Precision Mass Measurements of Short-lived Nuclides at the Heavy-ion Storage Ring in Lanzhou

Recent commissioning of the Cooler Storage Ring at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou enabled us to conduct high-precision mass measurements at the Institute of Modern Physics in Lanzhou (IMP). In the past few years, mass measurements were performed using the CSRe-based isochronous mass spectrometry employing the fragmentation of the energetic beams of 58Ni, 78Kr, 86Kr, and 112Sn projectiles. Masses of short-lived nuclides on both sides of the stability valley were addressed. Relative mass precision of down to 10−6 ~ 10−7 is routinely achieved. The mass values were used as an input for dedicated nuclear structure and astrophysics studies, providing for instance new insights into the rp-process of nucleosynthesis in X-ray bursts. In this contribution, we briefly review the so far conducted experiments and the main achieved results, as well as outline the plans for future experiments.     

由58Fe 和209Bi 熔合后的相关衰变过程得到的109号元素的证据

本文报导了合成109号元素的实验。用能量为4.95,5.05和5.15MeV/u 的~(58)Fe 束轰击~(209)Bi 靶,研究了全熔合产物衰变模式的特性。总辐照剂量为7×10~(17)粒子。所用的实验方法是:用静电场速度过滤器在飞行过程中分离向前方向成峰的反应产物,经过飞行时间装置后注入到位置灵敏固态探测器中,测量其动能,估算出质量、入射的时间和位置。以所有的出射粒子的能量和时间来记录很有限的反应产物发生级联α粒子和(或)自发裂变的继发衰变。在5.15 MeV/u 时的一个特别的衰变过程是:在5ms 和22ms 先分别发射两个α粒子,最后,在13s 后发生自发裂变。第一个α粒子的动能为11.10±0.04MeV。对各种可能的解释进行了详细的分析,例如纯属偶然的信号相关,转移反应产物的衰变和从能量上看允许的余核蒸发等。最后表明质量数为266的109号元素的同位素、即全熔合后的单中子蒸发道、从统计的观点看是最好的指定。本文同时也讨论了合成新元素的前景。     

Brane world black holes in teleparallel theory equivalent to general relativity and their Killing vectors, energy, momentum and angular momentum

The energy--momentum tensor, which is coordinate-independent, is used to calculate energy, momentum and angular momentum of two different tetrad fields. Although, the two tetrad fields reproduce the same space--time their energies are different. Therefore, a regularized expression of the gravitational energy--momentum tensor of the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity (TEGR), is used to make the energies of the two tetrad fields equal. The definition of the gravitational energy--momentum is used to investigate the energy within the external event horizon. The components of angular momentum associated with these space--times are calculated. In spite of using a static space--time, we get a non-zero component of angular momentum! Therefore, we derive the Killing vectors associated with these space--times using the definition of the Lie derivative of a second rank tensor in the framework of the TEGR to make the picture more clear.     

Random-injection-based two-channel chaos with enhanced bandwidth and suppressed time-delay signature by mutually coupled lasers: Proposal and numerical analysis

Simultaneous bandwidth(BW) enhancement and time-delay signature(TDS) suppression of chaotic lasing over a wide range of parameters by mutually coupled semiconductor lasers(MCSLs) with random optical injection are proposed and numerically investigated. The influences of system parameters on TDS suppression(characterized by autocorrelation function(ACF) and permutation entropy(PE) around characteristic time) and chaos BW are investigated. The results show that, with the increasing bias current, the ranges of parameters(detuning and injection strength) for the larger BW(> 20 GHz) are broadened considerably, while the parameter range for optimized TDS(< 0.1) is not shrunk obviously.Under optimized parameters, the system can simultaneously achieve two chaos outputs with enhanced BW(> 20 GHz)and perfect TDS suppression. In addition, the system can generate two-channel high-speed truly physical random number sequences at 200 Gbits/s for each channel.     

Pressure effect study on the Ⅰ-Ⅴ property of the GaAs-based resonant tunnelling structure by photoluminescence measurement

This paper discusses the Ⅰ-Ⅴ property of the GaAs-based resonant tunnelling structure(RTS) under external uniaxial pressure by photoluminescence studies.Compressive pressure parallel to the [110] direction,whose value is determined by Hooke's law,is imposed on the sample by a helix micrometer.With the increase of the applied external uniaxial compressive pressure,the blue shift and splitting of the luminescence peaks were observed,which have some influence on the I-V curve of RTS from the point of view of the energy gap,and the splitting became more apparent with applied pressure.Full width at half maximum broadening could also be observed.     

Quantum fluctuation in excited states of mesoscopic LC circuits at finite temperature

We discuss quantum fluctuation in excited states(named thermo number states) of mesoscopic LC circuits at a finite temperature.By introducing the coherent thermo state into the thermo field dynamics pioneered by Umezawa and using the natural representation of thermo squeezing operator we can concisely derive the fluctuation.The result shows that the noise becomes larger when either temperature or the excitation number increases.     

圆周运动公式的圆周图示记忆法

匀速圆周运动是曲线运动章节的教学重点．现行高中及中专教材均以两节的篇幅来讨论这种运动．一节是建立匀速圆周运动的概念,引入描述匀速圆周运动快慢的4个量,即周期(T)、频率(v)、角速度(ω)、线速度(v),并讨论这4个量的关系．另一节则从受力的角度讨论圆周运动的向心力及向心加速度．共涉及6个量．由于这6个量之间彼此存在一定的关系,这就使圆周运动具有较多的公式．如果学生能熟练掌握这些公式以及它们之间相互关系的规律,解题就能     

Theoretical investigation of band-gap and mode characteristics of anti-resonance guiding photonic crystal fibres

With the full-vector plane-wave method (FVPWM) and the full-vector beam propagation method (FVBPM),the dependences of the band-gap and mode characteristics on material index and cladding structure parameter in antiresonance guiding photonic crystal fibres (ARGPCFs) are sufficiently analysed.An ARGPCF operating in the nearinfrared wavelength is shown.The influences of the high index cylinders,glass interstitial apexes and silica structure on the characteristics of band-gaps and modes are deeply investigated.The equivalent planar waveguide theory is used for analysing such an ARGPCF filled by the isotropic materials,and the resonance and the anti-resonance characteristics can be well predicted.     

Some applications of a new coherent-entangled state in two-mode Fock space

Using the technique of integration within an ordered product of operators,we find a new kind of coherent-entangled state(CES),which exhibits both coherent and entangled state properties.The set of CESs makes up a complete and partly nonorthogonal representation.Using a beam splitter,we propose a simple experimental scheme to produce the CES.Finally,we present some applications of CESs in quantum optics.     

Function projective synchronization between fractional-order chaotic systems and integer-order chaotic systems

This paper investigates the function projective synchronization between fractional-order chaotic systems and integer-order chaotic systems using the stability theory of fractional-order systems. The function projective synchronization between three-dimensional (3D) integer-order Lorenz chaotic system and 3D fractional-order Chen chaotic system are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

Optical investigation of cavitation erosion by laser-induced bubble collapse

By means of a new force sensor based on optical beam deflection (OBD), the mechanical effects of laser-matter interaction underwater at different incident laser energy are investigated in detail. The experimental results show that a target underwater is impacted in turn by laser-plasma ablation force and high-speed liquid-jet impulse induced by bubbles collapse in the vicinity of a solid boundary. Furthermore, the amplitudes of the two forces increase monotonously with laser energy. According to the ablation force detected by the experiment and the theoretical relationship between laser intensity and ablation pressure, the value of liquid-jet impact against a solid boundary can be easily obtained. In addition, based on the model of a collapsing bubble, some characteristic parameters, such as the liquid-jet impact velocity, the maximum bubble radius, the bubble energy can also be obtained at different laser energy, which are valuable in the corresponding research fields.     

10－6—10－4m2/s黏度液体中靶受力学作用的测试与分析

通过自行研制的光纤传感器对不同黏度液体中材料靶后的力学作用进行研究，获得了液体黏度变化对等离子体烧蚀力、射流冲击力及空泡生存周期的影响. 实验结果表明：液体黏度相同时，靶材所受冲击力幅值随作用激光能量的增加单调上升；液体黏度增加时，靶材所受的冲击力减小，靶材的空化空蚀程度亦减小；受液体黏度增大的影响，空泡膨胀或收缩过程减缓，相应的生存周期也增大. 此外，对空泡溃灭周期公式进行修正, 结果表明修正后的理论估算值与实验值的一致性较好.     

Effect of surface tension on a liquid-jet produced by the collapse of a laser-induced bubble against a rigid boundary

The effect of surface tension on the behavior of a liquid-jet is investigated experimentally by means of a fiber-coupled optical beam deflection (OBD) technique. It is found that a target under water is impacted in turn by a laser-plasma ablation force and by a high-speed liquid-jet impulse induced by bubble collapse in the vicinity of a rigid boundary. The liquid-jet impact is found to be the main damage mechanism in cavitation erosion. Furthermore, the liquid-jet increases monotonously with surface tension, so cavitation erosion rises sharply with increasing surface tension. Surface tension also reduces bubble collapse duration. From the experimental results and the modified Rayleigh theory, the maximum bubble radius is obtained and it is found to reduce with increasing surface tension.     

Experimental investigation of the impact on nearby solid boundary during laser-generated bubble collapse

Cavitation damage has been considered as being responsible for many effects in hydraulic machinery and biological medicine. In order to better understand the cavity interaction with nearby solid surfaces, the impact loading induced by the high-speed liquid-jet and subsequent jet flow during the final stage of the bubble collapse in a static fluid is investigated by focusing a Q-switched pulsed laser into water. By means of a new method based on a fibre-coupling optical beam deflection technique, a detailed experimental study has been made to clarify the relationship of the impact pressure against a solid boundary as a function of the dimensionless γ that is generally used to describe the bubble dynamics with its definition γ= s/R_{max}(R_{max} being the maximum bubble radius and s denoting the distance of the cavity inception from the boundary). The experimental results are shown that for γ in the range of about 0.67 to 0.95 with a pulsed laser energy 230mJ, the transient pressure applied on the solid surface is maximum; while for γ>1 or γ<0.67, it is gradually decreased. By combination of our experimental results with the other work that detected the acoustic emission during the bubble collapse at different γ, it is concluded that in this range of 0.67－0.95, the destructive effect due to a liquid-jet and the following jet flow impact actually outweighs the well-known effect of shock wave emission and plays a vital role during the cavitation bubble collapse.     

水中薄片激光打孔反常现象的分析

 在其它条件相同的情况下，水中激光在金属薄片上的打孔效率远高于空气中的打孔效率。采用自行研制的基于光偏转原理的力学传感器，分别测量了激光在空气和水中烧蚀薄片时薄片表面所受的力。实验结果表明，激光在空气中烧蚀薄片时，靶材仅受到烧蚀力的作用，而在水中打靶时，靶受到烧蚀力和两次射流冲力等综合作用，且水中的三次冲力在幅值和持续时间均远大于空气中靶材所受的冲力，并用扫描电子显微镜观察了孔的形貌，进而分析了水下激光打孔效率远高于空气中打孔效率的机制。     

用于瞬态力学量测试的光学传感器设计及应用

基于光纤耦合反射式光束偏转法,提出了一种可用于瞬态力学量测试的光学传感器,并详细给出了该测试机理.采用该传感器,在靶材对心处实时检测到由于空泡在固体靶材附近溃灭时射流冲击力引起的靶材瞬态微小变形.通过对该传感器定标可以进一步得到作用冲击力大小.这种传感器的应用将有助于了解激光诱导产生空泡射流运动特性及其对靶材的损伤机制.     

含铝炸药水下爆炸性能的实验研究

对RS211、HL-1、HL-2这3种含铝炸药和TNT炸药进行了水下爆炸实验,测量了4种炸药水下爆炸冲击波压力剖面和气泡脉动周期,获得了4种炸药水下爆炸冲击波的峰值超压、冲量、能量和气泡能。实验结果表明,在所研究的范围内,与TNT炸药相比,含铝炸药的冲击波能量有明显增加,约为TNT炸药的1.20～1.35倍,气泡能有显著增加,约为TNT炸药的1.50～2.30倍,表明在炸药中加入铝粉对于提高炸药水中爆炸威力是有益的。     

Pulse chirping effect on controlling the transverse cavity oscillations in nonlinear bubble regime

The propagation of an intense laser pulse in an under-dense plasma induces a plasma wake that is suitable for the acceleration of electrons to relativistic energies. For an ultra-intense laser pulse which has a longitudinal size shorter than the plasma wavelength, λp, instead of a periodic plasma wave, a cavity free from cold plasma electrons, called a bubble, is formed behind the laser pulse. An intense charge separation electric field inside the moving bubble can capture the electrons at the base of the bubble and accelerate them with a narrow energy spread. In the nonlinear bubble regime, due to localized depletion at the front of the pulse during its propagation through the plasma, the phase shift between carrier waves and pulse envelope plays an important role in plasma response. The carrier–envelope phase(CEP) breaks down the symmetric transverse ponderomotive force of the laser pulse that makes the bubble structure unstable. Our studies using a series of two-dimensional(2D) particle-in-cell(PIC) simulations show that the frequency-chirped laser pulses are more effective in controlling the pulse depletion rate and consequently the effect of the CEP in the bubble regime. The results indicate that the utilization of a positively chirped laser pulse leads to an increase in rate of erosion of the leading edge of the pulse that rapidly results in the formation of a steep intensity gradient at the front of the pulse. A more unstable bubble structure, the self-injections in different positions, and high dark current are the results of using a positively chirped laser pulse. For a negatively chirped laser pulse, the pulse depletion process is compensated during the propagation of the pulse in plasma in such a way that results in a more stable bubble shape and therefore, a localized electron bunch is produced during the acceleration process. As a result, by the proper choice of chirping, one can tune the number of self-injected electrons, the size of accelerated bunch and its energy spectrum to the values required for practical applications.     

Nanosecond pulsed laser ablation of silicon in liquids

Laser fluence and laser shot number are important parameters for pulse laser based micromachining of silicon in liquids. This paper presents laser-induced ablation of silicon in liquids of the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and the water at different applied laser fluence levels and laser shot numbers. The experimental results are conducted using 15 ns pulsed laser irradiation at 532 nm. The silicon surface morphology of the irradiated spots has an appearance as one can see in porous formation. The surface morphology exhibits a large number of cavities which indicates as bubble nucleation sites. The observed surface morphology shows that the explosive melt expulsion could be a dominant process for the laser ablation of silicon in liquids using nanosecond pulsed laser irradiation at 532 nm. Silicon surface’s ablated diameter growth was measured at different applied laser fluences and shot numbers in both liquid interfaces. A theoretical analysis suggested investigating silicon surface etching in liquid by intense multiple nanosecond laser pulses. It has been assumed that the nanosecond pulsed laser-induced silicon surface modification is due to the process of explosive melt expulsion under the action of the confined plasma-induced pressure or shock wave trapped between the silicon target and the overlying liquid. This analysis allows us to determine the effective lateral interaction zone of ablated solid target related to nanosecond pulsed laser illumination. The theoretical analysis is found in excellent agreement with the experimental measurements of silicon ablated diameter growth in the DMSO and the water interfaces. Multiple-shot laser ablation threshold of silicon is determined. Pulsed energy accumulation model is used to obtain the single-shot ablation threshold of silicon. The smaller ablation threshold value is found in the DMSO, and the incubation effect is also found to be absent.     

Soft picosecond X-ray laser nanomodification of gold and aluminum surfaces

Experimental and theoretical investigations of aluminum (Al) and gold (Au) surface modification by soft X-ray laser pulse are presented. Well-polished samples of Al and Au are irradiated by ps-duration pulse with wavelength of 13.9 nm at the energy range of 24–72 nJ. Differences in the melting and the ablation processes for those materials are observed. It is shown that at low laser pulse energy, the nanoscale ripples on the surface may be induced by melting without following ablation. In that case, the nanoscale changes in the surface are caused by splash of molten metal under gradient of fluence. At higher laser pulse energy, the ablation process occurs and craters are formed on the surface. However, the melting determines the size of the modified surface at all ranges of the laser energies. For interpretation of experimental results, the atomistic simulations of melting and ablation processes in Al and Au are provided. The calculated threshold fluencies for melting and ablation are well consistent with measured ones.