用有限元法解龟磁波穿透非均匀有耗等离子体鞘套时的损耗

本文用有限无法求解了电磁波穿透具有任意密度剖面的非均匀等离子体鞘套时的反射和透射问題。鞘套的剖面参数选自典型再入飞行器的粘性激波层平衡流场数据^[1]。利用虚功原理和线性插值函数从Helmholtz方程导出有限元方程。鞘套按对数剖分为31个单元。然后,分别对频率f=400MHZ,4000MHZ和10GHZ时,计算了鞘套内的场值及反射,透射和吸收系数。并估算了信号的总功耗。误差分析表明,计算结果是令人满意的。与其它方法相比较,本文所给出的有限无法是简捷而精确的,所以该方程适于计算波穿透具有任意的而且变化剧烈的剖面的等离子体鞘套时的损耗     

Attenuation characteristics of obliquely incident electromagnetic wave in weakly ionized dusty plasma based on modified Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook collision model

The attenuation characteristics of obliquely incident electromagnetic(EM) wave in L-Ka frequency band in weakly ionized dusty plasma are analyzed based on the modified Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook(BGK) collision model.According to the kinetic equation and the charging theory,the total complex dielectric constant of the weakly ionized dusty plasma is derived by considering that the minimum velocity of the electron accessible to the dust particle surface is non-zero and the second potential part of the collision cross-section contributes to the charging.The attenuation characteristics within the modified model are compared with those within the traditional model.The influence of the dusty plasma parameters and the incident angle of EM waves on the attenuation in weakly ionized dusty plasma is further analyzed.Finally,the influence of different reentry heights on the attenuation characteristics of the obliquely incident EM wave is discussed.The results show that the effect of the minimum electron velocity and the second term of the collision cross-section on the attenuation characteristics of EM waves cannot be ignored.When the dust density and dust radius are changed,the trends of the attenuation of obliquely incident EM waves are consistent,but the influence of dust density is weaker than that of dust radius due to the constraint of orbit-limited motion(OLM) theory.The plasma thickness,electron density,and incident angle are proportional to the attenuation amplitude of EM waves.The effect of different reentry heights on the attenuation obliquely incident EM waves is related to the electron density and plasma thickness.     

Relationship between the velocity of hypersonic vehicles and the transmission efficiency of radio waves

Analyzing the flow field distributions around a near-space blunt-cone vehicle at different flight speeds, we observe that, when the flight speed exceeds a certain threshold, the relationship between the flow field density and the vehicle speed presents a characteristic opposite to that at the flight condition of the speed lower than the threshold. On this basis, the Runge–Kutta method is applied to solve the ray equations in non-uniform plasma, in which the electron density at any computing point is obtained by the Lagrange interpolation based on the discrete data of the flow field. Then the EM wave attenuation in the sheath is determined by the subsection integral method combining with the electromagnetic theory. The numerical results also show that when the flight velocity is lower than the threshold, the energy transfer efficiency of the EM waves decreases with the increase of the vehicle velocity. However, when the flight speed is greater than the threshold, the energy transfer efficiency increases as the vehicle speed increases. This conclusion will be helpful to further understand the EM wave propagation characteristics for hypersonic vehicles, and to provide a reference for the channel selection of antennas.     

Analytic ray curve tracing for outdoor sound propagation

Outdoor sound propagation, which propagates sound through inhomogeneous, moving media with complex obstacles, presents challenging scenarios for computational simulation. In this paper, we present a ray-tracing method that uses analytic ray curves as tracing primitives in order to improve the efficiency of outdoor sound propagation in fully general settings. This ray-curve tracer inherits the efficiency and flexibility of rectilinear ray tracers in handling boundary surfaces, and it overcomes the performance limitations imposed by approximating the curved propagation paths in inhomogeneous media with rectilinear rays. Adaptive media traversal, as well as acceleration structures for surfaces intersections, lead to further savings in computation. Our method’s speedup over existing ray models, at least an order of magnitude for simple 2D scenarios and up to two orders of magnitude for 3D complex scenes, is demonstrated on outdoor benchmark scenes.     

Propagation characteristics of oblique incidence terahertz wave through non-uniform plasma

The propagation characteristics of oblique incidence terahertz(THz) waves through non-uniform plasma are investigated by the shift-operator finite-difference time-domain(SO-FDTD) method combined with the phase matching condition.The electron density distribution of the non-uniform plasma is assumed to be in a Gaussian profile. Validation of the present method is performed by comparing the results with those obtained by an analytical method for a homogeneous plasma slab.Then the effects of parameters of THz wave and plasma layer on the propagation properties are analyzed. It is found that the transmission coefficients greatly depend on the incident angle as well as on the thickness of the plasma, while the polarization of the incident wave has little influence on the propagation process in the range of frequency considered in this paper. The results confirm that the THz wave can pass through the plasma sheath effectively under certain conditions,which makes it a potential candidate to overcome the ionization blackout problem.     

Reflection–refraction of attenuated waves at the interface between a thermo-poroelastic medium and a thermoelastic medium

Phenomenon of reflection and refraction is considered at the plane interface between a thermoelastic medium and thermo-poroelastic medium. Both the media are isotropic and behave dissipative to wave propagation. Incident wave in thermo-poroelastic medium is considered inhomogeneous with deviation allowed between the directions of propagation and maximum attenuation. For this incidence, four attenuated waves reflect back in thermo-poroelastic medium and three waves refract to the continuing thermoelastic medium. Each of these reflected/refracted waves is inhomogeneous and propagates with a phase shift. The propagation characteristics (velocity, attenuation, inhomogeneity, phase shift, amplitude, energy) of reflected and refracted waves are calculated as functions of propagation direction and inhomogeneity of the incident wave. Variations in these propagation characteristics with the incident direction are illustrated through a numerical example.     

Complex Ray Analysis for Plasmas

An extension of ray tracing techniques is considered for a variety of cases in which the dispersion relation of the plasma medium is complex. The ray trajectories are permitted to begin and/or at least travel through complex space-time; the wave propagation process so characterized becomes significant only where the rays intersect real space-time. It is found that rules and guidelines can be established for limited application of this idea.     

具有能量输入/输出的固体层中孤立波的传播及相互作用特性

首先利用直接微扰方法,确定了孤立波的放大或衰减与孤立波的初始幅度以及介质的结构参数之间的关系.然后利用线性化技术构造出一种四阶精度的差分格式,并对孤立波在细观结构固体层中传播及不同幅度的孤立波的相互作用进行了数值模拟,从而得到在适当条件下细观结构固体层中孤立波传播时可以衰减、放大也可以稳定传播,且相互作用不影响它们这种传播特性.     

Complex ray representation of the astigmatic Gaussian beam propagation

The method of Gaussian beam ray-equivalent modelling, first proposed by Arnaud, is generalized to the case of general astigmatism. It has been shown that a generally astigmatic Gaussian beam can be properly represented by two complex rays, or equally by four real rays, which are treated by the well-known propagation equation and ray tracing method in geometric optics, and from which the beam parameters are easily obtained. Illustrative numerical examples are given. The equivalence between the complex-ray treatment and the generalized ABCD law is also shown.     

时空非均匀等离子体鞘套中太赫兹波的传播特性

高超声速飞行器再入地面的过程中,其周围等离子体的电子密度是非均匀且随时间变化的.对于不同的再入高度,飞行器周围的温度和压强也会发生改变.因此,研究电磁波在时空非均匀等离子体鞘套中的传播特性意义重大.首先建立了时变非均匀的等离子体鞘套模型,然后通过经验公式得到温度、压强与碰撞频率三者的关系.采用时域有限差分方法计算了太赫兹波段中不同电子密度弛豫时间、温度、压强时的反射系数、透射系数和吸收率.研究结果表明:在太赫兹波段中,电子密度的弛豫时间越长,温度越高,压强越大,电磁波越容易穿透等离子体;弛豫时间越短,温度越低,压强越小,等离子体对电磁波吸收率的变化越明显.这些结果为解决"黑障"问题提供了理论依据.     

Calculation of the spherical aberration of a lens in the problems of propagation of laser radiation in optical systems

An algorithm for the calculation of the spherical aberration in diffraction problems is proposed, which does not require the knowledge of a priori information on the incident radiation. The principle of the algorithm consists in the use of four phase screens in appropriate planes, which makes it possible to separate the rays emerging from different point sources and to give each ray the desired phase shift. The accuracy of the algorithm is compared with Zeidel’s theory for the case of spherical waves. The calculation of the superposition of two waves, with different curvature of the reference sphere, incident on a lens is presented, which demonstrates the advantages of the method.     

脉冲偏压上升沿特性对等离子体浸没离子注入鞘层扩展动力学的影响

等离子体浸没离子注入(PIII)是用于材料表面改性的一种廉价高效、非视线的技术.采用等离子体粒子模型，通过假设电子密度服从Boltzmann分布，求解Poisson方程和Newton方程，跟踪离子在等离子体鞘层中的运动形态及特性并进行统计分析，研究了不同上升速率和形状的6种波形上升沿对鞘层时空演化、离子注入能量和剂量的影响.结果表明，在PIII过程中，脉冲上升沿影响了等离子体鞘层的扩展，且不同波形诱导的鞘层厚度间存在最大差值.电场强度在鞘层的外边缘区域存在陡降区，离子的运动为非匀加速过程.可以通过调整脉冲 关键词： 等离子体浸没离子注入 鞘层 粒子模型 上升沿     

Identification of radiative properties of reticulated ceramic porous inert media using ray tracing technique

The radiative properties of reticulated porous inert media are computationally identified using the real three-dimensional structural data of porous media. The computational grids data are reconstructed from three-dimensional computer tomography scans and magnetic resonance image scans of different reticulated porous media. A ray tracing algorithm is used to track the rays inside the grid structure. Statistically large numbers of rays are traced for their path length and incident angle, which are used to find the probability based equivalent extinction coefficient and scattering phase function. The equivalent extinction coefficients are found for porous media with different porosities and pore densities. The dependency of specular and diffuse scattering phase functions on the porous structure and surface reflectance are also studied.     

A sound ray tracing algorithm in three-dimensional heterogeneous media based on wavefront traveltimes interpolation

A kind of three-dimensional（3-D） sound ray tracing algorithm in heterogeneous media is studied. This algorithm includes two steps： the first step computes the wavefront traveltimes forward; the second step traces the sound rays backward. In the first step, the computation of wavefront traveltimes at discrete grid points from the sound source, was found on Eikonal equation solutions and carried out by GMM （Group marching method） wavefront marching method based on level set. In the second step, sound ray tracing was proceeded gradually from the receiver to each cell towards the sound source, with wavefront traveltimes computed in the first step. Time values on arbitrary positions in each cuboid cell can be expressed by linear interpolation of wavefront traveltimes at the same cell＇s grid points. Thus, an algorithm of 3-D sound ray tracing in heterogeneous media is put forward. The simulation results indicate that this method can improve both the accuracy and the efficiency of 3-D sound ray tracing greatly.     

Improved GO/PO method and its application to wideband SAR image of conducting objects over rough surface

To simulate the multiple scattering effect of target in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image, the hybrid method GO/PO method, which combines the geometrical optics (GO) and physical optics (PO), is employed to simulate the scattering field of target. For ray tracing is time-consuming, the Open Graphics Library (OpenGL) is usually employed to accelerate the process of ray tracing. Furthermore, the GO/PO method is improved for the simulation in low pixel situation. For the improved GO/PO method, the pixels are arranged corresponding to the rectangular wave beams one by one, and the GO/PO result is the sum of the contribution values of all the rectangular wave beams. To get high-resolution SAR image, the wideband echo signal is simulated which includes information of many electromagnetic (EM) waves with different frequencies. Finally, the improved GO/PO method is used to simulate the SAR image of targets above rough surface. And the effects of reflected rays and the size of pixel matrix on the SAR image are also discussed.     

Ultrasonic waves propagation in absorbing thin plates application to paper characterization

Guided wave theory is applied to a thin orthotropic and absorbing plate for low frequency propagation of ultrasonic waves. The aim of this paper is to give some physical interpretations of the non-destructive characterization of paper materials, which are cellulosic fibrous networks. It is shown that the propagation problem reduces to two normal modes of propagation in the plane of the plate. Each of them depends on four complex and independent stiffnesses that are combinations of elementary complex stiffnesses of the media. The imaginary part of these stiffnesses corresponds to a possible mechanism of energy dissipation during the wave propagation for this kind of material. The reverse problem, which gives four complex values, is then numerically solved using a small attenuation assumption. The specially designed experimental set-up has led to the first measurements of tracing paper damping factors. The phase velocity measurements of the plate waves agree with the results already found by several paper researchers. As a particular and new result, the shear wave velocities are found to present a quasi-isotropic repartition in the plane of the paper sheet. It was found that the absorbing phenomenon can occur for each propagation mode in such a material. The attenuation values are small, except for one of them that corresponds to a coupling term in the propagation model. The anisotropy of their repartition is also shown in the case of quasi-longitudinal waves.     

Study of wave propagation in various kinds of plasmas using adapted simulation methods,with illustrations on possible future applications

The understanding of wave propagation in turbulent magnetized plasmas can be rather complex, particularly if they are inhomogeneous and time-dependent. Simulation can be a useful tool for wave propagation studies, provided that the “model” equations take into account the characteristics of the medium relevant for the studied problem and that the numerical scheme including boundary conditions is stable and accurate enough. The choices for the model equations and the corresponding schemes are analyzed and discussed as a function of various parameters, such as the order of the numerical scheme and the number of grid points per wavelength. A quick review of the up-to-date numerical developments is given on the sheath boundary conditions and on the perfect matching layer in anisotropic media. Possible developments of plasma diagnostics conclude this state-of-the-art of simulations of electromagnetic waves in plasmas.     

机械刻划光栅的光线追迹方法

为了评价光栅的光谱质量,完成所设计光栅的光线追迹,针对机械刻划光栅的光线追迹提出了一种改进方法.在费马原理的基础上利用光程函数法得到入射光通过光栅后的光谱分布情况,再使用传输矩阵的计算方法构造出光谱的点列图.该方法适用于刻划在平面、球面和非球面基坯上的等间距和变间距光栅,光栅的光谱面可以为平面或者二次曲面. 通过刻划在非球面基坯上的凹面光栅验证了光线追迹方法的可靠性.     

Ray dynamics of the propagation of sound in nonuniform moving media

This paper presents a new ray theory for the propagation of sound waves in nonuniformly moving media. It is found that the ray equations in weakly inhomogeneous and slowly moving media are analogous to the equations of motion of charged particles in nonuniform electric and magnetic fields. The adiabatic approximation is used to study the problem of the propagation of sound rays in a model of near-ocean-bottom waveguide with horizontal flow and slowly varying parameters along the direction of propagation of the wave. A general formula is derived that describes the transverse displacement of the trajectory of the ray relative to the direction of propagation of the wave.     

Damping rates of waves in a switched magnetoplasma medium:longitudinal propagation

The interaction of a circularly polarized electromagnetic wave with a switched-on magnetoplasma medium is considered. A static magnetic field in the direction of propagation is assumed to be present, resulting in longitudinal propagation. The incident wave splits into three waves whose frequencies are different from that of the incident wave. It is shown that these waves ultimately damp out if the plasma is even slightly lossy. The damping of the waves is interpreted in terms of their attenuation with distance and decay with time as they propagate in the lossy plasma. The attenuation-length and decay-time constants of the waves are obtained, and their dependence on the incident-wave frequency and the gyrofrequency is examined. Optimum parameters for an experiment to detect these waves are suggested