光学自由曲面飞刀加工刀位轨迹的生成算法

基于双三次B样条曲面对光学自由曲面的描述,采用参数变化量控制法进行刀具轨迹的计算。通过分析飞刀加工的特点,推导出单晶金刚石飞刀加工光学自由曲面的刀位点的计算方法,编程实现了该算法。根据走刀路径规划和刀位轨迹计算方法可以生成飞刀加工的数控程序,成功地应用该算法进行了光学自由曲面的加工。     

基于双自由曲面的LED均匀照明准直透镜设计

基于几何光学、能量守恒定律及菲涅耳定律等相关理论,提出了一种双自由曲面半导体发光二极管(LED)准直透镜的光学设计方法,并给出了构建准直透镜模型详细的算法设计。自由曲面是一种关于中心轴旋转对称的曲面,该曲面的二维轮廓在非均匀有理B样条曲线的方法理论基础上,采用ProE软件搭建而成。通过蒙特卡罗光线追迹模拟发现,相比传统的单自由曲面准直透镜,双自由曲面准直透镜不仅提高了照度均匀性,而且在能量利用率上也有显著的提高。研究结果表明,采用双自由曲面将大大提升准直透镜的设计空间,改善LED透镜的光学性能。     

计算全息检测离轴非球面的离散相位拟合

为了计算补偿用计算全息图的刻线位置,需要对光线追迹得到的离散相位数据进行拟合。为此详细推导了均匀三次B样条和非均匀三次B样条的基函数,介绍了各自对应的曲面拟合方法。以一块抛物型离轴非球面数据为例,对其非对称的离散相位分布进行了三次B样条曲面拟合。拟合结果表明,三次B样条曲面拟合能使拟合面经过所有数据点,保证拟合精度,且得到的连续的相位补偿函数表达式结构简单（最高次数只有3次）, 还能根据实际情况优化采样点数量,控制计算量。     

采用非均匀有理B样条曲面延展光学元件面形误差

在离子束抛光工艺中,为了提高驻留时间求解算法在工件边缘处的求解精度,通常需要对原始面形误差数据进行边缘虚拟延展。要求原始面形误差数据与虚拟延展面光滑拼接,并在延展区域具有可控的不确定性。非均匀有理B样条(NURBS)曲面常用在机械制造领域对复杂形状物体进行三维建模。引入非均匀有理B样条曲面并结合泽尼克(Zernike)多项式拟合对一典型的圆形光学元件面形误差自由曲面数据进行延展。通过对典型面形误差曲面延展前后的等效功率谱密度曲线分析可以看出,延展后在面形误差频率大于0.05mm-1时其面形误差改善量均大于70%;将该典型延展面应用于特定驻留时间求解算法中,使得预测加工精度的均方根值由1.18nm改善至0.19nm。这表明,采用非均匀有理B样条曲面延展光学元件面形误差能够获得光滑拼接的虚拟延展曲面,并能大大改善离子束抛光工艺中驻留时间算法的求解精度。     

自由曲面零补偿计算全息图离散相位的B样条拟合

在设计自由曲面光学元件零补偿检测的计算全息图(CGH)时,利用光线追迹可得到散乱分布的离散相位点,需通过插值得到连续的相位分布函数,以计算CGH刻线位置。采用双三次B样条插值法,对散乱分布的离散相位点进行拟合并用较少的采样点满足精度要求。利用双三次B样条的矩阵表达式及CGH加工相位函数在所加载频方向单调递增的性质,简化了求解插值曲面与x-y平行平面精确交线的方法,高精度地求取了相位型CGH的上下沿刻线位置。最后给出了一例用于自由曲面干涉零补偿检测的CGH图样。     

LED照明的透射-全反射型复合曲面二次光学透镜的设计

 二次光学元件是LED照明灯具的关键组成部分,其决定了灯具的光学效率和配光特征。依据斯涅尔定律、边缘光线原理、光束扩展度守恒等原理,根据照明灯具在X、Y方向的非对称配光的要求,提出一种复合曲面的数值设计方法,建立起LED 光源出射光线的角度与照明平面上的照明点的坐标的对应关系。根据对应关系迭代计算出复合曲面上其他点的空间坐标,把点坐标值导入CAD软件进行曲线重构,结合中间的凸透镜,就可以建立全反射复合曲面透镜的三维实体模型。在光学软件中对三维实体模型进行照明模拟,结果表明：通过复合曲面二次光学透镜作用于LED,可以在路面上形成均匀照明的矩形光斑。     

渐进自由曲面镜片光学性能仿真方法研究

提出了一种渐进自由曲面镜片的光学性能仿真方法,能够在镜片的设计阶段对镜片的光焦度和散光分布进行仿真分析。采用双三次样条曲面拟合法,通过计算自由曲面镜片面型离散点数据局部点云拟合曲面的函数,得到曲面上各点的主曲率,进而得到渐进自由曲面镜片的光焦度和散光分布。结果显示仿真方法得到的镜片光焦度和散光分布图与基于莫尔偏折法原理的FFV软件仿真和实际加工得到镜片的测量结果相类似。     

微尺度三维变形测量的显微数字图像相关系统

基于体式显微镜和数字图像相关法,提出并实现了一种用于对微小尺度材料进行全场三维变形测量的显微数字图像相关系统。针对体式显微镜标定,提出一种高精度的基于B样条曲面重构的成像系统畸变模型,该模型通过采集自主设计的高精度平面标定板图像,来构建无畸变图像平面和标定板平面之间关系,并以此确定空间B样条曲面形式。利用一种高效的对称亚像素细分法来实现数字图像的高精度匹配,并介绍了所提系统进行三维测量和分析的过程。实验结果表明,标定结果的平均重投影误差为0.03pixel,位移测量精度优于0.2μm,应变测量误差的标准差不超过100με。同时,实验结果也证实了该系统可以准确、全面地实现对微小尺寸材料表面的全场三维变形测量。     

基于新型LED准直系统的自由曲面均匀照明设计

根据非成像光学理论,提出了一种基于准直系统的自由曲面设计方法。以几何光学为理论基础,设计了一种关于中心轴旋转对称的新型发光二极管(LED)准直系统。准直系统的集光角约为236°,出射光半发光角度小于1°。基于几何光学和能量守恒定律,在准直系统的出射平面上设计了自由曲面,并给出了"多对一"的能量拓扑关系和均匀矩形光斑的照明设计方法。借助Matlab软件,对自由曲面的面型数据进行求解,并在曲线曲面的非均匀有理B样条(NURBS)曲面的理论基础上,采用SolidWorks软件搭建模型,并通过光学设计软件LightTools进行模拟分析。仿真结果表明:新型准直系统能够实现大角度光线的准直,基于准直系统的自由曲面设计方法实现了均匀的矩形光斑。     

基于lucidshape的投影型前照灯的曲面设计

投影型前照灯是自适应前照灯AFS系统的硬件基础,利用逐次逼近法求解非球面透镜母线二元高次方程,建立非球面透镜数学模型,解决非球面曲面的母线方程求解复杂,不能显化反映非球面透镜已知参数间关系的问题;利用轴长渐变法实现双焦点多椭圆反射曲面从水平面到垂直面的光滑过渡,建立双焦点多椭圆反射面曲面方程,完成投影型前照灯反射镜面的设计。利用lucidshape软件建立投影型前照灯光学模型,并进行仿真实验,实验结果表明:利用逐次逼近法设计非球面透镜和轴长渐变法设计双焦点多椭圆反射镜面方法可行,设计出的投影型前照灯满足GB4599-2007及ECE R112法规的配光要求,提高了前照灯的照明质量,并降低了炫目效果。     

考虑双速度差效应的耦合映射跟驰模型

基于Konishi等的研究工作,提出了涉及前方两辆车车头间距的优化速度函数的耦合映射跟驰模型. 采用反馈控制方法,研究了耦合映射跟驰模型中的交通拥堵控制. 利用反馈控制理论,给出了头车速度发生变化时交通流保持稳定的条件,并与Konishi等得到的结果进行了比较. 数值模拟结果表明,所提出的模型在经典的反馈控制方法下描述的交通拥堵现象得到了有效抑制. 关键词： 交通流 耦合映射跟驰模型 优化速度函数 反馈控制     

基于界面跟踪方法的汽蚀模型和算法的有效性验证

针对两相附着汽蚀流动机理,基于界面跟踪方法发展了新的汽蚀模型和算法。所发展的汽蚀模型和算法不仅考虑了液相／气相界面处的压力差,而且考虑了耦合Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes方程求解技术得到的流场压力梯度信息来迭代计算附着汽蚀形状。采用具有试验数据的半球形头部圆柱体汽蚀绕流作为算例来验证所提出的汽蚀模型和算法的有效性。采用不同的网格数和松弛因子数值验证了发展的汽蚀模型和算法的有效性。三种汽蚀数下的数值计算结果得到的压力系数分布与试验数据完全吻合。结果表明所提出的汽蚀模型和算法能够准确模拟出汽蚀发生点和汽蚀长度。     

Nonextensive treatment of nucleation and growth in a thin layer

In this study, a generalized method based upon nonextensive statistics is presented for nucleation and growth processes in a thin layer between two interfaces. It is shown that the presented mathematical model, which uses an index called the entropic index that measures the nonextensivity of the physical system, successfully deals with the nucleation and growth processes, and works better than Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov model. The presented model also contains Austin–Rickett model as a special case.     

Model for spatial microtubule oscillations

Under particular in vitro conditions, oscillating spatial and temporal waves of assembled microtubules can be observed. A reaction-diffusion model is presented to reproduce these results. This model is based on a set of chemical reaction equations and extended to include spatial dependence and diffusion. The basic properties of the model are presented and the results are demonstrated to connect the observable waves with turbidimetric measurements. The results of the model are consistent with experimental findings.     

A three-dimensional coupled-mode model for the acoustic field in a two-dimensional waveguide with perfectly reflecting boundaries

This paper presents a three-dimensional(3D) coupled-mode model using the direct-global-matrix technique as well as Fourier synthesis. This model is a full wave, two-way three-dimensional model, and is therefore capable of providing accurate acoustic field solutions. Because the problem of sound propagation excited by a point source in an ideal wedge with perfectly reflecting boundaries is one of a few three-dimensional problems with analytical solutions, the ideal wedge problem is chosen in this work to validate the presented three-dimensional model. Numerical results show that the field results by analytical solutions and those by the presented model are in excellent agreement, indicating that the presented model can serve as a benchmark model for three-dimensional sound propagation problems involving a planar two-dimensional geometry as well as a point source.     

Modelling of creep hysteresis in ferroelectrics

In the current paper, a macroscopic model is proposed to simulate the hysteretic dynamics of ferroelectric ceramics with creep phenomenon incorporated. The creep phenomenon in the hysteretic dynamics is attributed to the rate-dependent characteristic of the polarisation switching processes induced in the materials. A non-convex Helmholtz free energy based on Landau theory is proposed to model the switching dynamics. The governing equation of single-crystal model is formulated by applying the Euler–Lagrange equation. The polycrystalline model is obtained by combining the single crystal dynamics with a density function which is constructed to model the weighted contributions of different grains with different principle axis orientations. In addition, numerical simulations of hysteretic dynamics with creep phenomenon are presented. Comparison of the numerical results and their experimental counterparts is also presented. It is shown that the creep phenomenon is captured precisely, validating the capability of the proposed model in a range of its potential applications.     

基于联想存储级联WTA模型的旋转不变识别

提出一种多目标旋转不变分类识别的新方法，其基本思想是多对一导联想存储模型，为便于光学实现、充分利用系统的时间、空间带宽积，采用了全单极形成，并对权重进行了二值化截取。一个分布阈值用来克服单极联想存储模型０，１状态分布几率不等时存储空量急剧下降的缺点，同时通过巧妙地选取目标所对应的异联想码将异联想模型和ＷＴＡ模型有机地结合起来，提高了整个系统的存储容量和容错性。本文给出了计算机仿真模拟及一个光电混合     

Simple macroscopic model of pyroelectric phenomenon in TGS single crystals in ferroelectric phase

A simple mathematical model of pyroelectric phenomena, for ideal ferroelectrics, is presented. Material constants for triglycine sulphate (TGS) are used to verify the model. The results of simulations were compared with the temperature characteristics of the pyroelectric coefficient measured for a TGS ferroelectric sample. Single crystal growth and preparation of samples and experimental procedure are also presented. The relatively good conformity of the model calculations with the measurements allow us to expect further useful application of the model in future work on ferroelectric single crystals.     

All-optical carry lookahead adder with the help of terahertz optical asymmetric demultiplexer

An all-optical model of carry lookahead adder (CLA) implemented with a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA)-assisted Sagnac interferometer (TOAD) is presented. The model accounts for the SOA small signal gain, linewidth enhancement factor, the switching pulses energy and width and the Sagnac loop asymmetry. Adder is a very basic component in a central processing unit. The CLA is the highest speed adder nowadays. Theoritical model is presented and verified through numerical simulation. The method promises both higher processing speed and accuracy. The model can be enhanced the functionality in which carry lookahead adder is the basic building block.     

煤粒均相着火规律的研究

煤粒均相着火规律的研究张军，傅维标（清华大学工程力学系北京１０００８４）关键词均相着火，简化模型，预报１前言煤粉颗粒既能发生均相着火，又能发生非均相着火山。对非均相着火，许多学者进行了研究，取得了很多有价值的成果。均相着火由于比较复杂，一直发展缓慢。...