理、显示成像等领域具有潜在的应用前景.     

一种宽角域散射增强超表面的研究

提出并验证了一种基于超表面相位梯度设计以实现宽角域后向雷达散射截面(radar cross section, RCS)增强的设计思路.宽角域RCS增强超表面包含两个区域,分别设计大小相等方向相反的相位梯度,控制-45?和45?方向上的入射电磁波沿入射方向返回;电磁波垂直入射时,在一个区域内耦合为表面电磁波,传播至另一区域再次解耦为垂直反射的自由空间波,分别在-45?, 0?, 45?方向上形成散射峰,实现了在-45?—45?的宽角域范围内的RCS增强.仿真了宽角域RCS增强超表面在电磁波以不同角度入射时的电场分布和单站RCS,测试了加工样品在9—12 GHz频带内不同频点处的单站RCS,和仿真结果基本一致.结果表明:设计的宽角域RCS增强超表面在9—12 GHz的宽带频率范围内,在-45?—45?的宽角域范围内对于x和y极化入射波均有良好的RCS增强效果.     

Broadband perfect polarization conversion metasurfaces

We propose a broadband perfect polarization conversion metasurface composed of copper sheet-backed asymmetric double spilt ring resonator(DSRR).The broadband perfect polarization convertibility results from metallic ground and multiple plasmon resonances of the DSRR.Physics of plasmon resonances are governed by the electric and magnetic resonances.Both the simulation and measured results show that the polarization conversion ratio(PCR)is higher than 99%for both x-and y-polarized normally incident EM waves and the fractional bandwidth is about 34.5%.The metasurface possesses the merits of high PCR and broad bandwidth,and thus has great application values in novel polarization-control devices.     

An ultra-wideband coding polarizer for beam control and RCS reduction

Pancharatnam−Berry (PB) phase metasurface, as a special class of gradient metasurfaces, has been paid much attention owing to the robust performance for phase control of circularly polarized waves. Herein, we present an element-based polarizer for the first step, which enables the incident electromagnetic waves into the cross-polarized waves with the relative bandwidth of 71%, and the polarization conversion ratio exceeds 90% at 6.9−14.5 GHz. Then an eight-elements coding polarizer based on the PB phase is presented for the applications on beam control and radar cross section reduction. The simulated values indicate that the reduction of radar cross section is more than 10 dB at 6−16 GHz. Our work reveals the availability of manipulating the waves, beamforming in communication systems and electromagnetic stealth, and so on.     

Ultra-wideband circular-polarization converter with micro-split Jerusalem-cross metasurfaces

An ultrathin micro-split Jerusalem-cross metasurface is proposed in this paper, which can efficiently convert the linear polarization of electromagnetic(EM) wave into the circular polarization in ultra-wideband. By symmetrically employing two micro-splits on the horizontal arm(in the x direction) of the Jerusalem-cross structure, the bandwidth of the proposed device is significantly extended. Both simulated and experimental results show that the proposed metasurface is able to convert linearly polarized waves into circularly polarized waves in a frequency range from 12.4 GHz to 21 GHz, with an axis ratio better than 1 d B. The simulated results also show that such a broadband and high-performance are maintained over a wide range of incident angle. The presented polarization converter can be used in a number of areas, such as spectroscopy and wireless communications.     

宽频带雷达散射截面缩减相位梯度超表面的设计及实验验证

针对相位梯度超表面在隐身技术中的应用,提出通过表面波耦合和异常反射两种机制复合实现宽频带后向雷达散射截面(RCS)缩减,采用开口谐振环进行相位梯度设计,实现了一种二维极化无关相位梯度超表面,在10 GHz附近,超表面通过将垂直入射电磁波耦合为表面波实现RCS缩减,而在大于11 GHz的频率范围内,相位分布的不均匀性使垂直入射的电磁波发生漫反射或者异常反射,降低后向RCS,制作了厚度为2 mm的超表面样品,测试了其反射率曲线和后向RCS,并与相同尺寸的金属板进行了对比,实验结果表明,在宽频段内(9.5—17.0 GHz),超表面在垂直入射情况下可将后向RCS缩减至少10 dB,由于厚度薄、重量轻、频带宽,RCS缩减超表面在隐身新材料和新技术方面具有很大的应用潜力。     

Ultra-wideband low radar cross-section metasurface and its application on waveguide slot antenna array

A novel approach devoted to achieving ultra-wideband radar cross section reduction(RCSR) of a waveguide slot antenna array(WGSAA) while maintaining its radiation performance is proposed. Three kinds of artificial magnetic conductors(AMCs) tiles consisting of three types of basic units resonant at different frequencies are designed and arranged in a novel quadruple-triangle-type configuration to create a composite planar metasurface. The proposed metasurface is characterized by low radar feature over an ultra-wideband based on the principle of phase cancellation. Both simulated and measured results demonstrate that after the composite metasurface is used to cover part of the antenna array, an ultrawideband RCSR involving in-band and out-of-band is achieved for co-and cross-polarized incident waves based on energy cancellation, while the radiation performance is well retained. The proposed method is simple, low-cost, and easy-tofabricate, providing a new method for ultra-wideband RCSR of an antenna array. Moreover, the method proposed in this paper can easily be applied to other antenna architectures.     

Phase and Polarization State of High-Frequency Relic Gravitational Waves

The displaying condition of strength, phase and polarization states of high-frequency relic gravitational waves （HFRGWs） in electromagnetic （EM） detecting systems is studied. It is shown that the displaying condition depends not only on the sensitivity of EM detecting systems and the amplitudes of HFRGWs, but also on the phase, the polarization states of HFRGWs and their matching to the EM detecting systems. In order to display simultaneously the strength, phase and polarization states of the resonant ＂monochromatic component＂ of HFRGWs, an important necessary condition is the utilization of two or more different EM detectors.     

基于开口椭圆环的高效超宽带极化旋转超表面

电磁波的极化态在信号传输和灵敏度测量中有非常重要的应用价值. 本文设计、仿真并实验验证了微波频段基于开口椭圆环谐振器的极化旋转超表面. 理论上, 将多阶表面等离子谐振和高阻抗表面相结合, 解释了多谐振点、高效率极化旋转的物理机理. 数值上, 通过对结构参数的仿真分析, 给出了运用开口椭圆环结构设计多频段、超宽带高效极化旋转超表面的方法. 所设计和制作的超表面能够在相对带宽104.5%的频率范围内实现大于85%的极化旋转效率. 这些工作将为极化操控超表面的设计和应用提供重要帮助.     

Study of scattering from turbulence structure generated by propeller with FLUENT

In this article, the turbulence structure generated by a propeller is simulated with the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software FLUENT. With the method of moments, the backscattering radar cross sections (RCS) of the turbulence structure are calculated. The scattering results can reflect the turbulent intensity of the wave profiles. For the wake turbulence with low rotating speed, the scattering intensity of HH polarization is much smaller than VV polarization at large incident angles. When the turbulence becomes stronger with high rotating speed, the scattering intensity of HH polarization also becomes stronger at large incident angles, which is almost the same with VV polarization. And also, the bistatic scattering of the turbulence structure has the similar situation. These scattering results indicate that the turbulence structure can also give rise to an anomaly compared with traditional sea surface. The study of electromagnetic (EM) scattering from turbulence structure generated by the propeller can help in better understanding of the scattering from different kinds of waves and provide more bases to explain the anomalies of EM scattering from sea surfaces.     

基于极化旋转超表面的圆极化天线设计

本文通过设计出一种反射型极化旋转超表面,在8—12 GHz频域内实现高效的极化旋转,并将其加载于微带缝隙天线下方构成新型的极化旋转超表面天线,利用超表面的90°极化旋转效应,成功实现了天线的圆极化辐射调制.仿真与实验结果表明:圆极化天线的中心工作频率为GHz,阻抗带宽为8.3—10 GHz.当微带缝隙天线与极化旋转超表面的间距H=4.5mm时,天线在8.3—8.8 GHz频带内实现了圆极化辐射;当mm时,天线在8.8—9.3 GHz频带内实现了圆极化辐射;当=8mm时,天线在9.3—10 GHz频带内实现了圆极化辐射.实验结果与仿真结果相符,证明了此种设计方法的有效性,也为微带缝隙天线的圆极化设计提供了一种新的途径.     

超构表面高效调控电磁波

实现自由调控电磁波不仅具有重要的科学研究意义,而且是通讯、能源、国防等领域的迫切需求。为了解决自然材料调控电磁波能力受限的问题,人们提出了人工超构材料这一新概念,实现了负折射、光学隐身等奇异的电磁效应。然而,经过多年的发展,超构材料仍存在结构复杂、损耗偏高、难以集成调谐等挑战。最近,本团队与国际同行一起提出了超构表面的新概念。超构表面基于电磁波在平面微结构上散射时获得的界面相位突变,充分利用人工微结构的"排列序构"这一自由度,实现了对电磁波振幅、相位、偏振及波前分布的有效调控,克服了超构材料遇到的瓶颈问题。本文主要回顾了本团队在偏振调控、波前调控及动态调控等方面开展的创新性研究。     

Nonlinear Cerenkov radiation in nonlinear photonic crystal waveguides

We study nonlinear Cerenkov radiation generated from a nonlinear photonic crystal waveguide where the nonlinear susceptibility tensor is modulated by the ferroelectric domain. Nonlinear polarization driven by an incident light field may emit coherently harmonic waves at new frequencies along the direction of Cerenkov angles. Multiple radiation spots with different azimuth angles are simultaneously exhibited from such a hexagonally poled waveguide. A scattering involved nonlinear Cerenkov arc is also observed for the first time. Cerenkov radiation associated with quasi-phase matching leads to these novel nonlinear phenomena.     

Ultrawideband Spin-Decoupled Coding Metasurface for Independent Dual-Channel Wavefront Tailoring

Achieving distinct functionalities for electromagnetic (EM) waves with opposite handedness in a broad frequency range is highly desirable and essential for modern wireless communications and radar stealth. However, available functional meta-devices still suffer from the issues of locked functionalities or spin-decoupled properties but with limited bandwidth. Here, a spin-decoupled coding metasurface is presented for achieving independently spin-controlled functionalities with high efficiency in an ultrawide frequency band. By synthesizing the Jones matrix, it is predicted that two half-wave plates with a phase difference of 90° can form a 1-bit coding metasurface operating for orthogonal spins independently. As proofs of concept, two meta-devices are implemented by the metasurface in the microwave region. The first meta-device performs as a spin-decoupled beam deflector while the second one shows an ability to generate spin-decoupled multi-beams carrying desired orbital angular momentums. Both of the designed meta-devices can operate in the whole band of 7.5–18.5 GHz (with relative bandwidth of 80%), which, to the best knowledge, is so far the broadest bandwidth that can be achieved by spin-decoupled metasurfaces. This may trigger interest and open opportunities for advanced functional meta-devices in practical applications, for example, multichannel metasurface antennas, or multifunctional low-scattering devices in microwave region.     

Transmission Reflection Integrated Programmable Metasurface for Real-Time Beam Control and High Efficiency Transmission Polarization Conversion

The functional versatility and flexibility of multifunctional metasurfaces are of great significance for the application of electromagnetic (EM) metasurfaces in military stealth, holographic imaging, base station antennas, and other fields. Nevertheless, the functions of active programmable coding multifunctional metasurfaces are mostly reflective or transmissive, and the research on active multifunctional metasurfaces with transmission and reflection integration is still in its infancy. Here, a transmission reflection integrated active programmable coding metasurface is proposed to manipulate the transmission and reflection of different polarized electromagnetic waves independently in real time. As a proof of concept, a metasurface that can implement diverse programmable functionalities is designed. Numerical and experimental results indicate that the strategy has excellent performance in beam control and polarization conversion, which provides tremendous potential for extending highly integrated multifunctional devices.     

Characteristic Attributes of Multiple Cascaded Terahertz Metasurfaces with Magnetically Tunable Subwavelength Resonators

The characteristics of multiple cascaded metasurfaces comprising H‐shaped, magnetostatically controllable, subwavelength terahertz (THz) resonators made of InAs were systematically investigated, using a commercial solver based on the finite‐integration method, for the design of tunable filters. Three configurations of the biasing magnetostatic field were compared with each other as well as with the bias‐free configuration for filtering of normally incident linearly polarized plane waves. A close study of only one metasurface was found sufficient to broadly determine the sensitivity to the direction of the magnetostatic field and the bandwidth of a stopband. Furthermore, the effects of metasurface geometry and biasing field can be considered separately for initial design purposes. All features in the transmittance spectra for the bias‐free configuration that are related to the number of cascaded metasurfaces are also observed when the biasing magnetostatic field is applied. The coupling of adjacent metasurfaces in a cascade is strongly affected by the relative permittivity and the thickness of the spacer between the two metasurfaces. The spectral locations of stopbands scale with respect to the spacer's relative permittivity, the scaling rule being different from a classical one. The stopbands are redshifted when the spacer thickness is increased, with the redshift dependent on the polarization of the incident plane wave. Inter‐metasurface coupling and inter‐resonator coupling on the same metasurface affect the spectral location of a stopband in opposite ways. On‐off type switching can be obtained by changing the orientation of magnetostatic field. The elucidated characteristics are expected to be important for not only filters but also other tunable THz devices.     

畸形波电磁散射特性分析及其特征识别标识的研究

针对弱非线性的Longuet-Higgins模型在模拟强非线性畸形波海面时所存在的问题,采用修正的相位调制法模拟一维畸形波时间、空间波面,该方法能够实现畸形波的定时定点生成,并且其波形既能保持目标谱的频谱结构,又能较大程度地满足波浪序列的统计特性.同时,基于改进的双尺度(TSM)法及时域有限差分法建立畸形波的电磁散射模型,经过相对平均偏差和均方根偏差误差分析后,基于TSM法研究分析了畸形波及其背景海面波的归一化雷达散射截面(NRCS)的计算结果.实验表明,合成孔径雷达成像中畸形波的NRCS比背景波要小,即畸形波的合成孔径雷达图像成像比背景波要灰暗,因此可以将NRCS作为畸形波的特征识别标识.通过分析研究不同极化方式、入射角、入射频率条件下畸形波与背景波面的电磁散射特性实验数据得出:当二者的NRCS差值大于-11.8 dB及以上时,即认为产生畸形波,这为实际的工程应用提供了参照标准.     

Analysis of plasma sheath propagation attenuation based on ray tracing

Based on the complex Snell's law of lossy media, a ray tracing method is proposed to study the propagation attenuation characteristics of electromagnetic (EM) waves in plasma sheaths. The plasma sheath is modelled as layered media. This method considers the complex ray characteristics of inhomogeneous plane EM waves, tracks the propagation rays of EM waves in each layer of media, and calculates the propagation attenuation of EM waves in each layer of media according to the propagation direction of the complex rays. The attenuation during numerical cumulative propagation is the total attenuation of EM waves through the plasma sheath. By comparing the results with that obtained from the WKB method, the accuracy of the ray tracing algorithm is proved. The results of the propagation attenuation of a blunt cone model are calculated by the proposed method, and the effects of different parameters on the EM wave propagation attenuation in the plasma sheath are analysed at different heights, velocities, incident angles, and incident positions. Studying the propagation characteristics of EM waves in the plasma sheath is of importance in application for radar target tracking, blackout communication, and other issues.     

Nonlinear Behavior of Electromagnetic Waves in Ultra‐Relativistic Electron‐Positron Plasmas

A set of nonlinear equations which can self‐consistently describe the behavior of high frequency Electromagnetic (EM) waves in un‐magnetized, ultra‐relativistic electron‐positron (e‐p) plasmas is obtained on the basis of Vlasov‐Maxwell equations. Nonlinear wave‐wave, wave‐particle interactions lead to the coupling of high frequency EM waves with low frequency density perturbations which result from EM waves radiation pressure. The same as that in conventional electron‐ion (e‐i) plasmas, strong EM waves in e‐p plasmas will give rise to density depletion in which itself are trapped. But on the contrary to that in e‐i plasmas, there no longer exists electrostatic acoustic–like wave in e‐p plasmas due to the absence of mass difference. For linear polarized EM waves, a stationary EM soliton with a spiky structure will be formed. The possible relation of the localized field to pulsar radio pulse is discussed (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)