利用甲醇氧化烟气中NO的实验研究

对利用甲醇氧化烟气中NO的反应开展了系统的实验研究。研究了反应时间、反应温度、甲醇用量比例、烟气中O2、SO2及夹带的固体颗粒对NO氧化率的影响。结果表明,在一定的条件下,甲醇能够氧化烟气中的NO;NO氧化率受反应时间和反应温度的综合影响,随着反应时间的增加,有效反应温度区域向低温方向移动,最大NO氧化率降低;随着甲醇用量比例的增加, NO氧化率增加;O2浓度增加可促进NO氧化;烟气中的SO2对反应有催化作用,可显著提高NO氧化率;烟气中固体颗粒的存在阻碍了自由基反应的进行,显著降低了NO的氧化率。     

Pr掺杂TiO2光催化剂的制备及其对酸性品红降解反应的催化性能

以钛酸四丁酯为前躯物,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了掺杂不同含量Pr的TiO2光催化剂,利用XRD,TG-DTA,AFM,UV-Vis,FTIR等手段对催化剂进行了表征。并通过酸性品红光催化降解实验对其光催化性能进行了评价,考查了实验条件,如催化剂用量,烧结温度,掺杂量等对催化剂催化活性的影响。Pr2O3的掺杂阻碍了TiO2晶相由锐钛矿型向金红石型的转变,使TiO2的粒径减小,比表面积增大,催化活性增强。当Pr掺杂量为0.8%,催化剂用量为0.03g,烧结温度为500℃时,酸性品红的降解率达到97%以上,酸性品红的降解反应为准一级反应。     

超声-硝酸联合法提取褐煤腐植酸工艺

实验考察了超声、硝酸预处理、酸化程度、碱液浓度、反应温度、液固比、反应时间等对腐植酸提取率的影响,并通过正交设计选择最佳预氧化条件和褐煤腐植酸的最佳提取条件.结果表明;超声硝酸联合氧化法提取腐植酸的最佳条件为：超声频率80kHz,氧化温度50℃,硝酸液固比（mL/g）为5∶1,氧化时间90min,硝酸浓度1.5mol/L.     

负载Cu的镁铝复合金属氧化物催化合成碳酸丙烯酯

通过浸渍法制备了负载Cu的镁铝水滑石类化合物Cu/HT,经过450℃焙烧得到负载Cu的镁铝复合金属氧化物Cu/LDO,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)分析等技术对催化剂的结构进行了表征。研究了其对尿素与1,2-丙二醇合成碳酸丙烯酯的催化性能。考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量等工艺条件对反应性能的影响。结果表明,以水滑石为前躯体的负载Cu的镁铝复合金属氧化物cu/LDO对尿素与1,2-丙二醇合成碳酸丙烯酯具有比较好的催化活性。当反应温度为170℃、1,2-丙二醇与尿素的摩尔比为4:1、催化剂用量为原料总质量的1.0%、反应时间为3h时,碳酸丙烯酯的收率达到95.2%。     

活性炭负载四氯化锡催化豆油制备生物柴油及光谱性质

以活性炭负载四氯化锡为催化剂,用甲醇和大豆油为原料,合成了生物柴油。考察了反应时间、反应温度、催化剂用量和原料配比对生物柴油产率的影响。当反应时间为5.0h,反应温度75℃,催化剂用量为反应物总质量的4.0%,醇油摩尔比7∶1时,生物柴油产率达94.6%。多次使用后,负载催化剂仍表现出较强的催化活性。并利用XRD、FT IR光谱表征了催化剂的物相和产品结构,用气相色谱-质谱联用法对产品进行了定性和定量分析。     

基于XRD和FITR的Ce-V-Ti催化剂减排烧结烟气二噁英的活性分析

二噁英是一类含氯挥发性有机污染物,具有环境持久性、生物蓄积性和长期残留性等特性,可造成致畸、致癌和致突变等危害。铁矿烧结过程中含氯前驱物在碱性环境下通过Ullman反应或经飞灰中某些催化性成分催化生成二噁英;碳、氢、氧和氯等元素可通过基元反应“从头合成”(de novo)二噁英,是二噁英最主要的排放源之一。物理吸附技术仅能实现污染物由气相向固相转移,加重了飞灰处理负担,并存在特定温度条件下(250～350 ℃)二噁英再生风险。催化降解技术能彻底矿化有机污染物,生成CO₂,H₂O和HCl/Cl₂,是一种避免二次污染高效节能、成本较低的方法。但由于传统催化剂活性温度区间较高,无法达到烧结烟气末端温度。选择合适的催化剂,提高催化剂低温降解活性,能实现低温、高效催化降解烧结烟气中有机污染物的目标。过渡金属Ce具有稀土金属的4f轨道配位效应和路易斯酸活性位点,对有机污染物C-H和C-Cl键活化起到至关重要的作用,掺杂过渡金属、调整活性组分比例可进一步提高铈基催化剂的抗中毒性能和降解活性。因此,本文采用溶胶凝胶法制备Ce-V-Ti复合催化剂,以氯苯为二噁英模型分子,研究了不同活性组分比例对铈基催化剂降解烧结烟气中二噁英活性影响。利用X射线衍射仪、比表面积及孔径测定仪和拉曼光谱仪对催化剂进行表征,研究Ce-V-Ti催化剂的相组成、比表面积和分子结构,并推测铈基催化剂的降解机理。结果表明,在实验室模拟烧结烟气气氛下,反应条件为GHSV=30 000 h-1、20%O₂和100 ppm CB,当Ce质量分数为15%、V质量分数为2.5%时,Ce-V-Ti催化降解氯苯活性最高,150 ℃能达到约60%转换率,300 ℃能实现95%降解率。催化剂载体与活性组分之间化学交互作用,影响催化剂的降解活性。通过光谱学分析发现,Ce-V-Ti催化剂XRD图谱主要为锐钛矿相的TiO₂,比表面积为95.53 m2·g-1,孔容0.29 cm3·g-1,孔径6.5 nm。表面官能团主要为C-H基团和H-O官能团。引入V作为Ce-Ti催化剂助剂,促进了Ce元素固溶,增加了催化剂表面氧空位,有利于提升催化剂降解活性。通过对催化剂机理分析,认为反应物首先通过发生亲核取代而垂直吸附于催化剂表面,再被活性组分Ce活化,活化后氯苯分子被表面活性氧分解矿化。同时,过渡金属V的低价态氧化物发生氧化反应,促进Ce的还原反应。     

光助Fenton法降解水中间氨基苯酚的研究

采用光助Fenton氧化法处理间氨基苯酚模拟废水,考察了光强、Fenton试剂的用量、初始pH、反应时间对降解效果的影响,初步探讨了其降解动力学规律。结果表明:在不同光源下(闭光、高压汞灯照射以及较强太阳光照射),450W高压汞灯照射以及较强太阳光照射的条件均可以明显加快Fenton法催化氧化降解间氨基苯酚溶液的过程。选择1.5mL2.5g.L-1FeSO4.7H2O,1.0mL6%H2O2,初始pH=3.5,太阳光照射下降解间氨基苯酚效果较好,反应40min后降解率高达99%;降解过程符合准一级反应动力学方程。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定氢化丁腈橡胶催化剂脱除液中铑

本文采用火焰原子吸收方法分析水相中铑的含量,精确度高,准确性好。并借助此方法研究络合-萃取法脱除氢化丁腈橡胶中催化剂的较佳工艺条件。以硫脲为络合剂,用量为催化剂15倍(mol比),88％的甲酸为萃取剂,用量为胶液体积的一半,脱除反应温度110℃,反应时间2h时,Rh的脱除率达98％以上。     

基于XRD和FITR的Ce-V-Ti催化剂减排烧结烟气二噁英的活性分析（英文）

二噁英是一类含氯挥发性有机污染物,具有环境持久性、生物蓄积性和长期残留性等特性,可造成致畸、致癌和致突变等危害。铁矿烧结过程中含氯前驱物在碱性环境下通过Ullman反应或经飞灰中某些催化性成分催化生成二噁英;碳、氢、氧和氯等元素可通过基元反应"从头合成"(de novo)二噁英,是二噁英最主要的排放源之一。物理吸附技术仅能实现污染物由气相向固相转移,加重了飞灰处理负担,并存在特定温度条件下(250～350℃)二噁英再生风险。催化降解技术能彻底矿化有机污染物,生成CO_2, H_2O和HCl/Cl_2,是一种避免二次污染高效节能、成本较低的方法。但由于传统催化剂活性温度区间较高,无法达到烧结烟气末端温度。选择合适的催化剂,提高催化剂低温降解活性,能实现低温、高效催化降解烧结烟气中有机污染物的目标。过渡金属Ce具有稀土金属的4f轨道配位效应和路易斯酸活性位点,对有机污染物C—H和C—Cl键活化起到至关重要的作用,掺杂过渡金属、调整活性组分比例可进一步提高铈基催化剂的抗中毒性能和降解活性。因此,本文采用溶胶凝胶法制备Ce-V-Ti复合催化剂,以氯苯为二噁英模型分子,研究了不同活性组分比例对铈基催化剂降解烧结烟气中二噁英活性影响。利用X射线衍射仪、比表面积及孔径测定仪和拉曼光谱仪对催化剂进行表征,研究Ce-V-Ti催化剂的相组成、比表面积和分子结构,并推测铈基催化剂的降解机理。结果表明,在实验室模拟烧结烟气气氛下,反应条件为GHSV=30 000 h~(-1)、 20%O_2和100 ppm CB,当Ce质量分数为15%、 V质量分数为2.5%时, Ce-V-Ti催化降解氯苯活性最高, 150℃能达到约60%转换率, 300℃能实现95%降解率。催化剂载体与活性组分之间化学交互作用,影响催化剂的降解活性。通过光谱学分析发现, Ce-V-Ti催化剂XRD图谱主要为锐钛矿相的TiO_2,比表面积为95.53 m~2·g~(-1),孔容0.29 cm~3·g~(-1),孔径6.5 nm。表面官能团主要为C—H基团和H—O官能团。引入V作为Ce-Ti催化剂助剂,促进了Ce元素固溶,增加了催化剂表面氧空位,有利于提升催化剂降解活性。通过对催化剂机理分析,认为反应物首先通过发生亲核取代而垂直吸附于催化剂表面,再被活性组分Ce活化,活化后氯苯分子被表面活性氧分解矿化。同时,过渡金属V的低价态氧化物发生氧化反应,促进Ce的还原反应。     

光助Fenton催化氧化反应降解孔雀石绿试验研究

研究了光助Fenton催化氧化反应降解染料孔雀石绿。研究的主要内容包括：孔雀石绿的特征波长及吸光度曲线、孔雀石绿的浓度-吸光度标准曲线、初始pH值对降解效果的影响、Fe2+的优化用量试验、H₂O₂的优化用量试验、不同光源对孔雀石绿降解效果的影响、引入阳离子交换树脂作为载体固定Fe2+对降解脱色的影响。通过研究获得了降解孔雀石绿染料溶液的优化实验条件。研究表明,太阳光照能够有效地促进孔雀石绿染料的降解脱色,且大大缩短反应时间;在引入阳离子交换树脂后,可增强Fenton试剂氧化反应的活性,降解效果更好。     

Preparation of zinc tungstate nanomaterial and its sonocatalytic degradation of meloxicam as a novel sonocatalyst in aqueous solution

Zinc tungstate (ZnWO₄) was previously used as a photocatalyst. In this paper, for the first time as an sonocatalyst, the performance of ZnWO₄ for sonocatalytic degradation of meloxicam (MEL) under ultrasonic irradiation were studied. Firstly, ZnWO₄ nanomaterials were synthesized at different acidity (pH = 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) via the hydrothermal method. Utilizing SEM, XRD and EDS techniques to characterize composition and morphology of each product, the same crystal forms, but different morphologies (nano-sheet, nano-microspheres or nano-rod) of ZnWO₄ could be obtained. Secondly, the sonocatalytic activities of ZnWO₄ on degradation of MEL were studied. It was found that the degradation ratio varied with the synthetic pH values, with ZnWO₄ under synthetic pH = 6 exhibiting the best sonocatalytic performance (75.7%). While being synthesized at this pH value, ZnWO₄ nano-microspheres had the largest BET surface area (27.068 m²/g), the smallest particle size (40–60 nm) so as to provide more active sites on its surface, which were able to produce more reactive oxygen species (ROS) and holes under ultrasonic irradiation. These ROS and holes had a positive effect on the degradation of MEL into CO₂, H₂O and inorganic. Thirdly, various influential factors including ultrasonic power intensity, ultrasonic time, catalyst addition dosage, initial concentration of MEL solution and reusability of catalyst were also explored. Under the condition of 10 mg/L MEL concentration, 20 mg catalyst dosage, 120 min irradiation time, 0.278 W/cm² ultrasonic power intensity, the degradation ratio on MEL reached 75.7%. Finally, the presence of hydroxyl radical (OH) and singlet molecular oxygen (¹O₂) in the reaction was confirmed by adding ROS scavenger. The experimental results suggested that ZnWO₄ nanoparticle could be used not only as an effective photocatalyst, but also, under the condition of ultrasonic irradiation, a promising sonocatalyst for degradation of organic pollutants in aqueous media.     

多环芳烃结晶紫的光助芬顿降解脱色研究

研究了光助芬顿反应降解多环芳烃结晶紫。研究的主要内容包括,结晶紫的特征波长-吸光度曲线、结晶紫的浓度-吸光度曲线、初始pH值对结晶紫降解效果的影响、不同浓度对结晶紫降解效果的影响、不同光照时间对结晶紫降解效果的影响、不同FeSO4投加量对结晶紫降解效果的影响、H2O2优化用量试验、正交实验。通过研究得到了降解结晶紫的优化实验条件。主要优化实验条件为： 初始pH值为3～4;结晶紫浓度小于0.080 0 g·L-1;H2O2的投加量为1Qth;FeSO4的投加量为H2O2(含量为30%)的1/50～1/100。研究还表明： 太阳光照射能有效促进结晶紫降解,明显缩短反应时间,节约氧化剂和催化剂的用量。     

Degradation of azo dye Acid black 1 using low concentration iron of Fenton process facilitated by ultrasonic irradiation

A combination of ultrasonic and low concentration iron (<3 mgL(-1)) of Fenton process (US/Fenton) has been used to treat wastewater containing Acid black 1 (AB1). The results show that the oxidation power of low concentration iron of Fenton could be significantly enhanced by ultrasonic irradiation. The degradation of AB1 in aqueous solution by US/Fenton can receive better results compared with either Fenton oxidation or ultrasonic alone. Many operational parameters, such as ultrasonic power density, the pH value, the Fe(2+) dosage, the H(2)O(2) dosage, AB1 concentration and the temperature, affecting the degradation efficiency were investigated. Also, the effects of various inorganic anions (such as Cl(-), NO(3)(-), CO(3)(2-), etc.) on the oxidation efficiency of US/Fenton were studied. Under the given test conditions, 98.83% degradation efficiency was achieved after 30 min reaction by US/Fenton. The effect of various inorganic anions was in the following decreasing order: SO(3)(2-)>CH(3)COO(-)>Cl(-)>CO(3)(2-)>HCO(3)(-)>SO(4)(2-)>NO(3)(-). The results show that the US/Fenton can be an effective technology for the treatment of organic dyes in wastewater.     

Ultrasound-assisted oxidation of dibenzothiophene with phosphotungstic acid supported on activated carbon

Phosphotungstic acid (HPW) supported on activated carbon (AC) was applied to catalyze deep oxidation desulfurization of fuel oil with the assist of ultrasound. The sulfur-conversion rate was evaluated by measuring the concentration of dibenzothiophene (DBT) in n-octane before and after the oxidation. Supporting HPW on AC has been verified to play a positive role in UAOD process by a series of contrast tests, where only HPW, AC or a mixture of free HPW and AC was used. The influences of catalyst dose, ultrasound power, reaction temperature, H₂O₂:oil volume ratio and the reuse of catalyst on the catalytic oxidation desulfurization kinetics were investigated. The DBT conversion rate of the reaction catalyzed by supported HPW under ultrasound irradiation was higher than the summation of the reactions with HPW only and AC only as catalyst. With the increase of loading amount of HPW on AC, ultrasound power, H₂O₂:oil volume ratio and reaction temperature, the catalytic oxidation reactivity of DBT would be enhanced. The optimum loading amount of HPW was 10%, exceed which DBT conversion would no longer increase obviously. DBT could be completely converted under the optimized conditions (volume ratio of H₂O₂ to model oil: 1:10, mass ratio of the supported HPW to model oil: 1.25%, temperature: 70 °C) after 9 min of ultrasound irradiation.     

Investigation of process variables and intensification effects of ultrasound applied in oxidative desulfurization of model diesel over MoO3/Al2O3 catalyst

A new heterogeneous sonocatalytic system consisting of a MoO₃/Al₂O₃ catalyst and H₂O₂ combined with ultrasonication was studied to improve and accelerate the oxidation of model sulfur compounds of diesel, resulting in a significant enhancement in the process efficiency. The influence of ultrasound on properties, activity and stability of the catalyst was studied in detail by means of GC-FID, PSD, SEM and BET techniques. Above 98% conversion of DBT in model diesel containing 1000 μg/g sulfur was obtained by new ultrasound-assisted desulfurization at H₂O₂/sulfur molar ratio of 3, temperature of 318 K and catalyst dosage of 30 g/L after 30 min reaction, contrary to the 55% conversion obtained during the silent process. This improvement was considerably affected by operation parameters and catalyst properties. The effects of main process variables were investigated using response surface methodology in silent process compared to ultrasonication. Ultrasound provided a good dispersion of catalyst and oxidant by breakage of hydrogen bonding and deagglomeration of them in the oil phase. Deposition of impurities on the catalyst surface caused a quick deactivation in silent experiments resulting only 5% of DBT oxidation after 6 cycles of silent reaction by recycled catalyst. Above 95% of DBT was oxidized after 6 ultrasound-assisted cycles showing a great improvement in stability by cleaning the surface during ultrasonication. A considerable particle size reduction was also observed after 3 h sonication that could provide more dispersion of catalyst in model fuel.     

Study on ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization for crude oil

The existence of sulfur compounds in crude oil will bring many problems such as corrosion, catalyst poisoning and pollution to the petroleum processing process. Therefore, how to reduce the sulfur content as much as possible in the process of crude oil processing has become an important research topic in the petroleum processing industry. In this paper, ultrasonic-oxidative desulfurization is studied. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, amount of oxidant and demulsifier on desulfurization rate are investigated. And the effect of oxidative desulfurization and single oxidative desulfurization under ultrasonic treatment are compared. It is found that the addition of ultrasonic treatment can enhance the desulfurization effect of desulfurizer, the desulfurization efficiency can be increased by about 10% under ultrasonic treatment (100 W, 70 kHz); ultrasonic wave plays an auxiliary role in the system, it can promote heterogeneous reactions, improve the activity of oxidants, and promote the degradation of macromolecular compounds. Finally, physical desulfurization, chemical desulfurization and biological desulfurization technologies are compared.     

超声波条件下降解染料废水的工艺条件研究

采用Fenton试剂对模拟染料废水的降解效果进行研究。结果表明,H2O2投加量、Fe2+投加量、pH值条件、超声处理时间的改变对染料废水的处理效果影响很大。对酸性染料:当pH为4.5,30%H2O2投加的体积分数为30mL/L,Fe2+投加的质量浓度为400mg/L,反应时间为40min时为降解反应的最佳操作条件。对碱性染料,正交试验表明当pH为4、30%H2O2投加的体积分数16mL/L、Fe2+投加的质量浓度为300mg/L、反应时间为60min时为降解反应的最佳操作条件,其降解率达98.46%,COD的去除率达到96.7%。     

水-四氢呋喃混合溶剂中硫酸氢钠催化生物质转化制备5-羟甲基糠醛及糠醛

报道了在水-四氢呋喃组成的混合溶剂中,采用硫酸氢钠催化各种生物质原料(玉米芯、玉米秸秆、麦秆、稻秆和甘蔗渣)制备重要的生物质基平台化学品5-羟甲基糠醛和糠醛的研究. 考察了反应温度(160～200 oC)、反应时间(30～120 min)、水与四氢呋喃的溶剂比例(1:1～1:10)和原料质量分数(2.4wt%～11.1wt%)等反应工艺的影响.在优化的工艺条件下(190 oC, 90 min, 10:1 THF:H₂O),转化玉米芯得到了47mol%的HMF和56mol%的糠醛. 此外,原料中的木质素也被有效地转化为有机溶木质素.     

Intensification of heterogeneously catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction using ultrasound: Understanding effect of operating parameters

Palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction is a significant reaction for obtaining industrially important products. The current research work deals with intensification of reaction of 4-bromoanisole and phenylboronic acid catalyzed with 5 wt% Pd/C (5% by weight Pd supported on C available as commercial catalyst) using ultrasound and more importantly, without use of any additional phase transfer catalyst. Heterogeneous catalyst has been selected in the present work so as to harness the benefits of easy separation and the possible limitations of heterogeneous operation are minimized by introducing ultrasonic irradiations. The effect of operating parameters such as ultrasound power, temperature, catalyst loading and molar ratio on the progress of reaction has been investigated. It has been observed that an optimum power, temperature and catalyst loading exist for maximum benefits whereas higher molar ratio was found to be favourable for the progress of the reaction. Also, the use of ultrasound reduced the reaction time from 70 min required in conventional approach to only 35 min under conditions of frequency of 22 kHz, power dissipation of 40 W and catalyst loading as 1.5 mol% (refers to total quantum of catalyst used in the work) in ethanol-water system under ambient conditions. The work also demonstrated successful results at ten times higher volume as compared to the normally used volumes in the case of simple ultrasonic horn. Overall, the work has successfully demonstrated process intensification benefits obtained due to the use of ultrasound for heterogeneously catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction.